Package for Interactive Analysis of Line Emission

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Last modified: Sun Nov 22 21:54:08 2015.


List of Routines


Routine Descriptions

ADDRSP

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function	addrsp
	combine two response matrices to make a composite RSP and
	return a structure in the same format as RD_OGIP_RMF()

	steps through each row of an RMF and tacks on the array
	from a 2nd RMF, updating the N_GRP, N_CHAN, F_CHAN elements
	as appropriate.

syntax
	rsp=addrsp(rm1,rm2,ea1=ea1,ea2=ea2,eps=eps,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	rm1	[INPUT; required] response matrix structure as
		read in by RD_OGIP_RMF
	rm2	[INPUT; required] response matrix structure to
		be added to RM1
		* RM1 and RM2 are expected to have the following fields:
	        NNRG,ELO,EHI,NCHAN,EMN,EMX,N_GRP,F_CHAN,N_CHAN,MATRIX,FIRSTCHAN

keywords
	ea1	[INPUT] if set to a scalar or size matches RM1.ELO,
		then multiplies RM1 by EA1 prior to addition
	ea2	[INPUT] as EA1, but for RM2
		* default for EA1 and EA2 is 1.0
	eps	[INPUT] a small number, below which to set everything
		to zero
		* default is 1e-6
	morecol	[INPUT] designed as a buffer so that a matrix won't
		overflow the bounds automatically set.  by default,
		the new matrix is defined at an early stage to be
		max(RM1.N_CHAN)+max(RM2.N_CHAN)+100+MORECOL.
		* note that MORECOL can even be negative.
		* use wisely.
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	ea3	[JUNK] here just to prevent user error
	ea4	[JUNK] here just to prevent user error
	ea5	[JUNK] here just to prevent user error
	ea6	[JUNK] here just to prevent user error
		* if EA3, EA4, EA5, or EA6 are set, the program will
		  complain and quit.  this is done to avoid the obvious
		  user error of trying to specify EA3=EA3, etc. if
		  adding a third RMF/ARF to a preexisting one.

	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

subroutines
	KILROY
	OGIPZIP

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov2001)
	bug correction re max possible matrix elements when NGROUP>>1;
	  added dummy keywords EA3, EA4, EA5, EA6 and extra checks
	  against tricky inputs (VK; Aug02)
	bug correction: wasn't handling N_GRP=1 (VK; Aug04)

(See pro/util/addrsp.pro)


ADJUSTIE

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procedure	adjustie
	adjust the parameters to account for any ties among them, and
	return the corrected set

syntax
	adjustie,a,ties=ties,vname=vname

parameters
	a	[I/O; required] parameters to be updated

keywords
	ties	[INPUT] string array describing how a parameter is tied to
		other parameters.
		* must be a mathematical expression of the form
		  "a0 = a1/10.", "a2=a3+a4", "a5 = a5 < 0", etc.
	vname	[INPUT; default='a'] in case TIES contains variable names
		such as "p0=p2^2", etc, then set VNAME='p'

		NOTE:  the following keywords are generated in situ the first
		time the function is called.  on subsequent calls they are
		used instead of EXECUTEing TIES in order to improve speed.

		NOTE2: actually, they are not implemented yet.  someday.

	ifit	[I/O] integer array describing which parameters are frozen
		(0's) and which are not (1's).  updated upon exit to include
		information given in TIES
	itie	[I/O] integer array showing which parameters are tied.
	tieto	[I/O] linked list showing which parameters each of the
		ITIE are tied to which parameter
	tieops	[I/O] as TIETO, but containing information on which operator
		is used, e.g., "+", "-", "*", "/", "<", ">", etc.
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	converted to IDL5 (VK; OctMM)

(See pro/fitting/adjustie.pro)


ALALOESS

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function	alaloess
	computes a loess/lowess type smoothed function for the
	given set of input points by fitting polynomials over
	the neighborhood of each point and using the local value
	of the polynomial fit as the smoothed curve

	another one in a hoary line of PINTofALE smoothing routines,
	joining SMOOTHIE, NOISMOOTH, VARSMOOTH, VOORSMOOTH, REGROUP,
	SPLAC, CONV_RMF, SCRMF, UNKINK, LINEREM, HAARLINE, etc.

syntax
	yl=alaloess(yy,xx,hwidth=hwidth,ysig=ysig,ndeg=ndeg,$
	yerr=yerr,verbose=vv)

parameters
	yy	[INPUT; required] the points that need to be smoothed
	xx	[INPUT] the abscissae for which YY are defined
		* if size eq size of YY or +1, taken to be the midpoints
		  or the grid
		* if insensible, taken to be array indices, LINDGEN(N(YY))

keywords
	hwidth	[INPUT] half range over which local polynomial fits are
		to be performed
		* if XX are array indices, HWIDTH is forced to be >0
		* if XX is a predefined grid, the default value is the
		  minimum of delta(XX)
	ysig	[INPUT] error on YY
		* if size matches that of YY, then maps 1-to-1
		* if scalar, taken to be
		    <0 : absolute error
		    >0 and <1 : fractional error
		    >1 : percentage error
		    =0 : ignored in call to POLY_FIT()
		  on YY
		* otherwise, assumed to be sqrt(abs(YY)+0.75)+1
	ndeg	[INPUT] degree of the polynomial to be fit
		* default is 3
	yerr	[OUTPUT] 1-sigma error at the smooth location from
		each fit.
		* WARNING: this is to be taken only as an illustrative
		  number and not used for anything quantitative, because
		  the errors in adjacent bins are not independent
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run alaloess	;(requires PEASECOLR)

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (MarMMX)
	some bug fixes, and hardening to poly_fit failures -- where it fails
	  now simply keep old value (VK; MayMMX)
	updated to be more robust to NaNs (VK; AprMMV)

(See pro/util/alaloess.pro)


APEDANCE

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procedure	apedance
	remove or correct the abundance dependance of APED emissivities

	APED emissivities as stored on disk include both ion balance
	(Mazzotta et al.) and abundances (Anders & Grevesse).  This
	can be inconvenient in some PINTofALE tasks since other line
	emissivity databases in PINTofALE do not include either factor.
	It is not possible to remove the effects of the included ion
	balance, but removing the abundance dependance is simply a
	matter of dividing the emissivity of each line by the abundance
	appropriate to the element producing that line.

syntax
	apedance,line,Z,abund=abund,apabref=apabref,verbose=verbose

parameters
	line	[I/O] APED line emissivities
		* emissivity structure out of RD_LINE()
		* if 2D array, assumed to be an array of size (T,Wvl)
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers
		* required if LINE is an array and not a structure
		* must match size of 2nd dimension in LINE

keywords
	abund	[INPUT] if given, updates LINE by multiplying by
		the ratio of ABUND/(Anders & Grevesse)
		* the default is to just divide by Anders & Grevesse
		  abundances, effectively removing the abundance
		  dependance from the emissivities
	apabref	[INPUT] if set to a reference other than Anders & Grevesse,
		it is assumed that the input LINE emissivities need to be
		corrected according to the specified abundances.
		* WARNING: do not set this unless you know exactly
		 what you are doing
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

warning
	no checks are made to verify that the emissivities have
	have already had the abundances taken out, or that the
	abundances are corrected according to some other baseline.
	USE CAREFULLY!

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr2004)

(See pro/apedance.pro)


ARITHTOGRAM

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function	arithtogram
	return the result of an arithmetical operation on the
	frequency distributions of two lists

syntax
	hx=arithtogram(x1,x2,xout,operator,/plus,/minus,/divide,$
	w1=w1,w2=w2,nbin=nbin,xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,/nonorm)

parameters
	x1	[INPUT; required] list of numbers whose frequency
		distribution must be multiplied with that of X2
	x2	[INPUT; required] list of numbers whose frequency
		distribution must be multiplied with that of X1
		* it is assumed that X1 and X2 both have the same units
		  because otherwise this kind of multiplication makes
		  no sense
	xout	[OUTPUT; required] the list of numbers at which the
		output is tabulated
		* by default, this is the sorted unique set of [X1,X2]
		* if NBIN is set, generates a logarithmic or linear
		  grid of that size
	oper	[INPUT] must be one of '+', '-', '/', '*':
		the arithmetical operation to carry out on the
		frequency distributions of X1 and X2, i.e.,
			result = X1 OPER X2
		* if not given, assumed to be '*', unless one of
		  keywords PLUS, MINUS, or DIVIDE are set 

keywords
	plus	[INPUT] if set, OPER is assumed to be '+'
	minus	[INPUT] if set, OPER is assumed to be '-'
	divide	[INPUT] if set, OPER is assumed to be '/'
		* DIVIDE takes precedence over MINUS takes precedence
		  over PLUS
	w1	[INPUT] optional weight to be applied to histogram(X1)
	w2	[INPUT] optional weight to be applied to histogram(X2)
		* if not given, W1 and W2 are assumed to be 1
	nbin	[INPUT] number of bins in the output
		* if not set, will be the sorted unique set of [X1,X2]
		* if -ve, will produce logarithmic gridding
	xmin	[INPUT] minimum value in the output grid
		* by default, uses min(X1)>min(X2)
	xmax	[INPUT] maximum value in the output grid
		* by default, uses max(X1)<max(X2)
	nonorm	[INPUT] if set, does not make a correction for the
		width of the bins in XOUT.
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	this program does not create histograms as intermediate products
	but rather produces an operation at the best available data
	resolution.  this is of great use in Monte Carlo calculations
	or in creating probability distributions in MCMC.  the algorithm
	is straightforward: build up a cdf for each list, and interpolate
	onto a common grid, and multiply, divide, add, or subtract the
	d(cdf)'s, suitably normalized for the bin widths and number of
	elements.

example
	x1=randomn(seed,10000L) & x2=randomn(seed,10000L)+2.
	xmin=-2. & xmax=3. & nbin=101L
	hh=arithtogram(x1,x2,xout,'*',xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,nbin=nbin,/nonorm)
	hp=arithtogram(x1,x2,xout,'+',xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,nbin=nbin,/nonorm)
	hd=arithtogram(x1,x2,xout,'/',xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,nbin=nbin,/nonorm)
	hm=arithtogram(x1,x2,xout,'-',xmin=xmin,xmax=xmax,nbin=nbin,/nonorm)
	h1=histogram(x1,min=xmin,max=xmax,binsize=median(xout[1:*]-xout))
	h2=histogram(x2,min=xmin,max=xmax,binsize=median(xout[1:*]-xout))
	plot,xout,hh,psym=10 & oplot,xout,h1,col=2 & oplot,xout,h2,col=3
		oplot,xout,h1*h2,psym=10,col=4
	plot,xout,hp,psym=10 & oplot,xout,h1,col=2 & oplot,xout,h2,col=3
		oplot,xout,h1+h2,psym=10,col=4
	plot,xout,hd,psym=10 & oplot,xout,h1,col=2 & oplot,xout,h2,col=3
		oplot,xout,float(h1)/float(h2),psym=10,col=4
	plot,xout,hm,psym=10 & oplot,xout,h1,col=2 & oplot,xout,h2,col=3
		oplot,xout,h1-h2,psym=10,col=4

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun2005)

(See pro/util/arithtogram.pro)


ARRAYEQ

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function	arrayeq
	checks whether two input arrays are equal, and returns
	1: if they are identical
	0: if at least one element differs past tolerance
	-1: if sizes differ, but one array is a simple subset of the other

syntax
	AeqB=arrayeq(A,B,tol=tol)

parameters
	A	[INPUT; required] first array
	B	[INPUT; required] second array
		* arrays must be of some >numerical< type

keywords
	tol	[INPUT; default: 1e-4] tolerance within which two numbers
		are said to be identical
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	converted to IDL5 notation (VK; OctMM)

(See pro/util/arrayeq.pro)


B11001001

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function	b11001001
	returns the 0s and 1s of a byte variable

syntax
	d=b11001001(b,/str,/otto)

parameters
	b	[INPUT; required] scalar or array of bytes

keywords
	str	[INPUT] if set, returns the 0s and 1s in a string
		* overrides OTTO
	otto	[INPUT] if set, returns an 8xN(B) byte array as output

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul97)

(See pro/util/b11001001.pro)


BAMABS

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function	bamabs
	return photoelectric absorption cross-sections in energy range
	30 eV - 10 keV using the polynomial fit coefficients determined
	by Monika Balucinska-Church and Dan McCammon (Balucinska-Church,
	M.\ and McCammon, D.\ 1992, ApJ 400, 699).  This is an update
	to Morrison & McCammon 1983.

syntax
	sigabs=bamabs(w,abund=abund,/ikeV,/Fano,verbose=v)

parameters
	w	[INPUT; required] photon energy values at which to compute
		the absorption
		* default units are [Ang], unless IKEV is set, when they are
		  assumed to be [keV]

keywords
	abund	[INPUT] abundances relative to H=1
		* default is to use Anders & Grevesse 1982
	ikeV	[INPUT] if set, assumes that W are in units of keV
	Fano	[INPUT] if set, the 4 strongest auto-ionizing resonances
		of He I are included; numbers come from Oza (1986, Phys
		Rev A, 33, 824), and Fernley et al. (1987, J.Phys B 20, 6457).
	noHeH	[INPUT] if set to any number other than 1 or 2, excludes
		H and He from the cross-sections
		* if set to 1, only excludes H
		* if set to 2, only excludes He
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

subroutines
	GETABUND
	INICON

restrictions
	works only in energy range 30 eV - 10 keV
	be warned that the edges are idealized and thus unrealistic
	  for high resolution spectra because they do not include
	  any resonance structure

history
	vinay kashyap (OctMM; based on TOTLXS.FOR and XSCTNS.FOR of
	  Balucinska-Church & McCammon, obtained from ADC catalog VI/62A,
	  ftp://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/adc/archives/catalogs/6/6062A/ )
	bug corrections (Brian Kern, 5Dec2001): Ne cross-section was
	  missing "^3"; Fano calc had EPSj[j] (VK; Dec2001)
	force calculations only in valid energy range; added keyword
	  NOHEH (VK; Jun03)
	bug correction: "exclude=0" means "include" (VK; Jul03)
	bug correction: lambda selection for He (Andy Ptak; VK Jun05)
	edge lambda correction: O, N, C changed acc. to numbers in
	  Atomic Data Booklet (2nd Edition), Thompson, A., et al., 2001,
	  LBL/PUB-490 Rev. 2 (Jeremy Drake; VK Sep2006)

(See pro/bamabs.pro)


BEHR_HUG

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function	BEHR_hug
	IDL wrapper to Bayesian Estimate of Hardness Ratios (BEHR)
	returns a structure containing the relevant outputs neatly
	summarized into fields for IDL consumption

	references:

	"Bayesian Estimation of Hardness Ratios: Modeling and Computations",
	  Park, T., Kashyap, V.L., Siemiginowska, A., van Dyk, D., Zezas, A.,
	  Heinke, C., and Wargelin, B., 2006, ApJ, 652, 610

	"BEHR: Bayesian Estimation of Hardness Ratios", Park, T., Kashyap, V.,
	  Zezas, A., Siemiginowska, A., van Dyk, D., Connors, A., and Heinke, C.,
	  2005, at Six Years of Science with Chandra Symposium, Nov 2-5, 2005, #5.6

	"Computing Hardness Ratios with Poissonian Errors",
	  van Dyk, D.A., Park, T., Kashyap, V.L., \& Zezas, A.,
	  2004, AAS-HEAD #8, 16.27
	  http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v36n3/head2004/137.htm

syntax
	behr=behr_hug(softsrc,hardsrc,softbkg,hardbkg,softarea,hardarea,$
	softeff=softeff,hardeff=hardeff,softidx=softidx,hardidx=hardidx,$
	softscl=softscl,hardscl=hardscl,softtbl=softtbl,hardtbl=hardtbl,/post,$
	level=level,algo=algo,details=details,nsim=nsim,nburnin=nburnin,$
	/hpd,nbins=nbins,outputf=outputf,outputR=outputR,outputHR=outputHR,$
	outputC=outputC,outputMC=outputMC,outputPr=outputPr,BEHRdir=BEHRdir,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	softsrc	[INPUT; required] counts in source region in soft (S) band
	hardsrc	[INPUT; required] counts in source region in hard (H) band
	softbkg	[INPUT; required] counts in background region in S band
	hardbkg	[INPUT; required] counts in background region in H band
	softarea[INPUT; required] background scaling factor in S band
	hardarea[INPUT; required] background scaling factor in H band
		* (background region area)/(source region area)
		* can also include differences in exposure time into
		  the ratio, in the same manner as geometric area

keywords
	softeff	[INPUT] effective area in soft (S) band
		* if not set, then set equal to HARDEFF if given, or
		  1 otherwise
	hardeff	[INPUT] effective area in hard (H) band
		* if not set, then set equal to SOFTEFF if given, or
		  1 otherwise
		* can also be the effective area relative to some
		  special point on the detector (e.g., aimpoint)
		  or even some specific detector (e.g., ACIS-I v/s ACIS-S)
	softidx	[INPUT] index of prior on S (range = 0+)
		* if not set, then set equal to HARDIDX if given, or
		  0.5 otherwise
	hardidx	[INPUT] index of prior on H (range = 0+)
		* if not set, then set equal to SOFTIDX if given, or
		  0.5 otherwise
		* similar to AGAMMA of PPD_SRC()
	softscl	[INPUT] scaling index of prior on S
		* if not set, then set to HARDSCL if given, or
		  0 otherwise
	hardscl	[INPUT] scaling index of prior on H
		* if not set, then set to SOFTSCL if given, or
		  0 otherwise
		* similar to BGAMMA of PPD_SRC()
	softtbl	[INPUT] filename containing a tabulated prior for S
	hardtbl	[INPUT] filename containing a tabulated prior for H
		* the table prior must be an ascii file with the following format:
		  line 1: number of entries, say NLIN
		  line 2: labels for the columns, ignored
		  lines 3..NLIN+2: two whitespace separated columns of numbers,
	            with each row containing the source intensity and the posterior
	            density, in that order
		* the default filenames are "./tblprior_{soft|hard}.txt"
		* the default filenames are used iff SOFTTBL and HARDTBL are set
		  but do not appear to exist
		* WARNING: if regex is used in the filename specification, only the
		  first file from the list will be used.  furthermore, if specified,
		  the table priors are applied to _all_ SOFTSRC and HARDSRC
	post	[INPUT] if set, suggests the values of (SOFTIDX,SOFTSCL)
		and (HARDIDX,HARDSCL) going forward, i.e., what you should
		set the priors to in your next calculation for the same
		source
	level	[INPUT] percentage confidence level at which to report error
		(default = 68)
	details	[INPUT] compute various ratios (true/false)?
		(default = true)
	algo	[INPUT] calculation method, GIBBS (default) or QUAD
		* if set to AUTO or AUTO=N, then uses GIBBS for any
		  case where {SOFT|HARD}SRC > N, and QUAD below that
		  unless one of {SOFT|HARD}SRC > 99, in which case
		  GIBBS is set automatically
		  - if N is not set, assumed to be 15
		  - N can be set to any integer less than 100
	nsim	[INPUT] number of draws if algo=gibbs (default=10000)
	nburnin	[INPUT] number of burn-in draws if algo=gibbs
		(default=5000 or NSIM/2, whichever is smaller)
	nbins	[INPUT] number of bins in integration if algo=quad (default=500)
	hpd	[INPUT] if set, computes the highest posterior density interval,
		which also is the smallest interval that includes the mode.
		* this is set by default
		* only has an effect if ALGO=QUAD
	outputF	[INPUT] root of filename in which to place output
		(default = 'none')
		* output will be placed in the file, OUTPUTF.txt
		* unless OUTPUTF='none', in which case nothing is written out,
		    unless one of OUTPUT{R|C|HR|MC|PR} are set, in which case
		    the corresponding output is put in file BEHR_{R|C|HR|MC|PR}.txt
	outputR	[INPUT] if set, writes output for R in OUTPUTF_R.txt
	outputC	[INPUT] if set, writes output for C in OUTPUTF_C.txt
	outputHR[INPUT] if set, writes output for HR in OUTPUTF_HR.txt
	outputMC[INPUT] if set, writes Monte Carlo draws for lamS and lamH
		to OUTPUTF_draws.txt when algo=gibbs
	outputPr[INPUT] if set, writes the probability distributions for
		R, HR, C, lamS, and lamH to OUTPUTF_prob.txt when algo=quad
	BEHRdir	[INPUT] full path to directory where BEHR executable resides
		(default = '/fubar/kashyap/AstroStat/BEHR')
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter

requirements
	BEHR executable must be installed in BEHRDIR
	BEHR should be executable under the shell via SPAWN
	BEHR output assumed to be compatible with 12-19-2005 version

side-effects
	potentially creates numerous ascii files in $cwd

history
	vinay kashyap (SepMMV)
	bugfix: output file format was overflowing; force NBURNIN < NSIM;
	  outputF for 1st iteration; added more references (VK; NovMMV)
	added keywords SOFTSCL,HARDSCL,POST,HPD; changed DETAILS default
	  to true, OUTPUTF default to none; added extra fields to output
	  structure; added ALGO option AUTO (VK; DecMMV)
	altered behavior of ALGO=AUTO to use GIBBS if counts in one of the
	  bands exceeds 100 (VK; OctMMVI)
	added keywords SOFTTBL and HARDTBL (VK; FebMMVIII)
	updated default BEHRdir (VK; OctMMXV)

(See pro/stat/behr_hug.pro)


BINERSP

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function	binErsp
	returns position indices of input energ(y/ies) appropriately
	binned into the specified binning scheme

	returns -1 where E is outside the bin range

syntax
	iE=binersp(nrg,binmn,maxbin,bstr=bstr,nbin=nbin)

parameters
	nrg	[INPUT; required] photon energies for which to find
		the binning numbers
	binmn	[INPUT] array of bin minimum values
		* overrides all keywords
		* if not given, see description below on how it is
		  derived from BSTR.ELO, and NBIN & NRG.
	binmx	[INPUT] maximum of the bin max values.
		* if not a scalar, then the last element of array is used
		* see description below for how it is determined if
		  not given.

keywords
	bstr	[INPUT] structure containing the following pieces of
		information, as obtained from an OGIP-compliant response
		matrix (see RDRESP.PRO/RDARF.PRO): {NNRG, ELO, EHI}
	nbin	[INPUT; default=101] number of equally spaced bins into
		which to split the input array of photon energies
		* if -ve, binning will be logarithmic!
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	if BINMN is not given, then BINMN=BSTR.ELO
	  if BSTR is also not given (or is incorrect), then
	  	BINMN=FINDGEN(ABS(NBIN))*DE+EMIN
	  where DE=(EMAX-EMIN)/(ABS(NBIN)-1), EMIN=MIN(EE,MAX=EMAX),
	  and EE=NRG if NBIN>0, EE=ALOG10(NRG) if NBIN<0
	if BINMX < MAX(BINMN), BINMN is truncated
	if BINMX < MIN(BINMN), BINMX is reset to MIN(BINMN)
	if BINMX is not given, then BINMX=MAX(BINMN)+BINMX(LAST)-BINMX(LAST-1)
	  if BINMN is not given, BINMX=MAX(BSTR.EHI)
	    if BSTR is also not given (or is incorrect), then BINMX=EMAX

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul97)
	converted to IDL5 notation (VK; OctMM)

(See pro/util/binersp.pro)


BLAND

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function	bland
	returns a "blending factor" for each line in the emissivity list,
	defined as the ratio of the flux in the line to that within the
	given range.  (i.e., small values mean heavily blended lines)

syntax
	b=bland(flstr,dwvl,flx=flx,wflx=wflx,arstr=arstr,$
	dem=dem,abund=abund,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,$
	/temp,/noph,/ikev,/regrid)

parameters
	flstr	[INPUT; required] structure containing emissivity and
		wavelength information.  see RD_LINE for details.
		* ion-balance assumed to be included
		* if FLX and WFLX are set on input, FLSTR is ignored --
		  still required, but ignored.
	dwvl	[INPUT; default=median(delta(FLSTR.WVL))] the spectral
		"resolution" -- any line nearer than this value at any
		given wavelength is considered to be blended in to this.
		* if array of size FLSTR.WVL (or twice that size), set to
		  different values (with possible asymmetric ranges) at
		  each wavelength.

keywords
	arstr	[INPUT] structure of structures containing effective
		area information (see ARIA or GRATFLX)
		* if given in the right format, overrides call to LINEFLX
		  with call to GRATFLX
	flx	[I/O] contains the calculated flux due to each line
		* may be given on input and if WFLX is also set, FLSTR and
		  ARSTR are ignored
	wflx	[INPUT] if size matches that of FLX, assumed to be the
		wavelengths of the lines.
		* if FLX and WFLX are set on input, FLSTR and ARSTR are
		  ignored.
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to
		GRATFLX (DEM, ABUND, TEMP, NOPH, IKEV, REGRID)
		LINEFLX (DEM, ABUND, EFFAR, WVLAR, TEMP, NOPH, IKEV, REGRID)

subroutines
	ARIA
	GRATFLX
	LINEFLX

history
	vinay kashyap (Sep98)
	bug fix for when FLSTR is ignored (VK; Oct98)
	added keyword ARSTR, added call to GRATFLX (VK; Nov98)
	converted to IDL5 notation (VK; OctMM)
	bug fix: crashed if FLX and WFLX set, but DWVL not set (VK;JanMMI)
	bug fix: FLSTR can have more than 8 tags (JJD; MayMMVII)

(See pro/bland.pro)


CALC_FTEST

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function	calc_ftest
	calculate the significance of a new model component using the
	F test.  Returns the p-value that the observed change in the
	chisq values for the given degrees of freedom can be obtained
	as a fluctuation.

syntax
	pval=calc_ftest(dof1,chi1,dof2,chi2,fstat=fstat,/wdchi, /double)

parameters
	dof1	[INPUT; required] degrees of freedom of SIMPLE model
	chi1	[INPUT; required] min chisq of SIMPLE model
	dof2	[INPUT; required] degrees of freedom of COMPLEX model
	chi2	[INPUT; required] min chisq of COMPLEX model
		* if arrays, the sizes of all of them must match.
		  the output will then be an array of the same size.
		* NOTE: complex model _must_ be a subset of simple model
		  and the parameter values that define one of the models
		  should not lie on the boundary of the other.

keywords
	fstat	[OUTPUT] the value of the F statistic
		* (CHI1/DOF1)/(CHI2/DOF2)
		* larger the FSTAT, the more plausible the complex model
	wdchi	[INPUT] if set, uses a different F statistic, defined as
		(DELTA_CHI/DELTA_DOF)/(CHI2/DOF2) =
			((CHI1-CHI2)/(DOF2-DOF1))/(CHI2/DOF2)
		* WARNING: if DOF1 is smaller than DOF2, that is, if
		  it appears that the input is already in this format,
		  additional subtractions are not done.

	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to IBETA()

description
	this is how CIAO/Sherpa's calc_ftest program works.
	I just implemented it as a quick way to get at the
	same results in IDL.

	Avoid using the F test unless you know that it is
	applicable for the problem you are working on.  See
	Protassov et al., 2002, ApJ, 571, 545
	  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...571..545P

history
	vinay kashyap (MMXII.VII)

(See pro/stat/calc_ftest.pro)


CAT_ID

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function	cat_id
	returns a concatenated structure of Line IDs

syntax
	C=cat_id(A,B,pick=pick,ask=ask,/okev,comm=comm,flst=flst,dbdir=dbdir,$
	fluxes=fluxes,fluxerr=fluxerr)

parameters
	A	[INPUT; required] output of LINEID
	B	[INPUT] output of LINEID to be merged with A
		* if any wavelengths are common, the IDs in A take
		  precedence (but see keyword ASK)
		* if not given, then the program *prints* a summary
		  of the IDs to the screen

keywords
	pick	[INPUT; default: all] position indices of elements in A
		to be selected (or not).
		* if scalar, returns all elements EXCEPT the specified one
		* has no effect on B
		* use these two to delete entries, for e.g.
	ask	[INPUT] if set, asks for confirmation before throwing
		away an ID from B that also exists in A.  allows overriding
		the default action.
		* ASK='n' will reverse the default by throwing away the
		  ID from A instead of the one from B
		* ASK='r' *reverses* the default, in that if there is a
		  component in B that's also in A, the one in A is >replaced<
		  by the one in B (as opposed to if ASK='n', then the one in
		  A is deleted, and B is just appended at the end)
		* ASK='k' overrides the default by keeping BOTH
	okev	[INPUT] if set, converts wavelengths [Ang] to energy [keV]
	comm	[INPUT] appends a comment to each line while printing
		* takes the comments from A.LABL(1,i)+A.LABL(0,i)
		* truncates the comment to a maximum of 30 characters
		  unless COMM is set to a higher number
		* for this to work when FLST is set, make sure DBDIR is
		  also defined
	flst	[INPUT] if set, prints out the line list in the form that
		RD_LIST likes
		* if FLST is a string, writes to file FLST
       mplet   [OUTPUT] if set, will contain on output a 2 dimensional MPLET
               string array as prescribed by MIXIE()
	dbdir	[INPUT] if set and FLST is set, appends DBDIR to IDs
		* 1 => $SCAR , 2 => $SPEX , 3 => $CHIANTI
	fluxes	[INPUT] if set and matches either the number of components
		or the number of matches, then renormalizes/overwrites the
		line fluxes in the output.
		* ONLY if IDs are being printed
	fluxerr	[INPUT] if set and matches either the number of components
		or the number of matches, then appends an error to output
		* ignored if FLST is not set
		* if FLUXERR is given for each match, square-adds the errors
		  for the components
		* if single element, but there are more than 1 component to
		  ID structure, this is assumed to be the fractional error
		  (if < 1) or S/N (if > 1) for each match
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	* works ONLY on the outputs of LINEID
	* requires subroutines:
	  -- INICON
	  -- CREATE_STRUCT
	  -- LINEID

history
	vinay kashyap (Feb97)
	bug -- was breaking down in simplest case (VK; Mar97)
	was breaking down if ID was unknown (VK; Jul97)
	added keyword FLST (VK; Oct98)
	added call to INITSTUFF; added Tmax to output; added keywords DBDIR,
	  FLUXES, FLUXERR; corrected bug re undefined output when FLST was set;
	  increased number of significant digits in FLST output; generalized
	  ASK to "Yes/No/Replace/Keep" (VK; Nov98)
	updated FLUXERR behavior to account for new field (VK; Dec98)
	modified to allow for field NOTES to be printed out (VK; Mar99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	added FLUXERR to output (VK; MarMM)
	converted to IDL5 array notation (VK; OctMM)
	changed keyword KEV to OKEV (VK; JanMMI)
	now /COMM also works when FLST (and DBDIR) are defined (VK;Nov01)
       added MPLET keyword (LL; Feb04) 
	adjusted print format a bit to avoid **** in FLUXERR (VK; Jul12)

(See pro/cat_id.pro)


CAT_LN

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function	cat_ln
	returns a concatenated structure of Line emissivities

syntax
	C=cat_ln(A,B,pick=pick,ask=ask,comm=comm,reord=reord,/okev,$
	abund=abund,/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,dem=dem,/temp,/ikev,/regrid)

parameters
	A	[INPUT; required] output of RD_LINE
	B	[INPUT] output of RD_LINE to be merged with A
		* if any wavelengths are common, the IDs in A take
		  precedence (but see keyword ASK)
		* if the temperature grids do not match, the emissivities
		  in B are interpolated to the same grid as in A
		* if not given, then the program *prints* a summary
		  of the lines to the screen

keywords
	pick	[INPUT; default: all] position indices of elements in A
		to be selected (or not).
		* if scalar, returns all elements EXCEPT the specified one
		* has no effect on B
		* use these two to delete entries, for e.g.
	ask	[INPUT] specifies how to handle duplicate lines
		* if not set, doesn't care about duplicates and keeps all
		* if set (see exceptions below), will discard duplicates
		  from B
		* ASK='n' will reverse the normal by throwing away the
		  line from A instead of the one from B
		* ASK='r' will >replace< the emissivity, etc. in A with
		  that of B
		* ASK='k' will act just as though ASK has not been set
	okeV	[INPUT] if set, converts wavelengths [Ang] to energy [keV]
		in the screen listing
	comm	[INPUT] appends a comment to each line while printing
		* takes the comments from A.DESIG[1,i]+A.DESIG[0,i]
		* truncates the comment to a maximum of 30 characters
		  unless COMM is set to a higher number
	flst	[INPUT] if set, prints out the line list in the form that
		RD_LIST likes
		* if FLST is a string, writes to file FLST
	reord	[INPUT] if set, rearrange the order of the output
		* +ve: descending order of fluxes
		* -ve: ascending order of fluxes
		* if abs(REORD) .NE. 1, limit output to first REORD entries
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use to pass defined keywords to
		LINEFLX: ABUND, NOPH, EFFAR, WVLAR, DEM, TEMP, REGRID

restrictions
	* works ONLY on the outputs of RD_LINE
	* requires subroutines:
	  -- LINEFLX [GETABUND, WHEE]
	  -- RD_LINE
	  -- CREATE_STRUCT
	  -- INICON

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun98, based on CAT_ID)
	changed keyword LNLST to FLST, added ABUND and REORD (VK; Jul98)
	delete keyword ABUND, and added call to LINEFLX (VK; Aug98)
	corrected bug that was skipping B because of roundoff error in
	  first element; bug in handling ECONF (VK; Nov98)
	changed keyword KEV to OKEV to avoid conflict with LINEFLX keyword
	  of same name (VK; 99Apr)
	added support for structure field JON (VK; 99May)
	allowed merging of mismatched LOGT grids (VK; 99Jul)
	converted to IDL5 array notation (VK; OctMM)
	added full RD_LIST compatible printout for FLST; changed output
	  file wavelength format from f8.4 to f10.5 (VK; JanMMI)
	bug -- crashing on <empty> for FLST -- fixed (VK; Jul04)
	added extra columns (FLUX, logTMAX) to output of FLST (VK; Feb08)

(See pro/cat_ln.pro)


CHANARF

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function	chanarf
	compute the average effective area over each channel, as a
	weighted average of the effective area from all the energies
	that contribute to that channel.

	makes a difference mainly for low and medium spectral
	resolution data.  for high-res grating data, not so much.

syntax
	carf=chanarf(rmfstr,effar,spec=spec)

parameters
	rmfstr	[INPUT; required] response matrix structure, in the
		same format as returned from RD_OGIP_RMF()
	effar	[INPUT] effective area as a function of energy [cm^2]
		* assumed to be on the same grid as the input energies
		  of RMFSTR, i.e., RMFSTR.ELO and RMFSTR.EHI
		* ignored if size doesn't match RMFSTR

keywords
	spec	[INPUT] a spectrum to further weight the contribution
		of EFFAR
		* assumed to be on the same grid as RMFSTR.ELO and RMFSTR.EHI
		* ignored if size doesn't match EFFAR
		* ideally should be in units of [ph/keV/...]
	chnrg	[OUTPUT] the average energy of a photon in this channel
		* it should be similar to 0.5*(RMFSTR.EMN+RMFSTR.EMX), and
		  serves as a check on the gain calibration
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

history
	vinay kashyap (MMVI.IX)

(See pro/chanarf.pro)


CHANDRA_STATUS_BIT

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function	chandra_status_bit
	filters a Chandra event file or status bit array on each status bit
	and reports how many events are flagged, and returns the indices of
	the filtered events

syntax
	idx=chandra_status_bit(inp,filter,bitstr=bitstr,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	inp	[INPUT; required] the input from which the ststus bits are
		to be filtered
		* if byte array, must be of size (4,NPH), and this is the
		  IDL read-in of a 32-bit string of 0s and 1s.  Note that
		  the columns are ordered last to first.
		* if a structure, there must be a field in it named .STATUS
		  and the byte array of above case is taken from that
		* if string, assumed to be the full path to a filename
		  that contains an events list, and it is read in and
		  the STATUS column is extracted from it
	filter	[INPUT; optional] the filter to be used, in the same
		format as CIAO.  e.g., HRC-I status-bit filtering uses
		'xxxxxx00xxxx0xxx00000000x0000000', i.e., 0 or 1 matches
		exactly, and 'x' ignores it.

keywords
	bitstr	[OUTPUT] a structure that contains the bits that are
		turned on, the number of events that are flagged, and
		for each of those, the array of the flagged indices
	stabit	[OUTPUT] ordered array of status bits, converted from
		IDL's 4xNPH to 32xNPH
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

requires
	B11001001
	IDL-Astro library

history
	vinay kashyap (2014jul, inspired by CIAO's summarize_status_bits)

(See pro/util/chandra_status_bit.pro)


CHIOMPRESS

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chiompress.pro
	a script to compress the CHIANTI databases into a smaller dataset
	to make it easy to transport and easy to read.  The max emissivity
	of each line is tested against the max emissivities of nearby lines
	and the line is retained iff it is above the locally defined threshold.

usage
	chifulldir='/data/fubar/SCAR/emissivity/chi713'	;full database dir
	outdir='/data/fubar/SCAR/emissivity/chiompress713'	;compressed dir
	dynrng=1e2	;dynamic range
	hwdth=1.0	;half-width of window in AA
	.run chiompress

side effects
	creates files in OUTDIR
	creates a postscript file in $CWD

vinay kashyap (2010jul)
	bug fix: density sensitive lines were being ignored in the
	write (VK; 2010sep)

(See pro/scrypt/chiompress.pro)


CH_GET_FILE

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 PROJECT     : CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

                   
 NAME        : CH_GET_FILE
     		          
 PURPOSE     : to select a file from either a selected directory or the working
               directory, having an extension.

               
 EXPLANATION : a file in  either a selected directory or the working
               directory, having an extension can be selected using a
               widget. Note that both directory and extension have to be
               supplied. If no file is found, an empty string is returned.                   ; 		

 USE         : IDL> name = ch_get_file( '~/', '.pro',  tit=' Select a procedure ')


 EXAMPLES    : dir= concat_dir(!xuvtop),'dem') 
		dem_name=ch_get_file(path=dir,filter='*.dem',title='Select DEM File')
		
    
 INPUTS      : directory, extension 
		
               
 OPT. INPUTS : 

               
 OUTPUTS     : the file name
	
 OPT. OUTPUTS:
		

 KEYWORDS    : title


 CALLS       : findfile, break_file
		
 COMMON      : co
 		
 RESTRICTIONS:  both directory and extension have to be
               supplied. 

               
 SIDE EFFECTS: 
               
 CATEGORY    : 
               
 PREV. HIST. : extracted from CDS/CHIANTI routines.


      
 WRITTEN     : 

       Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ), 
	DAMTP  (University of Cambridge, UK) 

 MODIFIED    : Version 1, GDZ 10-Oct-2000
               V.2, GDZ, corrected a typo at the end of the file.
               V.3, GDZ,  generalized directory concatenation to work for
                   Unix, Windows  and VMS. 

               V. 4, 19-July-2002, GDZ

                Added the option to select files also with the standard IDL
                dialaog_pickfile, and changed a few things...

               V.5, 2-Aug-02, GDZ 
                 reduced the size of the widget.

               V.6, 12-Aug-02, GDZ
                 corrected for a bug in the directory output.

               V.7, 3-Nov-03  GDZ
                 Fixed a bug when using Windows, the returned path was not
                 correct. 

 VERSION     :  7,  3-Nov-03


(See pro/external/ch_get_file.pro)


CLTSMOOTH

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function	cltsmooth
	An adaptive smoothing technique that takes advantage
	of the central limit theorem.  Applicable to background
	subtracted light curves or spectra that need to have
	the negative values removed without touching anything
	that is at large S/N.

	First picks out all the -ves, assumes these are normally
	distributed, and collects all +ves that are of the same
	magnitude.  Then computes mean and stderr at all selected
	points, then at progressively smaller scales until at most
	32 bins widths, and resets the local mean and stderr iff
	it is significantly different from that computed at larger
	scale.

syntax
	sy=cltsmooth(y,syerr=syerr,swidth=swidth,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	y	[INPUT; required] the spectrum or light curve

keywords
	syerr	[OUTPUT] the errors computed at each bin
		* note that these will not be independent
	swidth	[OUTPUT] the widths over which the SY and
		SYERR are computed
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

vinay kashyap (2015feb)

(See pro/util/cltsmooth.pro)


COLBEHR

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function	colbehr
	computes hardness ratios based on 3-band data by invoking
	BEHR (Bayesian Estimate of Hardness Ratios) twice, and
	returns the inputs as well as the following quantities
	and their credible ranges in a structure:
	  {S, M, H, lS=log10(S), lM=log10(M), lH=log10(H),
	  SpM=S+M, MpH=M+H, SpH=S+H, T=S+M+H,
	  SmM=S-M, MmH=M-H, SmH=S-H,
	  R1=S/M, R2=M/H, R3=S/H,
	  C1=C_SM, C2=C_MH, C3=C_SH,
	  HR1=(S-M)/(S+M), HR2=(M-H)/(M+H), HR3=(S-H)/(S+H),
	  HRA=(S-M)/(S+M+H), HRB=(M-H)/(S+M+H), HRC=(S-H)/(S+M+H)}

	Warning: Because of the necessity of combining two separate
	runs of BEHR, only the MCMC option is used.  Thus, if the
	length of the chain is small, the computed values may be
	subject to computational instability.

	Warning: BEHR assumes that the passbands in question
	do not overlap, and that the counts input to the program
	are statistically independent.  It is up to the users to
	ensure the validity of this assumption.  No checks are
	made to verify it.

	Reference:
	"Bayesian Estimation of Hardness Ratios: Modeling and Computations",
	  Park, T., Kashyap, V.L., Siemiginowska, A., van Dyk, D., Zezas, A.,
	  Heinke, C., and Wargelin, B., 2006, ApJ, 652, 610
	http://hea-www.harvard.edu/AstroStat/BEHR/

syntax
	behr3=colbehr(Ssrc,Msrc,Hsrc,Sbkg=Sbkg,Mbkg=Mbkg,Hbkg=Hbkg,$
	Sarea=Sarea,Marea=Marea,Harea=Harea,$
	Seff=Seff,Meff=Meff,Heff=Heff,$
	Sidx=Sidx,Midx=Midx,Hidx=Hidx,$
	Sscl=Sscl,Mscl=Mscl,Hscl=Hscl,$
	Stable=Stable,Mtable=Mtable,Htable=Htable,$
	/post,level=level,nsim=nsim,nburnin=nburnin,hpd=hpd,$
	outputf=outputf,BEHRdir=BEHRdir, verbose=verbose)

parameters
	Ssrc	[INPUT; required] counts in source region in the soft (S) band
	Msrc	[INPUT; required] counts in source region in the medium (M) band
	Hsrc	[INPUT; required] counts in source region in the hard (H) band
		* can be arrays; if so, the array with the most elements
		  determines the size of the output and the shortfalls in the
		  others, if any, are made up by replicating the first elements

keywords
	Sbkg	[INPUT] counts in background region in the S band
	Mbkg	[INPUT] counts in background region in the M band
	Hbkg	[INPUT] counts in background region in the H band
		* if not given, assumed to be 0
		* if size smaller than Xsrc, first element gets replicated
	Sarea	[INPUT] background scaling factor in the S band
	Marea	[INPUT] background scaling factor in the M band
	Harea	[INPUT] background scaling factor in the H band
		* (background region area)/(source region area)
		* if not given, assumed to be 1
		* can also include differences in exposure time into
		  the ratio, in the same manner as geometric area
		* if size smaller than Xsrc, first element gets replicated
	Seff	[INPUT] effective area in S band
	Meff	[INPUT] effective area in M band
	Heff	[INPUT] effective area in H band
		* if none are set, all are assumed to be 1,
		  else if one is set, all are assumed to be equal to that one,
		  else if two are set and unequal, third is assumed to be 1
		* can also be the effective area relative to some
		  special point on the detector (e.g., aimpoint)
		  or even some specific detector (e.g., ACIS-I v/s ACIS-S)
		* if size smaller than Xsrc, first element gets replicated
	Sidx	[INPUT] index of prior on S (range = 0+)
	Midx	[INPUT] index of prior on M (range = 0+)
	Hidx	[INPUT] index of prior on H (range = 0+)
		* if none are set, all are assumed to be 0.5,
		  else if one is set, all are assumed to be equal to that one
		  else if two are set and are unequal, third is assumed to be 0.5
		* if size smaller than Xsrc, first element gets replicated
		* similar to AGAMMA of PPD_SRC()
	Sscl	[INPUT] scaling index of prior on Ssrc
	Mscl	[INPUT] scaling index of prior on Msrc
	Hscl	[INPUT] scaling index of prior on Hsrc
		* if none are set, all are assumed to be 0
		  else if one is set, all are assumed to be equal to that one
		  else if two are set and are unequal, third is assumed to be 0
		* if size smaller than Xsrc, first element gets replicated
		* similar to BGAMMA of PPD_SRC()
	Stable	[INPUT] filename containing a tabulated prior for Ssrc
	Mtable	[INPUT] filename containing a tabulated prior for Msrc
	Htable	[INPUT] filename containing a tabulated prior for Hsrc
		* the table prior must be an ascii file with the following format:
		  line 1: number of entries, say NLIN
		  line 2: labels for the columns, ignored
		  lines 3..NLIN+2: two whitespace separated columns of numbers,
	            with each row containing the source intensity and the posterior
	            density, in that order
		* the default filenames are "./tblprior_{soft|med|hard}.txt"
		* the default filenames are used iff Stable, Mtable, and Htable are set
		  but are not found
		* WARNING: if regex is used in the filename specification, only the
		  first file from the list will be used.  furthermore, if specified,
		  the table priors are applied to _all_ SSRC, MSRC, and HSRC
	post	[INPUT] if set, suggests the values of (Sidx,Sscl), (Midx,Mscl),
		and (Hidx,Hscl) going forward, i.e., what you should set the
		priors to in your next calculation for the same source -- the
		suggested values are stored in the output structure
	level	[INPUT] percentage confidence level at which to report error
		(default = 68)
	details	[INPUT] compute various ratios (true/false)?
		(default = true)
	nsim	[INPUT] number of draws if algo=gibbs (default=10000)
	nburnin	[INPUT] number of burn-in draws if algo=gibbs
		(default=5000 or NSIM/2, whichever is smaller)
	outputF	[INPUT] root of filename in which to place output
		(default = 'none')
		* output will be placed in the files OUTPUTF.txt and OUTPUTF_draws.txt
		* NOTE: if OUTPUTF='none', then MC draws will be in BEHR_draws.txt
	BEHRdir	[INPUT] full path to directory where BEHR executable resides
		(default = '/data/fubar/kashyap/AstroStat/BEHR')
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

requirements
	uses subroutines HIPD_INTERVAL() and MODALPOINT()
	BEHR executable must be installed in BEHRDIR
	BEHR should be executable under the shell via SPAWN
	BEHR output assumed to be compatible with 12-19-2005 version

side-effects
	potentially creates numerous ascii files in $cwd or `basedir OUTPUTF`

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar07; based on behr_hug.pro)
	bug correction with NaNs not being caught in some cases
	  (VK; Mar07)
	added keywords Stable,Mtable,Htable (VK; Feb08)

etymology
	getting color-color diagrams using BEHR
	(that's my story and I'm sticking to it)

(See pro/stat/colbehr.pro)


COLOURCURVE

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function	colourcurve
	computes color (log(S)-log(H)) for given NH, for various temperatures,
	for a given ARF/RMF combo

syntax
	colcurv=colourcurve(NH,arffil,rmffil,logT,Sband=Sband,Hband=Hband,$
	n_e=n_e,logP=logP,abund=abund,$
	ldbdir=ldbdir,ceroot=ceroot,cdbdir=cdbdir,ioneqf=ioneqf,$
	lstr=lstr,cstr=cstr,verbose=verbose,$
	chidir=chidir, cocofil=cocofil,chdwvl=chdwvl,/twoph,/noff,/nofb,$
	nhne=nhne, fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/Fano,/wam,/bam,/mam,/vion,/noHeH,$
	icrstr=icrstr,ionfrac=ionfrac, vfkydir=vfkydir,,nconsec=nconsec,$
	EBV=EBV,R_V=R_V,LMC2=LMC2,AVGLMC=AVGLMC,ExtCurve=ExtCurve,$
	fmgamma=fmgamma,fmx0=fmx0,fmc1=fmc1,fmc2=fmc2,fmc3=fmc3,fmc4=fmc4)

parameters
	NH	[INPUT; required] H I column density in [cm^-2]
	arffil	[INPUT; required] name of ARF file
		* if blank, ignores RMFFIL and proceeds to compute
		  flux ratios rather than counts ratios
		  - hardcoded range of [15 kev, 200 Ang], edit the code, or
		    keep SBAND and HBAND in this range
	rmffil	[INPUT; required] name of RMF file
		* quits if ARFFIL and RMFFIL are set but files cannot be read
	logT	[INPUT] temperatures at which to compute colors [log10([K])]
		* if not given, or if input is not understandable, assumed
		  to be 5:8:0.1

keywords
	Sband	[INPUT] 2-element float array of energies for the soft band [keV]
		* default is [0.5,2]
		* if 1-element, then alters the nearest bound.  e.g., if
		  Sband=0.3, changes to [0.3,2]
		  Sband=1.24, changes to [1.24,2]
		  Sband=1.26, changes to [0.5,1.26]
		  Sband=4, changes to [0.5,4]
		* if integer, assumed to be channel number (cf. RMFFIL)
	Hband	[INPUT] 2-element float array of energies for the hard band [keV]
		* default is [2.0,7.0]
		* if 1-element, then alters the nearest bound (cf. SBAND)
		* if integer, assumed to be channel number (cf. RMFFIL)
	n_e	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to RD_LINE() and RD_CONT()		  
	logP	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to RD_LINE() and RD_CONT()		  
	abund	[INPUT] abundances
		* default is to use solar coronal
	ldbdir	[INPUT] line emissivity database
		* default is '$APED'
	ceroot	[INPUT] what type of continuum to use
		* default is 'apec'
		* options are 'cie' and 'chianti'
		  (but latter has problems; still being investigated)
	cdbdir	[INPUT] continuum emissivity database
		* default is '$CONT'
	ioneqf	[INPUT] ion balance file
		* default is 'ioneq/chianti.ioneq'
		* not used for APED/ATOMDB
	lstr	[I/O] structure that contains line emissivity database
	cstr	[I/O] structure that contains continuum emissivity database
		* if LSTR and CSTR are given on input, then the emissivity
		  databases are not read in
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		[RD_IONEQ] CHIDIR
		[RD_CONT] COCOFIL, CHDWVL, TWOPH, NOFF, NOFB
		[ISMTAU] FH2, HE1, HEII, FANO, VION, BAM, MAM, NOHEH, ICRSTR
		[IONABS] ICRSTR, IONFRAC, VFKYDIR, NCONSEC
		[FM_UNRED] EBV, R_V, LMC2, AVGLMC, EXTCURVE, FMGAMMA, FMX0,
		           FMC1, FMC2, FMC3, FMC4
		[LINEFLX] NHNE

(See pro/colourcurve.pro)


CONVERTNAME

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).

 NAME:
	convertname

 PURPOSE:
	Ion names as character strings are converted into
	numerical values (note c_2 is C II or C^+1
	in spectroscopic or atomic notation)

 CATEGORY:
	
	naming utility

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       CONVERTNAME,Name,Iz,Ion


 INPUTS:
	Name:   such as 'c_2'


 OUTPUTS:

	Iz:  nuclear charge Z  (6 for 'c_2', the equivalent of C II)
       Ion:  ionization stage:  (2 for 'c_2')

 OPTIONAL OUTPUTS

       DIELECTRONIC   Set to 1 if NAME has a 'd' appended to it 
                      (indicating dielectronic recombination data) else 
                      set to 0

 EXAMPLE:

                     > convertname,'c_2',iz,ion
                     > print,iz,ion
                     > 6,2

                     > convertname,'o_6d',iz,ion
                     > print,iz,ion
                     > 8,6

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0
       October 1999:   Version 3.  by kpd

       Ver.4, 11-Dec-01, Peter Young
           Revised routine, removing ch_repstr call.
           Added DIELECTRONIC optional output.

(See pro/external/convertname.pro)


CONVERT_TO_TYPE

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 NAME:
       CONVERT_TO_TYPE

 PURPOSE:

       Converts its input argument to a specified data type.

 AUTHOR:

       FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
       David Fanning, Ph.D.
       1645 Sheely Drive
       Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
       Phone: 970-221-0438
       E-mail: davidf@dfanning.com
       Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com

 CATEGORY:

       Utilities

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       result = Convert_To_Type(input, type)

 INPUT_PARAMETERS:

       input:          The input data to be converted.
       type:           The data type. Accepts values as given by Size(var, /TNAME) or Size(var, /TYPE).

 OUTPUT_PARAMETERS:

      result:          The input data is converted to specified data type.

 KEYWORDS:

     None.

 RESTRICTIONS:

     Data types STRUCT, POINTER, and OBJREF are not allowed.

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:

     Written by David W. Fanning, 19 February 2006.

(See pro/external/convert_to_type.pro)


CONV_RMF

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procedure	conv_rmf
	convolves input energy spectrum with the response matrix

	unlike the combination of RDRESP and FOLD_RESP, this one goes
	easy on memory at the expense of speed.

syntax
	conv_rmf,nrg,flx,chan,spec,rmf,effar=effar,nrgar=nrgar,$
	rmfstr=rmfstr,fchcol=fchcol,/shift1,verbose=verbose

parameters
	nrg	[INPUT; required] mid-bin values at which input FLX is
		defined.
		* usually [keV], depends on RMF file
		* if size = N(FLX)+1, assumed to be bin-boundaries
	flx	[INPUT; required] fluxes in [ph/bin/(s/cm^2/sr/...)]
	chan	[OUTPUT; required] bin boundary values at which output SPEC
		is defined
		* same units as NRG
		* WARNING: the values that populate this array are taken
		  from the EMN and EMX values in the RMF.  These are not
		  exact values, and simply represent approximate bounds
		  on the detector channels that the input spectrum gets
		  redistributed into.  They are to be used mainly for
		  plotting purposes, and should not be used for scientific
		  purposes unless the user recognizes their limitations.
		  In other words, the array indices of SPEC are the
		  detector channels, and the CHAN array is a mapping from
		  channels to energy, as defined in the EBOUNDS extension
		  of the RMF
	spec	[OUTPUT; required] output, convolved spectrum
	rmf	[INPUT; required] name of OGIP-compliant FITS file containing
		the response matrix
		* may also be a structure, such as the output of RD_OGIP_RMF()

keywords
	effar	[INPUT] effective areas [cm^2]
	nrgar	[INPUT] energies at which EFFAR are defined
		* same units as NRG
		* sizes of EFFAR and NRGAR must match
		* range of NRGAR must overlap NRG
		* if EFFAR and NRGAR are legal, FLX is multiplied by
		  EFFAR (over intersection of NRGAR and NRG; zeroed
		  elsewhere) before convolving with response matrix
		* of course, this multiplication makes sense only if
		  units on FLX are [ph/bin/cm^2/...]
	rmfstr	[OUTPUT] structure containing info of response matrix,
		the output of RD_OGIP_RMF()
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines:
		RD_OGIP_RMF: FCHCOL, SHIFT1
		REBINW : SLOWOK

restrictions
	requires IDLAstro library
	requires RD_OGIP_RMF()
	requires REBINW()
	requires BINERSP()

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr99)
	added keyword SHIFT1 (VK; JanMMI)
	bug: incorrect usage of WVLAR instead of NRGAR in effar block
	  (Erica R; Aug01)
	deleted keyword SHIFT1, cleaned up and speeded up (VK; Nov2001)
	bug: when spectrum size < RMF size and RMF has multiple groups,
	  was using only the first group (VK; Nov'02)
	bug: was crashing when NRG was outside the bounds of the RMF
	  in cases where the RMF was at a higher resolution (LL/VK; Apr'03)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; MarMMV)
	bug: when input spectrum energy range was smaller than RMF range,
	  was assuming RMF was at higher resolution even if it wasn't
	  (VK; Aug'07)
	bug: wasn't checking for frequency beating between input spectrum
	  grid and input RMF grid in above case; now if it does, and calls
	  REBINW() and forces input spectrum to the right grid (VK; Aug'07)
	bug: EFFAR multiplication was being ignored when input spectrum had
	  to be rebinned to match RMF grid (VK; Oct'07)

(See pro/util/conv_rmf.pro)


CURVEFIT

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 NAME:
       CURVEFIT

 PURPOSE:
       Non-linear least squares fit to a function of an arbitrary 
       number of parameters.  The function may be any non-linear 
       function.  If available, partial derivatives can be calculated by 
       the user function, else this routine will estimate partial derivatives
       with a forward difference approximation.

 CATEGORY:
       E2 - Curve and Surface Fitting.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:
       Result = CURVE_FIT(X, Y, Weights, A, SIGMA, FUNCTION_NAME = name, $
                         ITMAX=ITMAX, ITER=ITER, TOL=TOL, /NODERIVATIVE)

 INPUTS:
       X:  A row vector of independent variables.  This routine does
           not manipulate or use values in X, it simply passes X
           to the user-written function.

       Y:  A row vector containing the dependent variable.

  Weights:  A row vector of weights, the same length as Y.
            For no weighting,
                 Weights(i) = 1.0.
            For instrumental (Gaussian) weighting,
                 Weights(i)=1.0/sigma(i)^2
            For statistical (Poisson)  weighting,
                 Weights(i) = 1.0/y(i), etc.

       A:  A vector, with as many elements as the number of terms, that 
           contains the initial estimate for each parameter.  IF A is double-
           precision, calculations are performed in double precision, 
           otherwise they are performed in single precision. Fitted parameters
           are returned in A.

 KEYWORDS:
       FUNCTION_NAME:  The name of the function (actually, a procedure) to 
       fit.  IF omitted, "FUNCT" is used. The procedure must be written as
       described under RESTRICTIONS, below.

       ITMAX:  Maximum number of iterations. Default = 20.
       ITER:   The actual number of iterations which were performed
       TOL:    The convergence tolerance. The routine returns when the
               relative decrease in chi-squared is less than TOL in an 
               interation. Default = 1.e-3.
       CHI2:   The value of chi-squared on exit (obselete)
     
       CHISQ:   The value of reduced chi-squared on exit
       NODERIVATIVE:   IF this keyword is set THEN the user procedure will not
               be requested to provide partial derivatives. The partial
               derivatives will be estimated in CURVEFIT using forward
               differences. IF analytical derivatives are available they
               should always be used.

 OUTPUTS:
       Returns a vector of calculated values.
       A:  A vector of parameters containing fit.

 OPTIONAL OUTPUT PARAMETERS:
       Sigma:  A vector of standard deviations for the parameters in A.

 COMMON BLOCKS:
       NONE.

 SIDE EFFECTS:
       None.

 RESTRICTIONS:
       The function to be fit must be defined and called FUNCT,
       unless the FUNCTION_NAME keyword is supplied.  This function,
       (actually written as a procedure) must accept values of
       X (the independent variable), and A (the fitted function's
       parameter values), and return F (the function's value at
       X), and PDER (a 2D array of partial derivatives).
       For an example, see FUNCT in the IDL User's Libaray.
       A call to FUNCT is entered as:
       FUNCT, X, A, F, PDER
 where:
       X = Variable passed into CURVEFIT.  It is the job of the user-written
           function to interpret this variable.
       A = Vector of NTERMS function parameters, input.
       F = Vector of NPOINT values of function, y(i) = funct(x), output.
       PDER = Array, (NPOINT, NTERMS), of partial derivatives of funct.
               PDER(I,J) = DErivative of function at ith point with
               respect to jth parameter.  Optional output parameter.
               PDER should not be calculated IF the parameter is not
               supplied in call. IF the /NODERIVATIVE keyword is set in the
               call to CURVEFIT THEN the user routine will never need to
               calculate PDER.

 PROCEDURE:
       Copied from "CURFIT", least squares fit to a non-linear
       function, pages 237-239, Bevington, Data Reduction and Error
       Analysis for the Physical Sciences.  This is adapted from:
       Marquardt, "An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear
       Parameters", J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., Vol 11, no. 2, pp. 431-441,
       June, 1963.

       "This method is the Gradient-expansion algorithm which
       combines the best features of the gradient search with
       the method of linearizing the fitting function."

       Iterations are performed until the chi square changes by
       only TOL or until ITMAX iterations have been performed.

       The initial guess of the parameter values should be
       as close to the actual values as possible or the solution
       may not converge.

 EXAMPLE:  Fit a function of the form f(x) = a * exp(b*x) + c to
           sample pairs contained in x and y.
           In this example, a=a(0), b=a(1) and c=a(2).
           The partials are easily computed symbolicaly:
           df/da = exp(b*x), df/db = a * x * exp(b*x), and df/dc = 1.0

           Here is the user-written procedure to return F(x) and
           the partials, given x:

       pro gfunct, x, a, f, pder      ; Function + partials
         bx = exp(a(1) * x)
         f= a(0) * bx + a(2)         ;Evaluate the function
         IF N_PARAMS() ge 4 THEN $   ;Return partials?
         pder= [[bx], [a(0) * x * bx], [replicate(1.0, N_ELEMENTS(f))]]
       end

         x=findgen(10)                  ;Define indep & dep variables.
         y=[12.0, 11.0,10.2,9.4,8.7,8.1,7.5,6.9,6.5,6.1]
         Weights=1.0/y            ;Weights
         a=[10.0,-0.1,2.0]        ;Initial guess
         yfit=curvefit(x,y,Weights,a,sigma,function_name='gfunct')
         print, 'Function parameters: ', a
         print, yfit
       end

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
       Written, DMS, RSI, September, 1982.
       Does not iterate IF the first guess is good.  DMS, Oct, 1990.
       Added CALL_PROCEDURE to make the function's name a parameter.
              (Nov 1990)
       12/14/92 - modified to reflect the changes in the 1991
            edition of Bevington (eq. II-27) (jiy-suggested by CreaSo)
       Mark Rivers, U of Chicago, Feb. 12, 1995
           - Added following keywords: ITMAX, ITER, TOL, CHI2, NODERIVATIVE
             These make the routine much more generally useful.
           - Removed Oct. 1990 modification so the routine does one iteration
             even IF first guess is good. Required to get meaningful output
             for errors. 
           - Added forward difference derivative calculations required for 
             NODERIVATIVE keyword.
           - Fixed a bug: PDER was passed to user's procedure on first call, 
             but was not defined. Thus, user's procedure might not calculate
             it, but the result was THEN used.

      Steve Penton, RSI, June 1996.
            - Changed SIGMAA to SIGMA to be consistant with other fitting 
              routines.
            - Changed CHI2 to CHISQ to be consistant with other fitting 
              routines.
            - Changed W to Weights to be consistant with other fitting 
              routines.
            _ Updated docs regarding weighing.

	Vinay Kashyap, CfA, Dec 1998
	     - Changed name to CURVE_FIT.
	     - Added keyword _EXTRA=E to calling sequence and to all
	       calls to CALL_PROCEDURE.
           

(See pro/external/curve_fit.pro)


CURVESECT

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function	curvesect
	finds and returns the point(s) of intersection of two curves

syntax
	xy=curvesect(y1,y2,xpt,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	y1	[INPUT; required] points of curve Y1(X)
	y2	[INPUT; required] points of curve Y2(X)
		* Y1 and Y2 must be defined on the same grid
	xpt	[INPUT] x-coordinates of Y1 and Y2
		* if not supplied, uses the array index

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	only returns the intersections within the domain of XPT
	inputs must be sorted in X

description
	a very simple algorithm that checks whether two curves
	have any crossings, and if they do, finds the point of
	intersection using the line segments that connect across
	the crossings.  Don't push it.

example
	.run curvesect

history
	Vinay Kashyap (2012dec)

(See pro/util/curvesect.pro)


CUT_ID

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function	cut_id
	add or delete IDs to an existing ID structure

syntax
	newid=cut_id(idstr,idx,delet=delet,addon=addon,verbose=verbose,$
	/incieq,dbdir=dbdir,sep=sep,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,$
	chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile)

warning
	will not keep track of relative fluxes or their errors properly,
	though the total flux will be conserved.

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] an ID structure (see LINEID.PRO) containing
		line identifications of spectral features
	idx	[INPUT; required] a zero-based index of the feature
		being (re)edited
		* must be a scalar
		* nothing happens if IDX is outside the legal range defined
		  by IDSTR

keywords
	delet	[INPUT] set to a zero-based index to IDSTR.(IDX+1)
		* if float, assumed to refer to IDSTR.(IDX+1).WVL
		* if string, assumed to be in same format as understood by
		  RD_LIST: "Z ION <sep> WAVE <sep> SOURCE <sep> DESCRIPTION"
		  (RD_LIST will in fact be called in order to decipher it)
		* may be an array
	addon	[INPUT] string describing the line to be added as an ID
		to IDSTR.(IDX+1)
		* must be in same format as that understood by RD_LIST:
		  "Z ION <sep> WAVE <sep> SOURCE <sep> DESCRIPTION"
		* may be an array
	eps	[INPUT] a small number
		* default is 1e-5
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to
		RD_LIST: INCIEQ,DBDIR,SEP,PRES,LOGP,N_E,CHIFIL,CHIDIR,EQFILE
		LINEFLX: DEM,ABUND,NOPH,EFFAR,WVLAR

restrictions
	requires subroutines:
	  RD_LIST, RD_LINE, FOLD_IONEQ, READ_IONEQ, RD_IONEQ, LINEFLX,
	  GETABUND, WHEE, SYMB2ZION, LAT2ARAB, CAT_LN
	requires IDL 5.3+ (because of use of STRSPLIT, STRJOIN, STRCMP)

history
	vinay kashyap (JanMMI)

(See pro/cut_id.pro)


DATA_CHK

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   Purpose: checks input data for type, ndimension, etc
	     (uses IDL size function results)

   Keyword Parameters:
      type -   if set, return idl data type  from size function
		type		data type
		  0		 ???
		  1		 byte
		  2		 integer
		  3		 longword
		  4		 floating point
		  5		 double precision
		  6		 ???
		  7		 string
		  8		 structure
      ndimen - if set, return number dimensions (size(0))
      nimages - if set, return #images (1->2D, NI->3D, else 0)
      xsize - if set, return X size (size(data))(1)
      nx    - synonym for xsize
      ysize - if set, return Y size (size(data))(2)
      ny    - synonym for ysize
      string/struct/undefined - if set, return true if type matches 
      scalar, vector - if set, true if data of specified variety
            
   Calling Examples:
      if (data_chk(p1,/type) eq data_chk(p2,/type)) then...
      case data_chk(data,/type) of...
      if data_chk(data,/string,/scalar) then ...
      if data_chk(data,/string,/struct,/undef,/orr)
      case data_chk(maybe_cube,/nimages) of...

   History:
      27-Apr-1993 (SLF)
      21-Mar-1994 (SLF) documentation header
      10-oct-1996 (SLF) add SCALAR (synonym for the historical mispell SCALER)
       2-oct-1997 (SLF) add NIMAGES
      15-nov-1997 (SLF) add XSIZE and YSIZE keyword and function
      20-oct-2002 (LWA) added list of data types to header
       2-jan-2007 (SLF) removed vestigal references to ORR (not supported)

   Restrictions:
      some keywords are mutually exclusive - for self-documenting code 
      and reduction of code duplicataion 
      ORR not supported (place holder never realized - you'll have to
      do your own 'ands' and 'ors' external (could write data_chks.pro
      driver with keyword inherit via _extra to This routine...)

(See pro/external/data_chk.pro)


DATE2DECIMAL

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function	date2decimal
		compute and return decimal representation of date
		as fraction of the year.

syntax
	date=date2decimal(datestr,fod=fod,doy=doy,jday=jday)

parameters
	datestr	[INPUT; required] date string in format 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS'
		* can be an array
		* if given in an ununderstandable format, assumed to be today, now.

keywords
	fod	[OUTPUT] fraction of day
	doy	[OUTPUT] day of year
	jday	[OUTPUT] Julian day

history
	vinay kashyap (2014nov)
	bug fix: Feb was resetting doy counter (VK; 2015jun)

(See pro/util/date2decimal.pro)


DATE2TIMESTAMP

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function	date2timestamp
	given a decimal date (in units of [yr]), returns the calendar
	date as a timestamp in the format YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.S

syntax
	tstamp=date2timestamp(date,year=year)

parameters
	date	[INPUT; required] decimal date in years or fraction
		of year (see keyword YEAR)

keywords
	year	[INPUT] if given, adds this to DATE
		* useful for when only fraction of year is given
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run date2timestamp
	(calls date2decimal)

history
	Vinay Kashyap (2015.4863)

(See pro/util/date2timestamp.pro)


DEG2HRS

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function	deg2hrs
	converts decimal degrees to sexagesimal system and returns a
	string array of properly formatted output

parameters
	d	[INPUT; required] degrees
		* may even be a string of comma separated numbers
	h	[OUTPUT] hours
	m	[OUTPUT] minutes
	s	[OUTPUT] seconds

keywords
	dec	[INPUT] if set, does not divide by 15 (the RA v/s Dec thing)
	_extra	[INPUT] allows passing defined keywords to
		STR_2_ARR: SEP, R8, SQUISH

subroutines
	STR_2_ARR
	see also HRS2DEG

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	changed call to str2arr to str_2_arr (VK; Sep14)

(See pro/util/deg2hrs.pro)


DEMACS

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function	demacs
	a DEM editor that allows interactively "tweaking" a specified DEM

syntax
	dem=demacs(logt,dem0=dem0,logt0=logt0,norm=norm,slope=slope,$
	group=group,igroup=igroup, PLOT_KEYWORDS)

parameters
	logt	[INPUT; required] log10(Temperature [K]) at which DEM
		is to be determined

keywords
	dem0	[INPUT] initial DEM (just for guidance).
		* if size does not match LOGT0, gets stretched to suit.
		* overrides SLOPE, but not NORM
		* if max(DEM0)<100, assumed to be in log form -- i.e.,
		  plots are in "linear" form and +vity is not enforced.
	logt0	[INPUT] logT at which DEM0 are defined.  if not given,
		assumed to be LOGT.
	norm	[INPUT] if set, first element of initial DEM is set to NORM
	slope	[INPUT; default=1] if given, generates initial
		DEM=NORM*T0^(SLOPE)
		* if DEM0 is specified, SLOPE is ignored
	group	[OUTPUT] long-int array of same size as LOGT containing
		grouping information
	igroup	[OUTPUT] array of same size as GROUP, containing index
		of "representative element" of each group
	_extra	[INPUT] allows passing defined keywords (e.g., YRANGE)
		to PLOT.

restrictions
	requires X-windows, display, and mouse capability.

history
	vinay kashyap (Feb97)
	corrected log behavior, added _extra to PLOT (VK; Apr97)
	cleaned up log behavior, added keystrokes *,/,v,^,z (VK; Aug98)
	button press status now stored in !MOUSE, not !ERR (VK; Apr09)

(See pro/demacs.pro)


DESCALE_ALL

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 EXPLANATION

      This routine descales all types of spline fits into upsilons or
      rates, i.e., it does both electron upsilons and proton rates,
      and both 5-point and 10-point splines. In addition it can
      simultaneously descale several temperatures at once.

 INPUTS

      TEMP     Temperature(s), K.

      SPLSTR   Structure output by read_splups.

      INDEX    Index of structure.

 OUTPUTS

      UPS      Upsilon value(s) at temperature(s) TEMP.

 EXAMPLES

      read_splups,splupsfile,splstr
      descale_all,[1.e6,2.e6],splstr,5,ups
      print,ups

 HISTORY

      Ver.1, 15-Mar-01, Peter Young
               adapted from Ken Dere's descale_ups.pro.

      Ver.2, 12-Nov-01, Peter Young
               added type 6 transitions (for protons)

      Ver.3, 3-Jan-2012, Ken Dere
               allowed for the number of spline points from 5 through 9

(See pro/external/descale_all.pro)


DESCALE_UPS_VK

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	DESCALE_UPS_VK
	(used to be) DESCALE_UPS

 PURPOSE:

	convert from Burgess-Tully scaling spline fits to Upsilons

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       DESCALE_UPS,Index,Jndex,xt,upsilion, T_TYPE,C_UPS,SPLUPS

 INPUTS:

	Index:	index of lower energy level (lowest level is 1)
	Jndex:	index of upper energy level (lowest level is 1)
	xt:  scaled temperature

	T_TYPE: 2 dimensional array contain values of the transition type
	C_UPS: 2 dimensional array containing values of the Burgess and Tully
		scaling parameter c
	SPLUPS: spline fits to the scaled Upsilons

 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

	None:
	
 KEYWORD PARAMETERS:

	None:	

 OUTPUTS:

	Upsilon:  the Maxwellian averaged collision strength



 COMMON BLOCKS:

	NONE:

	;common elvlc,l1a,term,conf,ss,ll,jj,ecm,eryd,ecmth,erydth,eref
       ;common wgfa, wvl,gf,a_value
       ;common upsilon,t_type,c_ups,splups


 PROCEDURE:

	see Burgess and Tully, 1992, Astron and Astrophys, 254, 436.

 EXAMPLE:

             ;
 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0
       December 1998:  Include transition type 5   (kpd)

	September 2000: Add parameters T_TYPE,C_UPS,SPLUPS and comment out
		all common blocks (Vinay Kashyap)
	THIS ROUTINE IS OBSOLETE FOR CHIANTIv4+ (VK; Jun02)

(See pro/external/descale_ups_vk.pro)


DETECT_LIMIT

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function	detect_limit
	compute and return the counts upper limit for
	detection of a source at a given significance,
	given the background counts.

description
	compute the cumulative significance of obtaining a specified
	number of counts given the background, and assume that a source
	would be considered detected if the counts were to exceed the
	NSIG threshold.

	see Pease, Drake, & Kashyap (2006, ApJ 636, 426) for full description.
	briefly, computes the probability that as many as D counts can be
	observed for a given background b, p(=<D|b), and thence the probability
	that a given number of counts can be obtained in an observation simply
	due to the background.  The number of counts required for a detection
	at a specified probability is the upper limit.  Note also that this
	goes only halfway towards a full upper limit (see Kashyap et al., 2008,
	AAS-HEAD, 2008.03.03) in that this produces an upper limit in counts
	space and not in intrinsic flux space.

syntax
	ul=detect_limit(bkg,nsig,asrc=asrc,abkg=abkg,bgalt=bgalt,abgalt=abgalt,$
	nsim=nsim,ulsig=ulsig,ulsim=ulsim,/gaussy,nxbin=nxbin,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	bkg	[INPUT; required] counts in the background
	nsig	[INPUT] the Gaussian-equivalent sigma at which
		to compute upper limit to detection
		* if not given, assumed to be 3

keywords
	asrc	[INPUT; default=1] area in which source counts are collected
	abkg	[INPUT; default=1] area in which background counts are collected
	bgalt	[INPUT; default=0] alternative set of background
		contamination, say from a different area of the instrument,
		or from a model, or from an extended source, etc.
		* may be an array
		* NOTE: the _same_ BGALT is appended to _all_ elements of BKG
	abgalt	[INPUT; default=asrc] area in which BGALT is "collected"
		* size must match BGALT
		* if size < size(BGALT), first element is assumed to be
		  the default
	nsim	[INPUT; default=0] number of Monte Carlo simulations to run
		to account for error in background
		* setting this results in computing the upper limit for
		  a number of realizations of BKG; the resulting 1-sigma
		  range in the value of computed upper limits is reported
		  in ULSIG, and a conservative upper limit based on
		  combining all of the simulations is returned in ULSIM[*,0]
	ulsig	[OUTPUT] the 1-sigma error on the upper limit, estimated
		by bootstrapping BKG
	ulsim	[OUTPUT] a 2D array of size (NBKG,NSIM+1) which contains
		all the simulated limits
		* ULSIM[*,0] is identical to the primary output if NSIM=0
		* for NSIM>0, ULSIM[*,0] is the conservative limit that
		  is derived from the coadded probability distributions
		  that take into account the variations in the background
	gaussy	[INPUT] if set, computes the limit corresponding to the
		significance matching the location of the NSIG-sigma
		*intercept* of a Gaussian, rather than matching the total
		area under the curve.
	nxbin	[INPUT] number of bins to use in the integration
		* the integration is carrid out over a range of
		  0..5*E(bg) or 20, whichever is greater.
		  by default, the number of bins is set by the step size,
		  which is set to 1 count,
		  -- unless E(bg) < 1, in which case a bin width of 0.05
		  is used by default
		* changing NXBIN does not change the range, but only
		  changes the bin size.
		* a hard lower limit of 20 is set -- cannot use a bin
		  width larger than 1 count
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter

subroutines
	LNPOISSON()
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr2004)
	added keyword ULSIG; changed name from PUPLIM to DETECT_LIMIT
	  (VK; May2004)
	added keyword NXBIN (VK; Sep2004)
	added keywords BGALT and ABGALT (VK; Dec2004)
	modified output behavior of ULSIM[*,0]; now BGALT can be 0
	  (VK; Mar2005)
	fixed bug for when NXBIN is set; made the numerical precision
	  problem at high NSIG explicit by making the code return -1 as
	  the UL (VK; Mar2009)

(See pro/stat/detect_limit.pro)


DID2EMIS2EM

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procedure	did2emis2em
	for a specified line, read in emissivities at various densities,
	compute fluxes, and invert to get emission measure estimates at
	each density.

syntax
	did2emis2em,idstr,edens,fluxes=fluxes,/deblend,DEM=DEM,logT=logT,$
	ldir=ldir,NH=NH,EMs=EMs,FXs=FXs,xtitle=xtit,ytitle=ytit,title=tit,$
	verbose=v,dWVL=dWVL,eps=eps,/incieq,mapping=mapping,chifil=chifil,$
	chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,abund=abund,/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,$
	/kev,tol=tol,fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/Fano,/wam,/bam,/mam,/Zbeda,$
	/Ibeda,Wbeda=Wbeda,/Lbeku,wform=wform,wstyle=wstyle,ziform=ziform,$
	/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,stasiz=stasiz,$
	stathk=stathk,charsize=charsize,align=align

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] structure containing ID information
		(see LINEID for description)
	edens	[I/O] array of electron densities [cm^-3]
		* default is [1e8,1e14]
		* if not specified, insufficiently specified, or otherwise
		  meaningless, uses default and overwrites input

keywords
	fluxes	[I/O] observed fluxes
		* if size does not match the number of components
		  or the number of IDs, will instead use IDSTR.(#).FLUX
		  and overwrite the input
		* see UPDATID() for details
	deblend	[INPUT] if _not_ set (which is the default), squishes multiple
		IDs of a single feature into one single flux and calculates
		only a "composite" ID.  on the other hand, if set, leaves
		the multiple IDs alone.
	DEM	[INPUT] differential emission measure to use in computing
		the fluxes
		* default is to use 1e12 [cm^-5] at each specified LOGT
	logT	[INPUT] temperatures at which DEM is defined
		* if not specified, set to 6.5, unless DEM has more elements,
		  in which case is interpolated into the 4..8 range
	ldir	[INPUT] string array of database directories to use to
		search for the emissivities
		* default is '$CHIANTI'
		* if size does not match either number of IDSTR components
		  or IDs, only the first element is used
	NH	[INPUT] H column density [cm^-2]
	EMs	[OUTPUT] array of emission measures EMS[EDEN,WVL] that
		are plotted.
		* at any given point, EMS = \int DEM[LOGT]*dLOGT,
		  unless DEM has one or two elements only, in which
		  case EMS = SUM(DEM)
		* what this implies is that the input DEM is scaled
		  at each density to match the observed flux at each
		  wavelength and this scaled DEM is represented in the
		  plot by the summed measure.  This ensures that all
		  wavelengths considered are compared over the same
		  temperature range, and the ambiguity regarding the
		  temperature of peak emissivity, etc. has been removed.
	FXs	[OUTPUT] the predicted fluxes FXS[EDEN,WVL] which are used
		to scale the EMs above.
	xtitle	[INPUT] passed to PLOT
	ytitle	[INPUT] passed to PLOT
	title	[INPUT] passed to PLOT
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keyword values to subroutines:
		ID2EMIS2ID: DWVL
		RD_LIST: EPS, INCIEQ, MAPPING
		FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL, EQFILE
		RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR
		SQUISHEM: ABUND
		LINEFLX: ABUND, NOPH, EFFAR, WVLAR, KEV
		ARRAYEQ: TOL
		ISMTAU: fH2, He1, HeII, FANO, WAM, BAM, MAM
		IDLABEL: ZBEDA, IBEDA, WBEDA, LBEKU, WFORM, WSTYLE, ZIFORM
		STAMPLE: NUTHIN,NODAY,NOTIME,NOUSER,NOPACK,STACOL,STASIZ,STATHK
		XYOUTS: CHARSIZE,ALIGN
	n_e	[IGNORE] here only to trap boxing gloves

restrictions
	requires IDL5.3+ because of use of STRMATCH, etc.
	requires subroutines
	  BAMABS
	  CAT_LN
	  FOLD_IONEQ
	  GETABUND
	  ID2EMIS2ID
	  IDLABEL
	  INICON
	  ISMTAU
	  LAT2ARAB
	  LINEFLX
	  RDABUND
	  RD_IONEQ
	  RD_LINE
	  RD_LIST
	  READ_IONEQ
	  SQUISHEM
	  SYMB2ZION
	  SYZE
	  UPDATID
	  WHEE
	  ZION2SYMB

side-effects
	generates a plot which erases any plot that exists beforehand

history
	vinay kashyap (JanMMI; based on DID2EM)
	improved color-scale setting for 24-bit consoles (VK; FebMMI)

(See pro/did2emis2em.pro)


DISCRIMINATEMP

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function	discriminatemp
	an implementation of Mark Weber's scheme for determining
	the temperature discrimination ability of a given set of
	emissivity functions.  the output is a square matrix
	of the same size as the temperature grid, showing the value
	of a statistic that can be used to infer whether two
	corresponding temperatures can be distinguished.

	the technique is simple -- compute fluxes at two temperatures
	for the same emission measure, and for an assumed uncertainty,
	ask whether the two sets of fluxes differ in a statistically
	significant manner.  if they do, the two temperatures are
	distinguishable, and not if they do not.

syntax
	dtemp=disriminatemp(emis,ferr,EM0=EM0,outflx=outflx,$
	wvl=wvl,Z=Z,logT=logT,abund=abund,normark=normark,$
	outeflx=outeflx,verbose=verbose,$
	/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,/ikev,metals=metals,fipbias=fipbias)

parameters
	emis	[INPUT; required] array of emissivities
		* EMIS is a 2D array with size (LOGT, WVL)
		* the units are assumed to be [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
		  for anything else (e.g., for solar work), put the
		  difference into EM0 and be sure to set the keyword
		  NOPH=1, because it gets pushed into LINEFLX()
	ferr	[INPUT] the assumed uncertainties on the lines
		* if not given, taken to be 0.1 of the computed
		  fluxes for all lines
		* if scalar, then
		    if >0 and <1, taken to be that fraction of the
		    computed fluxes for all lines
		    if >1 and <100, taken to be that percentage of
		    the computed fluxes for all lines
		    if >100, the reciprocal is taken to be the
		    fraction of the computed fluxes for all lines
		    if <0, the abs value is taken to be a constant
		    absolute uncertainty for all lines
		* if vector, each individual value is used as given,
		  with the same condition on each as for the scalar
		  case
		* e.g., if there are 4 lines, and FERR=[-10,0.3,5,0],
		  after the 4 fluxes are computed, the corresponding
		  errors are set to [10.,0.3*F[1],0.05*F[2],0.1*F[3]]
		* the best way to set reasonable errors is to run
		  this program once, extract the computed fluxes
		  using keyword OUTFLX, figure out the appropriate
		  errors, and then feed it back into another run

keywords
	EM0	[INPUT] the emission measure to use
		* default is 1d14 cm^-5, fwiw
	outflx	[OUTPUT] the fluxes calculated for each line for each
		temperature, is an array of size (LOGT,WVL), same as EMIS
	outeflx	[OUTPUT] the flux errors calculated for each line for each
		temperature, is an array of size (LOGT,WVL), same as EMIS
	wvl	[INPUT] line wavelengths for which EMIS is given
		* used only if keyword NOPH is _not_ set (i.e.,
		  in the conversion of [erg/...] to [ph/...])
		  and if size matches the 2nd dimension of EMIS
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers of elements contributing
		to EMIS
		* used only if size matches 2nd dimension of EMIS,
		  and is used to multiply EMIS with the appropriate
		  abundance
		* if not given, assumed to be 1 (i.e., H), which
		  is essentially a way to ignore ABUND
	logT	[INPUT] log_10(Temperature [K]) at which EMIS are given
		* unused
	abund	[I/O] element abundances
		* if size smaller than 30, calls GETABUND() and resets
		  to use Anders & Grevesse
	normark	[INPUT] a normalization factor, usually set to the
		maximum number of filters or lines that can be used,
		and whose squared reciprocal divided into the output --
		Mark Weber uses this to "normalize" the results across
		different filter choices
		* hard minimum value is 1, also the default
		* if this is set, the diagonal elements of the output,
		  which are identically zero, are reset to the mean of
		  the nearest neighbors
		* if vector, only the first element is used and all the
		  extra elements are ignored
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter

	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined variables to subroutines
		LINEFLX : /NOPH, /IKEV, EFFAR, WVLAR
		GETABUND : METALS, FIPBIAS

description
	Weber et al., 2008, SPD?

history
	vinay kashyap (2009mar)
	bigfix: wasn't dealing with vector FERR gracefully (VK; 2010aug)

(See pro/discriminatemp.pro)


DORREN

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function  dorren 

 computes spot modulated stellar light curve using Dorren(1987)

syntax 
      curve =  x, A, f, pder,ldstr=ldstr,ldspt=ldspt,rdns=rdns,$
      photT=photT,spotT=spotT,wvl=wvl
 
parameters 
       x   [INPUT;required] absissca points at which to compute spot
           model. These are angular displacements with respect to the 
           initial spot longitude specified in A, in units of degrees. 
       A   [INPUT;required] spot parameters for dorrens model in
                            radians where: 
                            a(0) = stellar inclination to LOS
                            a(1) = spot latitude 
                            a(2) = spot size 
                            a(3) = initial spot longitude 
       pder[OUTPUT]         partial derivative with respect to each 
                            parameter in A 
keywords 
       ldstr [INPUT] limb-darkening coefficient for star 
                          default = 0.32 Van Hamme(1994) 
       ldspt [INPUT] limb-darkening coefficient for spot (umbra) 
       rdns  [INPUT] set this parameter if spot parameters and absissca are input 
                     in radians rather than degrees
       photT [INPUT] photospheric temperature in degrees Kelvin
       spotT [INPUT] spot temperature in degrees Kelvin 
       wvl   [INPUT] wavelength in nanometers
subroutines 
       MOD
       
history
       liwei lin (Sep 03) better documentation/functionality than
                          mod.pro. switch to modular
                 (Jul 06) removed loop over longitudes and add pder
                 (Aug 06) BUGFIX: note that T should be defined as: 
                           Pi - ATAN((-SIN(h(tmp)))*(TAN(b1(tmp)))) when B1>=Pi/2           
                           ATAN((SIN(h(tmp)))*(TAN(b1(tmp)))) when B1<Pi/2 
                          to avoid dicontinuities. This differs from Dorren (1987)
                          formalism only in the '=' sign placement 

(See pro/timing/dorren.pro)


DOVE_CICLO

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function	dove_ciclo
	this function acts as a wrapper to all the morphological
	operations that are used to extract pixels that define a loop
	from an image of the solar corona

	the general workflow is:
	- [CONVOL] - enhance contrast by subtracting background
	- [MORFO_ROTTANGOLI] open with rectangular structure element
	- [MORPH_CLOSE] close with small square kernel
	- [CONVOL] enhance contrast again by subtracting background
	- [MORFO_SOGLIA] threshold to selectively enhance structures
	- [MORPH_CLOSE] close the image again
	- [MORFO_SEGMENTO] group contiguous pixels into region blobs
	  and throw out regions deemed too small
	- [ROI_SELEZIONI] interactively select some blobs for further study
	- [MORFO_SCHELETRO] create a skeleton for these blobs
	- [MORFO_POTARE] prune the skeleton to make a cleaner image
	- [] extract the pixels that form the pruned skeleton and
	  convert them to heliographic coordinates

	keywords control whether any of the calls to the subroutines
	should be skipped or repeated.  keywords also set up the input
	parameters to the subroutines.

syntax
	oimg=dove_ciclo(inpimg,$
	/xbgdat,icell=icell,$
	/xrect,xsize=xsize,ysize=ysize,angle=angle,gray=gray,/readd,/reuse,$
	/xrclose,$
	/xbgsub,jcell=jcell,$
	/xthresh,thrthr=thrthr,nsigma=nsigma,mimg=mimg,gamma=gamma,$
		centrale=centrale,bitlev=bitlev,/zeromin,$
	/xtclose,$
	/xblob,blbthr=blbthr,areas=areas,$
		subidx=subidx,/hardcut,deepimg=deepimg,$
	/xroi,pixroi=pixroi,roithr=roithr,jitter=jitter,/hadrian,$
	/xskel,skthr=skthr,rmin=rmin,$
	/xprune,minpix=minpix,$
	outx=outx,outy=outy,sunrad=sunrad,pixsiz=pixsiz,$
	offsetx=offsetx,offsety=offsety,suncenx=suncenx,sunceny=sunceny,$
	loopsav=loopsav, verbose=verbose)

parameters
	inpimg	[INPUT; required] image of the corona

keywords	For keywords with names beginning with "X", when set,
		the corresponding call to the subroutine is skipped.
		But if that keyword is set to a negative number -N,
		the subroutine is called N times in sequence (unless
		otherwise noted below).

	xbgdat	[INPUT] if set, skips initial background subtraction
	icell	[INPUT; default=1] defines the size of the cell to subtract
		background - the "source" is measured in a square of size
		2*ICELL+1 and the "background" in a surrounding layer of 1pix
	xrect	[INPUT] if set, skips morphological open with rectangular
		structure element
	xsize	[INPUT; default=1] width of the structure element
	ysize	[INPUT; default=10] height of the structure element
	angle	[INPUT; default=findgen(36)*5] angle of tilt of the rectangle
		defined by (XSIZE,YSIZE) in [degrees]
	xrclose	[INPUT] if set, skips morphological close apres open
	xbgsub	[INPUT] if set, skips background subtraction of modified image
	jcell	[INPUT; default=ICELL] defines size of cell to subtract
		background
	xthresh	[INPUT] if set, skips image thresholding
	thrthr	[OUTPUT] value used if histogram-threshold is applied
	nsigma	[INPUT] if given, sets the threshold at mean+NSIGMA*stddev
		* default is 1
		* if mean+NSIGMA*stddev < 0, this is not applied
	mimg	[OUTPUT] the median threshold image, constructed if
		CENTRALE is set
	xtclose	[INPUT] if set, skips morphological close apres thresholding
	xblob	[INPUT] if set, skips grouping the image into distinct regions
		* if set to -ve number, gets automatically unset
	areas	[OUTPUT] number of pixels in each labeled region
	arclev	[INPUT; default=0.68] fraction of the area of the largest
		blob as the threshold below which to discard blobs
	deepimg	[OUTPUT] an image that depicts the depth at which a
		particular pixel was added to a blob
	blbthr	[INPUT; default=0] threshold value at which to convert
		grouped image to bitmap
	xroi	[INPUT] if set, skips selecting a subset of regions
		* if set to -ve number, gets automatically unset
	pixroi	[INPUT] if set, assumed to be a set of pixels around
		which to pick out the region of interest non-interactively
	roithr	[INPUT; default=0] threshold value at which to ignore pixels
	xskel	[INPUT] if set, skips making skeletons of regions
		* if set to -ve number, gets automatically unset
	rmin	[INPUT; default=1] radius of circle that acts as
		structure element
	skthr	[INPUT; default=0] threshold to filter region
	xprune	[INPUT] if set, skips pruning skeletons
		* if set to -ve number, gets automatically unset
	minpix	[INPUT; default=4] number of pixels above which a given
		branch must be kept while pruning
	outx	[OUTPUT] the x-pixel indices of the pruned points
	outy	[OUTPUT] the y-pixel indices of the pruned points
		* if SUNRAD is set, then floating point values defining
		  the locations in heliospheric coordinates are returned
	sunrad	[INPUT] radius of the Sun as seen from the spacecraft,
		in [arcsec]
		* if this is set, then OUTX and OUTY are transformed
		  to heliospheric coordinate system
		* if set to 1, assumed to be (RSun/AU)*(180/!pi)*3600
	pixsiz	[INPUT; default=0.5] pixel size, in [arcsec]
	offsetx	[INPUT; default=0] offset to be applied to OUTX
		to bring them in line with SUNCENX
	offsety	[INPUT; default=0] offset to be applied to OUTY
		to bring them in line with SUNCENY
	suncenx	[INPUT; default=0] the X coordinate distance of the
		center of INPIMG from Sun center in [arcsec]
	sunceny	[INPUT; default=0] the Y coordinate distance of the
		center of INPIMG from Sun center in [arcsec]
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	loopsav	[INPUT] if set to a filename, saves all the
		intermediate arrays in the named IDL save file
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		MORFO_ROTTANGOLI: GRAY, READD, REUSE
		MORFO_SOGLIA: GAMMA, CENTRALE, BITLEV, ZEROMIN
		MORFO_SEGMENTO: SUBIDX, HARDCUT
		ROI_SELEZIONI: JITTER, HADRIAN

subroutines
	MORFO_ROTTANGOLI
	MORFO_SOGLIA [GMASCL,ERROR_MESSAGE,PATH_SEP,SCALE_VECTOR,CONVERT_TO_TYPE,FPUFIX]
	MORFO_SEGMENTO
	ROI_SELEZIONI
	MORFO_SCHELETRO
	MORFO_POTARE
	INICON
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (May2007)

(See pro/ssw/dove_ciclo.pro)


DRAKOPY

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	drakopy
	set up the environment to make plots per individual preferences

syntax
	drakopy,milieu,/HELP,/UNDO,MAGNIFY=MAGNIFY,VERBOSE=VERBOSE

parameters
	milieu	[INPUT] string specifying what sort of environment to set to.
		accepted values are:
		-- 'jeremy'
		-- 'olivia'
		-- 'jjd' (jeremy old preferences)
		-- 'drake' (jeremy older preferences)
		-- 'vinay' (different depending device at call time)
		-- 'poster'
		-- 'original'

keywords
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out a somewhat verbose help
	undo	[INPUT] if set, restores original state
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter level
	magnify	[INPUT] scale all the variables by this factor
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

commons
	drakopy	{old_P, old_X, old_Y, old_Z}

description
	sets the !P, !X, !Y, and !Z variables to special and specific values.
	stores the old values in a common block for later access.

example
	set_plot,'ps' & device,file='/tmp/test_drakopy.ps'
	  plot,findgen(10),title='MILIEU=Original'
	  drakopy,'jeremy' & plot,findgen(10),title='MILIEU=Jeremy'
	  drakopy,'olivia' & plot,findgen(10),title='MILIEU=Olivia'
	  drakopy,'original' & plot,findgen(10),title='MILIEU=Original'
	  drakopy,/undo & plot,findgen(10),title='MILIEU=previous (Olivia)'
	device,/close & set_plot,'x'

history
	vinay kashyap (SepMM)
	added option "drake" (VK; Aug01)
	added option "jjd"; added keyword MAGNIFY (VK; Feb02)
	added option "vinay" (VK; May03)
	added option "poster" (VK; Jul03)
	told the code that "poster" is a valid option (VK; Sep03)
	now prints out help and exits if no input is given (VK; Jul13)
	changed "jeremy" defaults (JD; Nov15)

(See pro/util/drakopy.pro)


DRAT

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	drat
	return the ratio of fluxes in one line relative to another line
	for a variety of densities

syntax
	frat=drat(line1,line2,edens,DEM,logT,fx1=fx1,fx2=fx2,$
	mapping=mapping,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,$
	abund=abund,/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,NH=NH,fH2=fH2,$
	He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/Fano,dbdir=dbdir,sep=sep,prefix=prefix)

parameters
	line1	[INPUT; required] string describing the line/wavelength-range
		that defines the numerator
	line2	[INPUT; required] string describing the line/wavelength-range
		that defines the denominator
		* LINE1 and LINE2 must be in the format used by RD_LIST, i.e.,
		  	Z ION <sep> WAVE <sep> DBDIR <sep> DESCRIPTION
		  and WAVE = "WVL"/"WVL +- dW"/"WMIN,WMAX"/"WMIN-WMAX"
	edens	[INPUT; required] electron densities at which to compute
		the flux ratios
	DEM	[INPUT; required] differential emission measure to use in
		computing the fluxes
	logT	[INPUT; required] temperatures at which DEM is defined
		* size must match that of DEM

keywords
	fx1	[OUTPUT] the fluxes due to line 1 at each EDENS
	fx2	[OUTPUT] the fluxes due to line 2 at each EDENS
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		RD_LIST: MAPPING,DBDIR,SEP,PREFIX
		FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL,EQFILE
		RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR
		LINEFLX: ABUND,NOPH,EFFAR,WVLAR
		ISMTAU: NH,fH2,He1,HeII,FANO,BAM
		BAMABS: ABUND

subroutines
	RD_LIST
	RD_LINE
	FOLD_IONEQ
	LINEFLX
	ISMTAU
	BAMABS
	CAT_LN

history
	vinay kashyap (MarMM)

(See pro/drat.pro)


DUMMYID

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function  dummyid
	Convert a RD_LINE() style emissivity structure into a dummy
	ID structure such as that generated by LINEID()

syntax
	idstr=dummyid(linstr,DEM=DEM,/temp,abund=abund,/noph,$
	nhne=nhne,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,/ikeV,/noabund)

parameters 
	linstr	[INPUT; required] RD_LINE() or RD_LIST() style line
		emissivity structure

keywords
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines
		LINEFLX: DEM,ABUND,EFFAR,WVLAR,NOABUND,NHNE,NOPH,TEMP,IKEV
              
subroutines 
	LINEFLX() 
history 
	liwei lin (Feb06)  lift parameter check from cat_ln() 
	cleaned up a bit (VK; Feb06)

(See pro/dummyid.pro)


EQT_INTERVAL

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	eqt_interval
	computes and returns the double-sided equal-tail interval
	[lower_bound,upper_bound] at a specified confidence level.
	interval includes the central mass of the probability
	distribution unless explicitly required otherwise.

syntax
	hpd=eqt_interval(f,x,/fsample,clev=clev,pdfnorm=pdfnorm,$
	xaround=xaround,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	f	[INPUT; required] the array for which the confidence interval
		must be computed
		* assumed to be a density function unless FSAMPLE is set
	x	[INPUT; optional] abscissae values
		* if not given, and F is a density function, then taken
		  to be the array indices
		* ignored if FSAMPLE is set
		* if N(X).GT.1 but N(X).NE.N(F), X is ignored and
		  FSAMPLE is set automatically

keywords
	fsample	[INPUT] if set, assumes that F is a set of samples from a
		density function, as opposed to being the density function
		itself
	clev	[INPUT] confidence level at which to compute the intervals
		* default is 0.68
		* if < 0, abs(CLEV) is used
		* if > 1 and < 100, then assumed to be given as a percentage
		* if > 100, then 1-1/CLEV is used
	pdfnorm	[INPUT] if set, forces F to integrate to abs(PDFNORM)
		* if explicitly set to 0, does not normalize F at all
		* if not set, normalizes to 1
		* ignored if FSAMPLE is set
		* WARNING: do not use this keyword unless you know
		  what you are doing
	xaround	[INPUT] by default, the central part of the distribution
		is used, i.e., an equal area is left out on both ends.  if
		this keyword is defined, a fraction CLEV/2 of the area is
		used on either side of XAROUND.
		* if F is a sample, XAROUND must be in the same units as F
		* you can return single-sided intervals by setting XAROUND
		  to min(X) or max(X) (min/max of F if sample)
		* if not set, XAROUND is set to the median
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines

example
	for i=1,20 do print,eqt_interval(randomn(seed,10000L)*i,/fsample)

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr2006)

(See pro/stat/eqt_interval.pro)


ERORS

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	erors
	compute asymmetric error bars on fit parameters by projecting the
	chi-sq surface onto each parameter axis.  what this means is that
	for each non-frozen parameter, step through a range of values of
	the parameter, finding the best-fit chi-square calculated by fitting
	the rest of the parameters, and report that range where the chi-square
	increases by a set amount from the minimum.

	this program tries to be a wee bit clever by starting from the
	best-fit value and then stumbling about on either side until
	the chi-sq goes above the mark; the length of the strides change
	according to the projected location of said mark.

syntax
	erors,x,y,a,erru,errl,ysig=ysig,freeze=freeze,dchi=dchi,$
	  dchi=dchi,algo=algo,maxstep=maxstep,verbose=verbose,$
	  erra=erra,yfunc=yfunc,$
	  itmax=itmax,chithr=chithr,/dumb, jumpup=jumpup,jumpdn=jumpdn,$
	  svdthr=svdthr,funcs=funcs, function_name=function_name,$
	  type=type, missing=missing,/fwhm,/norm,betap=betap, /poisson

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] data points
	y	[INPUT; required] Y(X)
		* sizes of X and Y must match
	a	[I/O; required] parameters for user-supplied function
		* on input, these are assumed to be initial guesses
		* on output, these contain the best-fit values
	erru	[OUTPUT; required] upper limits of confidence range interval
	errl	[OUTPUT] lower limits of confidence range interval
		* if ERRL is not specified on input, ERRU will contain the
		  average value of the upper and lower >>deviations<<.

keywords
	ysig	[INPUT] standard deviations on Y
		* default=sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)+1
		* if single element, then sig(Y[*])=YSIG(0)
		* if -ve, taken to be the fractional error
	freeze	[INPUT] freeze numbered parameters (index starts from 0!)
	dchi	[INPUT] how big a change in chi-square to look for?
		* default is 2.7 (corresponding to 90% CL)
	algo	[INPUT] fitting algorithm
		* only the following are implemented:
		-- LevMarq+SVD (default; calls FIT_LEVMAR)
		-- IDL-Curvefit (calls CURVE_FIT)
	maxstep	[INPUT] maximum number of steps to take before giving up
		on actually finding the bounds
		* default is 100
	verbose	[INPUT] verbosity level
	erra	[OUTPUT] formal "curvature" errors on the best-fit parameters
	yfunc	[OUTPUT] best-fit Y(X;A)
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined variables to subroutines:-
		FIT_LEVMAR: ITMAX, CHITHR, DUMB
		ADJUSTIE: TIES, VNAME
		LEVMARQ: JUMPUP, JUMPDN, SVDTHR
		LMCOEFF: FUNCS, POISSON
		CURVE_FIT: FUNCTION_NAME
		note:-	FUNCS and FUNCTION_NAME refer to name of
			user-defined function that takes as input X
			and A, and returns YMODEL(X;A), and the
			partial derivatives of the model function
			wrt A.  Any function that was written to work
			with CURVEFIT or GHRS' WFIT will do.
			The default for FIT_LEVMAR is X3MODEL.
		MK_3MODEL: TYPE
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM

history
	vinay kashyap (MM.I) (yes, I _do_ know how to spell "error")
	added call to ADJUSTIE to handle constraints on ERRU,ERRL (VK; FebMM)
	what if adjusted ERRA becomes 0? (VK; MarMM)
	allowed halting with either "q" or "x" (VK; SepMM)
	force extra iteration after "r"; increased wait time (VK; JanMMI)
	added confirmation check for too many thawed params (VK; FebMMI)
	interpol was crashing because it was getting only 1 element
	  arrays; now correctly updates all parameters if better fit is found
	  (VK; Aug01)
	made various bug fixes that was causing program to go bonkers for
	  some special cases, such as small fluxes (VK; Apr02)
	added hooks into MPFIT (Liwei Lin/VK; Oct02)
	bug correction re VERBOSE (LL; Apr03)
	bug correction, first step was failing sometimes when input A were
	  integers (VK; Mar08)

(See pro/fitting/erors.pro)


ERROR_MESSAGE

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 NAME:
    ERROR_MESSAGE

 PURPOSE:

    The purpose of this function  is to have a device-independent
    error messaging function. The error message is reported
    to the user by using DIALOG_MESSAGE if widgets are
    supported and MESSAGE otherwise.

    In general, the ERROR_MESSAGE function is not called directly.
    Rather, it is used in a CATCH error handler. Errors are thrown
    to ERROR_MESSAGE with the MESSAGE command. A typical CATCH error
    handler is shown below.

       Catch, theError
       IF theError NE 0 THEN BEGIN
          Catch, /Cancel
          ok = Error_Message()
          RETURN
       ENDIF

    Error messages would get into the ERROR_MESSAGE function by
    throwing an error with the MESSAGE command, like this:

       IF test NE 1 THEN Message, 'The test failed.'

 AUTHOR:

   FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
   David Fanning, Ph.D.
   1645 Sheely Drive
   Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
   Phone: 970-221-0438
   E-mail: davidf@dfanning.com
   Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com/

 CATEGORY:

    Utility.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

    ok = Error_Message(the_Error_Message)

 INPUTS:

    the_Error_Message: This is a string argument containing the error
       message you want reported. If undefined, this variable is set
       to the string in the !Error_State.Msg system variable.

 KEYWORDS:

    ERROR: Set this keyword to cause Dialog_Message to use the ERROR
       reporting dialog. Note that a bug in IDL causes the ERROR dialog
       to be used whether this keyword is set to 0 or 1!

    INFORMATIONAL: Set this keyword to cause Dialog_Message to use the
       INFORMATION dialog instead of the WARNING dialog. Note that a bug
       in IDL causes the ERROR dialog to be used if this keyword is set to 0!

    TITLE: Set this keyword to the title of the DIALOG_MESSAGE window. By
       default the keyword is set to 'System Error' unless !ERROR_STATE.NAME
       equals "IDL_M_USER_ERR", in which case it is set to "Trapped Error'.

    TRACEBACK: Setting this keyword results in an error traceback
       being printed to standard output with the PRINT command. Set to
       1 (ON) by default. Use TRACEBACK=0 to turn this functionality off.

 OUTPUTS:

    Currently the only output from the function is the string "OK".

 RESTRICTIONS:

    The WARNING Dialog_Message dialog is used by default.

 EXAMPLE:

    To handle an undefined variable error:

    IF N_Elements(variable) EQ 0 THEN $
       ok = Error_Message('Variable is undefined')

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:

    Written by: David W. Fanning, 27 April 1999.
    Added the calling routine's name in the message and NoName keyword. 31 Jan 2000. DWF.
    Added _Extra keyword. 10 February 2000. DWF.
    Forgot to add _Extra everywhere. Fixed for MAIN errors. 8 AUG 2000. DWF.
    Adding call routine's name to Traceback Report. 8 AUG 2000. DWF.
    Added ERROR, INFORMATIONAL, and TITLE keywords. 19 SEP 2002. DWF.
    Removed the requirement that you use the NONAME keyword with the MESSAGE
      command when generating user-trapped errors. 19 SEP 2002. DWF.
    Added distinctions between trapped errors (errors generated with the
      MESSAGE command) and IDL system errors. Note that if you call ERROR_MESSAGE
      directly, then the state of the !ERROR_STATE.NAME variable is set
      to the *last* error generated. It is better to access ERROR_MESSAGE
      indirectly in a Catch error handler from the MESSAGE command. 19 SEP 2002. DWF.
    Change on 19 SEP 2002 to eliminate NONAME requirement did not apply to object methods.
      Fixed program to also handle messages from object methods. 30 JULY 2003. DWF.
    Removed obsolete STR_SEP and replaced with STRSPLIT. 27 Oct 2004. DWF.
    Made a traceback the default case without setting TRACEBACK keyword. 19 Nov 2004. DWF.

(See pro/external/error_message.pro)


EXAPED

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	exaped
	EX APED AD IDL
	extract line and/or continuum emissivity data from an APED file

syntax
	exaped,filroot,emis,tlog,wvl,edens,Z,ion,desig,econf,jon,src,$
	/llist,/coco,/tlist,/noerg,/okeV,atomdb=atomdb,verbose=verbose

parameters
	filroot	[INPUT; required] APED fits file root
		* if this includes a ".fits", the suffix is assumed
		  to be already included and nothing extra is added.
		* the suffix '_linelist.fits' is automatically applied,
		  so don't specify that part.
		  (this is inflexible at this point because we only
		  support reading in this file.  sometime later on
		  the other APED format will also be supported.)
		* looks for ".gz" automatically if the filename
		  specified without it does not exist
	emis	[OUTPUT; required] emissivity array, of the format
		(NTLOG,NWVL,NEDENS)
		* APED units are [ph cm^3/s], which will be converted
		  into [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s] unless the NOERG keyword
		  is set
	tlog	[OUTPUT; required] log10(Temperature [K]) grid on
		which EMIS are placed
	wvl	[OUTPUT; required] wavelength array
		* units are in [Ang] unless the OKEV keyword is set,
		  in which case output in [keV]
	edens	[OUTPUT; required] electron densities at which
		EMIS have been calculated
	Z	[OUTPUT; required] atomic numbers of species producing
		the given line
	ion	[OUTPUT; required] ionic state of species corresponding
		to the line
	desig	[OUTPUT] (2,NWVL) string array of lower and upper level
		designation
		* currently, just the lower and upper levels
	econf	[OUTPUT] (2,NWVL) string array of electron configuration
		of lower and upper levels of the transition in question
		* not implemented yet
	jon	[OUTPUT] the ionic state that matters to the ion balance
		* not implemented yet
	src	[OUTPUT] numeric code specifiying that this is an APED
		output, set to 3

keywords
	llist	[INPUT] if set, reads from FILROOT_linelist.fits
		* currently this is the only option supported
	coco	[INPUT] if set, reads from FILROOT_coco.fits
		* NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
	tlist	[INPUT] if set, reads from FILROOT_line.fits
		* NOT YET IMPLEMENTED
	noerg	[INPUT] if set, EMIS will be output in same units as
		in the APED files, i.e., [ph cm^3/s]
	okeV	[INPUT] if set, WVL will be converted from [Ang] to [keV]
	atomdb	[INPUT] directory containing input file
		* default is !ATOMDB
		* hardcoded default is /data/atomdb/
		* prepended to FILROOT only if FILROOT does not begin with
		  a '/' (UNIX), ':' (MacOS), '\' (Windows), or '[' (VMS?)
	logT	[INPUT] if defined as an array, then interpolates/extrapolates
		EMIS(NTLOG,NWVL) to a new grid EMIS(NLOGT,NWVL) prior to
		output.  TLOG will be overwritten by LOGT.
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore -- here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	SETSYSVAL
	ARRAYEQ
	REBINX

description
	The ATOMDB file format is described in
		http://cxc.harvard.edu/atomdb/features_formats.html
	In this case, the line list (grouped by line) file is read, and
	in particular, only the block EMISSIVITY is read.

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul02)
	bug correction when multiple densities are included (VK; Mar03)
	for v2+, always go through the multiple densities code and ignore
	  the short cut (VK; May11)

(See pro/mkemis/exaped.pro)


EXIST

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 Project     :	SDAC

 Name        :	EXIST

 Purpose     :	To See if variable Exists

 Explanation :	So obvious, that explaining it will take more
               lines than the code.

 Use         :	A=EXIST(VAR)

 Inputs      :	VAR = variable name

 Opt. Inputs : None.

 Outputs     :	1/0 if variable exists or not

 Opt. Outputs:	None.

 Keywords    :	None.

 Calls       :	None.

 Common      :	None.

 Restrictions:	None.

 Side effects:	None.

 Category    :	Useful stuff

 Prev. Hist. :	None.

 Written     :	Dominic Zarro (ARC)

 Version     :	Version 1.0, 18 September 1993

(See pro/external/exist.pro)


FIDGIT

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procedure	fidgit
	digitally (i.e., using Darwin-given fingers) fit a DEM
	to a given spectrum

syntax
	fidgit,x,y,lstr,cstr,ysigma=ysigma,dem=dem,logt=logt,abund=abund,$
	abfrac=abfrac,ldbdir=ldbdir,cdbdir=cdbdir,ceroot=ceroot,lsf=lsf,$
	wdem=wdem,wspc=wspc,verbose=verbose,$
	pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,desig=desig,econf=econf,/allah,$
	chidir=chidir,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,$
	effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] wavelengths or channels of observed
		spectrum
		* if channels, must specify an RMF via the keyword LSF
		  that matches the binning of the spectrum
		  BEWARE: no checks are performed to verify that the
		  supplied RMF is consistent with the input data
	y	[INPUT; required] spectrum
	lstr	[I/O; required] line emissivity structure of the sort read in
		by RD_LINE()
		* if not given on input, will call RD_LINE() and generate it
	cstr	[I/O; required] continuum emissivity structure of the sort
		read in by RD_CONT()
		* if not given on input, will call RD_LINE() and generate it

keywords
	ysigma	[INPUT] errors on Y; default is 1+SQRT(0.75+ABS(Y))
	dem	[I/O] DEM to start out with, will contain the final
		result on output
	logt	[I/O] log(T [K]) at which DEM are defined.  ignored on
		input if it doesn't match the size of DEM
	abund	[INPUT] abundances
		* if not set, assumed to be from Anders & Grevesse 1989
	abfrac	[I/O] multiplicative factor by which to modify ABUND
		* if scalar, assumed to be metallicity
		* if vector, must match size of ABUND, else gets reset to 1
		* default is 1
	ldbdir	[INPUT] path to line emissivity database to read in if LSTR
		is not given
		* default is '$CHIANTI'
		* uses !LDBDIR if set
	cdbdir	[INPUT] path to continuum emissivity database to read in if
		CSTR is not given
		* default is '$CONT'
		* uses !CDBDIR if set
	ceroot	[INPUT] prefix for continuum emissivity files
		* default is 'cie'
		* uses !CEROOT if set
	lsf	[INPUT] line spread function
		* if scalar, the width of the line in bins used as a
		  halfwidth for boxcar smoothing
		* if vector, assumed to be the kernel with which to smooth
		* if RMF structure (of the type read in from RD_OGIP_RMF())
		  then convolves the theoretical spectrum with this RMF
	wdem	[INPUT] window number to display DEM in
	wspc	[INPUT] window number to display spectrum in
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
		* uses !VERBOSE if set
	_extra	[INPUT] allows specifying defined keywords to subroutines
		called by this program
		* RD_LINE: PRES, LOGP, N_E, DESIG, ECONF, ALLAH
		* RD_CONT: PRES, LOGP, N_E
		* FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL, VERBOSE
		* RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR, EQFILE
		* LINEFLX: EFFAR, WVLAR

restrictions
	* requires subroutines
	  -- DEMACS
	  -- WHEE
	  -- RD_LINE [FOLD_IONEQ, RD_IONEQ, READ_IONEQ]
	  -- RD_CONT
	  -- LINEFLX
	  -- CONV_RMF
	  -- INICON

history
	vinay kashyap (Feb97)
	modified ion balance calcs (VK; 99May)
	completely rewritten (VK; Aug04)

(See pro/fitting/fidgit.pro)


FILE_EXIST

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
   Name: file_exist

   Purpose: returns true(1) if any files match pattern=file
	     false(0) if no files found

   Input Parameters:
      file - file, pathname or file filter to check

   Optional Keyword Parameters
      direct - set if want full check (slower) - use if might be an
		empty directory you are looking for

   History: written by slf, 11/30/91
	4-Sep-92 (MDM) - Modified to handle an array of input files
      23-sep-93 (slf) - make sure null file returns false
			 (findfile count=1! when null requested)
      17-Mar-94 (SLF) - use file_stat(/exist) for non wild card cases
      April Fools'94 (DMZ) -- added check for :: in file name
                              (file_stat doesn't work across DECNET)
      31-May-94 (DMZ)      -- added check for VMS directory name input
                              (file_stat doesn't seem to work on VMS
                               dir names like '[ys.atest.soft]')
      16-Aug-94 (DMZ)      -- added another VMS patch to handle
                              case when user enters  a VMS subdirectory name
                              without a file name.
      6-Aug-97 (Zarro/GSFC) -- added check for nonstring input
      30-may-99 (rdb)      -- stop use of file_stat with WINDOWS
                              cause access violation - for wildcard search
      8-Jan-1999 - S.L.Freeland - put in IDL version check since 5.3/IRIX
                   (at least) not backwardly compatible (must use findfile)
     10-Jan-1999 - S.L.Freeland - extended 8-jan mod to all UNIX 5.3
     15-Feb-2000 - S.L.Freeland - removed 5.3 changes (moved fix to file_stat)
     10-Feb-2005 - Kim Tolbert - changed '/' to get_delim()

(See pro/external/file_exist.pro)


FILE_STAT

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 Project     :	SOHO - SSW

 Name        :	FILE_STAT()

 Purpose     :	Vector version of FSTAT

 Category    :	Utility, Operating_system

 Explanation :	Vector version of FSTAT

 Syntax      :	Result = FILE_STAT( FILES )

 Examples    :	

 Inputs      :	FILES	= List of files to check.

 Opt. Inputs :	None.

 Outputs     :	None.

 Opt. Outputs:	None.

 Keywords    :	EXIST	= If set, then the returned values are whether the
			  files exist or not.  This is the default behavior.
		SIZE	= If set, then the returned values are the sizes of the
			  files.
               FSTAT_ALL = If set, return vector of 'fstat' structures.  This
                         keyword is only compatible with files less than about
                         2 GB each in size.

 Calls       :	DATA_CHK

 Common      :	None.

 Restrictions:	None.

 Side effects:	None.

 Prev. Hist. :	11-Mar-1994 (SLF) Wanted faster file_exist function

 History     :	Version 1, 11-Mar-1994, S. Freeland
               Version 1.1 05-Jun-1998, J. Newmark changed loop to long
               Version 1.2 15-Feb-2000, S.L.Freeland - work around RSI
                 Version 5.3 non-backwardly compatible change....
               Version 1.3 10-Mar-2000, S.L.Freeland - fix 5.3 /SIZE bug
               Version 1.4 14-Jun-2002, S.L.Freeland - add FSTAT_ALL
               Version 2, 1-Mar-2005, W.T. Thompson - Add support for files
                                                      greater than 2 GB
  
 Contact     :	SFREELAND
 Restrictions:
   file size returned for directories under +5.3 is not valid

(See pro/external/file_stat.pro)


FINDEX

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 ROUTINE:  findex

 PURPOSE:  Compute "floating point index" into a table using binary
           search.  The resulting output may be used with INTERPOLATE.

 USEAGE:   result = findex(u,v)

 INPUT:    
   u       a monitically increasing or decreasing 1-D grid
   v       a scalor, or array of values

 OUTPUT:
   result  Floating point index. Integer part of RESULT(i) gives
           the index into to U such that V(i) is between
           U(RESULT(i)) and U(RESULT(i)+1).  The fractional part
           is the weighting factor

                          V(i)-U(RESULT(i))
                          ---------------------
                     U(RESULT(i)+1)-U(RESULT(i))


 DISCUSSION: 
           This routine is used to expedite one dimensional
           interpolation on irregular 1-d grids.  Using this routine
           with INTERPOLATE is much faster then IDL's INTERPOL
           procedure because it uses a binary instead of linear
           search algorithm.  The speedup is even more dramatic when
           the same independent variable (V) and grid (U) are used
           for several dependent variable interpolations.

  
 EXAMPLE:  

; In this example I found the FINDEX + INTERPOLATE combination
; to be about 60 times faster then INTERPOL.

  u=randomu(iseed,200000) & u=u(sort(u))
  v=randomu(iseed,10)     & v=v(sort(v))
  y=randomu(iseed,200000) & y=y(sort(y))

  t=systime(1) & y1=interpolate(y,findex(u,v)) & print,systime(1)-t
  t=systime(1) & y2=interpol(y,u,v)            & print,systime(1)-t
  print,f='(3(a,10f7.4/))','findex:   ',y1,'interpol: ',y2,'diff:     ',y1-y2

 AUTHOR:   Paul Ricchiazzi                        21 Feb 97
           Institute for Computational Earth System Science
           University of California, Santa Barbara
           paul@icess.ucsb.edu

 REVISIONS:

(See pro/external/findex.pro)


FINDSCALE

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	findscale
	returns the lengthscale in pixels at each point on the given curve

syntax
	ls=findscale(curve,dim,/crunch,/half,pick=pick,choice=choice,eps=eps)

parameters
	curve	[INPUT; required] regularly gridded array of function
		values to be used to compute the length scales
		* if scalar, returns 0
		* if 2D,
		  -- use DIM to specify primary dimension
		  -- compute lengthscales separately along each projection
		* if >2D, convert to 1D
	dim	[INPUT; default=1] primary dimension in case of 2D array
		(e.g., if CURVE=CURVE(NX,NY), DIM=2 returns SCALE=SCALE(NY))

keywords
	crunch	[INPUT] if set, and CURVE is 2D, collapses the array along
		the secondary dimension to generate 1D curve
	half	[INPUT] if set, returns the half-scale
	pick	[INPUT; default=0] if 2D, specifies how to combine the
		scales computed at the different cuts
		0: pick the smallest scale
		1: pick the largest scale
		2: get the average
	choice	[INPUT; default=0] what algorithm to use to find the scale?
		0: MexicanHat wavelet
		1: use inverse of 1st derivative
		2: radius of curvature
		3: stepped toggle
	eps	[INPUT; default=1e-7] small number
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore.  here only to prevent crashing program.

subroutines
	WVLT_SCALE [ROOFN]

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr97)
	added CHOICE option 3 (VK; Feb03)

(See pro/findscale.pro)


FITLINES

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	fitlines
	widget-based procedure to fit Gaussians and Lorentzians (or
	combinations, or other 3-parameter functions) to lines in a
	spectrum and determine line fluxes.  returns a structure of
	the form
	  {POS,PERRP,PERRM,PERRC,$
	   FLX,FERRP,FERRM,FERRC,$
	   WDT,WERRP,WERRM,WERRC,$
	   THAW,TYPE,TIES,EPITHET,CONLEVX,CONLEV,CONSIGX,CONSIG,COMMENT}
	All these are also available as output individually as keywords.
	See keyword descriptions for what the variables mean.

syntax
	fxstr=fitlines(x,y,ysig=ysig,funcs=funcs,/intens,dchi=dchi,$
	pos=pos,perrp=perrp,perrm=perrm,perrc=perrc,$
	flx=flx,ferrp=ferrp,ferrm=ferrm,ferrc=ferrc,$
	wdt=wdt,werrp=werrp,werrm=werrm,werrc=werrc,$
	thaw=thaw,type=type,epithet=epithet,ties=ties,$
	conlev=conlev,consig=consig,comment=comment,$
	histerix=histerix,$
	/dumb,verbose=verbose,xsize=xsize,ysize=ysize,$
	wid=wid,dynrng=dynrng,/posve,/negve,itmax=itmax,chithr=chithr,$
	jumpup=jumpup,jumpdn=jumpdn,svdthr=svdthr,missing=missing,$
	/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,stacol=stacol,$
	stathk=stathk,/nuthin)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] absissa, e.g., wavelength or energy
	y	[INPUT; required] count spectrum Y(X)
		* size of Y must match that of X

keywords
	ysig	[INPUT] errors on Y
		* default is sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)+1.
	funcs	[INPUT] name of user defined function (actually a procedure)
		that takes as input X and A (the model parameters), and returns
		Y(X;A) and the partial derivatives dY/dA
		* default is set to X3MODEL
		* NOTE: if MPFIT is chosen as the optimization algorithm,
		  then "_f" is automatically appended to the name.  This
		  is because MPFIT requires a _function_, not a procedure.
		  The program corresponding to X3MODEL is X3MODEL_F() and
		  that corresponding to LIBMODEL is LIBMODEL_F()
	intens	[INPUT] if set, Y(X) is assumed to be intensity, i.e.,
		(counts|ergs|.../bin_unit/...)
		* default is to take Y(X) to be (counts|ergs|.../bin/...)
		* passed straight to FITLINES_EVENT
		* WARNING: this has >not< been road-tested!
	dchi	[INPUT] delta-chisq threshold for projection errors
		* default is 1.0
		* may be changed within FITLINES_EVENT, but those changes
		  will not be propagated back.
	pos	[I/O] best-fit line positions
		* length of vector shows number of components
	perrp	[I/O] 1-sided error on POS (POS+PERRP is upper bound)
	perrm	[I/O] 1-sided error on POS (POS-PERRM is lower bound)
	perrc	[I/O] DCHI threshold used in computing PERR?
	flx	[I/O] best-fit fluxes in the lines
	ferrp	[I/O] 1-sided error on FLX (FLX+FERRP is upper bound)
	ferrm	[I/O] 1-sided error on FLX (FLX-FERRM is lower bound)
	ferrc	[I/O] DCHI threshold used in computing FERR?
	wdt	[I/O] best-fit widths (sigma, core-radius, etc.) of the lines
	werrp	[I/O] 1-sided error on WDT (WDT+WERRP is upper bound)
	werrm	[I/O] 1-sided error on WDT (WDT-WERRM is lower bound)
	werrc	[I/O] DCHI threshold used in computing WERR?
		* on input, FLX, WDT, and ?ERR? are forced to match the length
		  of POS: excess elements are thrown away, and insufficient
		  lengths are made up by padding with first elements, 1s, etc.
		* on output ?ERRM are identical to ?ERRP >unless< the
		  projected errors have been calculated using ERORS, in
		  which case the values may be different
		* on output, places where ?ERRC contain 0's are those where
		  the computed errors are 1-sigma formal curvature errors
	thaw	[I/O] integer array signaling frozen (0) or thawed parameter (1)
		* refers to sequences of {POS,WDT,FLX} for each component in
		  a 3-parameter model (cf. X3MODEL) -- whatever goes for the
		  appropriate user-defined function.
		* length must match 3*length(POS)
		* default is to freeze defined input, thaw all new additions
	type	[I/O] type of model ('gauss', 'lorentz', etc.)
		* default is 'gauss'
	epithet	[I/O] label for each component
		* labels, obtained, for example, with IDLABEL
		* Merriam-Webster> a characterizing word or phrase accompanying
		  or occurring in place of the name of a person or thing
	ties	[I/O] any ties between parameters?
	conlev	[I/O] the continuum that was taken out of the spectrum
		* CONLEV must match the size of X and Y else ignored
	consig	[I/O] error on CONLEV
		* default for CONSIG is sqrt(abs(CONLEV)+0.75)+1.
		* NOTE: CONLEV and CONSIG are compressed using SPLAC in
		  the output that gets returned via the structure.  That
		  structure therefore also has appropriate abscissae
		  CONLEVX and CONSIGX.
	comment	[OUTPUT] descriptive string
	histerix	[OUTPUT] a structure containing the state at each step
			of the fitting process
			* if explicitly set to 0, will not contain any output
			* passed w/o comment to FITLINES_EVENT
       oldstr  [INPUT] old fitlines structure from which to start with 
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines
		PICKRANGE: XSIZE, YSIZE, WID, DYNRNG
		LINEREM: POSve, NEGve
		FIT_LEVMAR: ITMAX, CHITHR, DUMB
		LEVMARQ: JUMPUP, JUMPDN, SVDTHR
		MK_3MODEL: MISSING
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP
		ERORS: VERBOSE
		STAMPLE: NUTHIN, NODAY, NOTIME, NOUSER, NOPACK, STACOL,
			 STASIZ, STATHK

subroutines
	FITLINES_EVENT
	FMTSTUFF
	PICKRANGE
	FUNCS
	(X3MODEL/LIBMODEL/MPFITFUN)
	(MK_3MODEL, MK_GAUSS, MK_LORENTZ, MK_SLANT, MK_ROGAUSS, MK_POWLAM, MK_POLY1D)
	LINEREM
	SETCONT
	ERORS
	FIT_LEVMAR
	ADJUSTIE
	LEVMARQ
	LMCOEFF
	CURVE_FIT
	SPLAC
	WHICH
	KILROY
	WHEE
	STAMPLE
	PEASECOLR
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

known bugs
	cannot handle spectra with varying bin sizes
	INTENS has not been tested
	SPLAC keywords are not gracefully handled
	help is available only in UNIX

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	added renormalization option (VK; Nov98)
	added keywords INTENS,DCHI,PERRL,WERRL,FERRL,PERRC,WERRC,FERRC;
	  changed output structure format (VK; FebMM)
	changed keywords PERR,WERR,FERR to PERRU,WERRU,FERRU; also the
	  corresponding output structure fields (VK; MarMM)
	changed ?ERRU to ?ERRP and ?ERRL to ?ERRM to avoid confusion
	  with ERR[U,L] of ERORS (VK; MarMM)
	moved QUIT to end of row, far from FIT; added ability to save
	  to disk; changed ?ERR[M,C] to be I/O; added TIES to output
	  structure (VK; JulMM)
	added labeling capability via keyword EPITHET; reorganized
	  to combine 6th and 7th rows (VK; AugMM)
	changed location of doc file to ardb ; allowed call to STAMPLE
	  (VK; DecMM)
	changed default of ?ERRC to 0.0 (VK; JanMMI)
	per Antonio Maggio's suggestion, removed keyword MULTIPLE from
	  call to WIDGET_LIST (VK; FebMMI)
	changed suffix of help file from ".doc" to ".hlp" (VK; FebMMI)
	added code to make it easier to switch between color tables
	  (VK; Oct02)
	added monte-carlo errors as option (LL; Aug03) 
	added keyword HISTERIX (VK; Feb04)
       added keyword OLDSTR (LL; Jul05) 
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/fitting/fitlines.pro)


FITLINES_EVENT

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	fitlines_event
	widget event handler subroutine for FITLINES.  see that routine
	for a description of variables, etc.  only rudimentary consistency
	checks are carried out here.  uses subroutine FMTSTUFF, which is
	included in this file.

syntax
	fitlines_event,x,y,pos,wdt,flx,perr,werr,ferr,thaw,type,ties,epithet,$
	conlev,consig,chisq,funcs,sigy,widg, perrm=perrm,werrm=werrm,$
	ferrm=ferrm,perrc=perrc,werrc=werrc,ferrc=ferrc,/intens,rmfstr=rmfstr,$
	histerix=histerix

subroutines
	FMTSTUFF
	PICKRANGE
	FUNCS
	(X3MODEL/LIBMODEL)
	(MK_3MODEL, MK_GAUSS, MK_LORENTZ, MK_SLANT, MK_ROGAUSS, MK_POWLAM, MK_POLY1D)
	LINEREM
	SETCONT
	ERORS
	FIT_LEVMAR , CURVE_FIT , MPFITFUN
	ADJUSTIE
	LEVMARQ
	LMCOEFF
	STAMPLE
	KILROY
	WHEE
	PEASECOLR
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	added renormalization option (VK; Nov98)
	various bug fixes and reorganizations (VK; Dec98)
	now allows fitting a single parameter (VK; Aug99)
	enhancements to include call to ERORS, setting YRANGEs,
	  INTENSity units, etc. (VK; FebMM)
	avoid repeat calls to CW_BGROUP, saving tremendous headaches;
	  bug correction CONTINUUM->AdjustNorm (VK; MarMM)
	bug correction -- undefined STYPE for new component; rudimentary
	  changing parameter labels (VK; JunMM)
	moved QUIT to end of row, far away from FIT; added DUMP to disk
	  (VK; JulMM)
	added error-bar plotting capability via VIEW->SetDefaults;
	  pass x,y-range to setcont; added labeling capability via
	  keyword EPITHET; merged 6th and 7th rows; bug correction
	  with xcont in adjust norm (VK; AugMM)
	changed location of help file to ardb; added calls to STAMPLE
	  (VK; DecMM)
	bug fixes: invisible error output, adding model deleted existing
	  projected errors, streamlined saves (VK; JanMMI)
	per Antonio Maggio's suggestion, removed keyword MULTIPLE from
	  call to WIDGET_LIST; improved color-scale setting for 24-bit
	  consoles; replaced call to WHICH by call to ROUTINE_INFO
	  (VK; FebMMI)
	various extra info messages (VK; AprMMI)
	changed y to z on lines 1012 and 1285, because.. y was
	  inappropriate for some reason? (VK; Jun01)
	was crashing due to missing ZSIG in cont_acpt (VK; Aug01)
	bug was not passing predefined CONLEV to SETCONT (piecewise) (VK; Apr02)
	handle color tables in 24-bit displays (VK; Jun02)
	bug correction -- if all ties were deleted, then TIES was turning into
	  and integer array (VK; Jul02)
	made changes to plotting so that hardcopy won't come out with annoying
	  blank sheets (VK; Sep02)
	changed default colors to be compatible with PEASECOLOR (VK);
	  added hooks into MPFIT (Liwei Lin/VK; Oct02)
	tied the left column of parameter values to changes in the main parameter
	  list window on the right (VK; Apr03)
	added monte-carlo errors as option and added keyword RMFSTR (LL; Aug03)
	added keyword HISTERIX (VK; Jul03)
	bug correction: algo_type undefined unless fit is run first (LL; Aug04)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)
	modified some widget instructions to be slightly clearer (VK; Aug06)

*********************************************************************

subroutine	fmtstuff
	takes in the model as described, and returns it properly formatted
	for display in the widget.  parameters are named as before.  only
	minimal consistency checks are carried out.
usage
	fmtstuff,pos,wdt,flx,thaw,type,epithet,perr,werr,ferr,$
	  perrm=perrm,werrm=werrm,ferrm=ferrm,$
	  perrc=perrc,werrc=werrc,ferrc=ferrc,$
	  plist=plist,list=list,$
	  tiep=tiep,tiew=tiew,tief=tief,ties=ties,delcmp=delcmp

keywords
	plist 	[OUTPUT] appropriately formatted model parameter list
	list	[OUTPUT] denoting frozen/thawed components
	tiep	[I/O] ties specially setting the range on positions
	tiew	[I/O] ties specially setting the range on widths
	tief	[I/O] ties specially setting the range on fluxes
	ties	[I/O] rest of ties
	delcmp	[ACTION] if set to component number, deletes component DELCOMP
		and all TIES that contain references to parameters in that
		component
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to STAMPLE (NODAY,NOTIME,
		NOUSER,NOPACK,STACOL)

(See pro/fitting/fitlines_event.pro)


FITLINES_UNDUMP

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
script	fitlines_undump
	restores the variables saved to disk from FITLINES_EVENT
	and calls FITLINES again.

warning
	this will restore all saved variables from within FITLINES_EVENT.
	all of your existing variables with the same names will be
	overwritten.  best to always start from a clean environment.

	save files written in IDL 5.4 are incompatible with earlier versions,
	but can be restored under certain circumstances using the CMSVLIB
	package of Craig Markwardt
	(http://cow.physics.wisc.edu/~craigm/idl/idl.html)
	This program has a "restore" command right at the start that
	may fail, but if the variables have already been loaded in,
	just type .SKIP and .CON, and bob's your uncle.

usage
	fitsavfil='fitlines.save'
	.run fitlines_undump

input
	FITSAVFIL	name of IDL save file containing the variables
			dumped from within the FITLINES GUI

output
	FITSTR	structure containing the fit parameters

history
	vinay kashyap (MMJul)
	cosmetic surgery (VK; DecMM)
	included keyword HISTERIX (VK; FebMMIV)

(See pro/scrypt/fitlines_undump.pro)


FIT_LEVMAR

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	fit_levmar
	uses the Levenberg-Marquardt method to find best-fit parameters

syntax
	fit_levmar,x,y,a,yfunc,freeze=freeze,erra=erra,chisq=chisq,$
	itmax=itmax,chithr=chithr,/dumb,ties=ties,vname=vname,$
	jumpup=jumpup,jumpdn=jumpdn,svdthr=svdthr,funcs=funcs,sig=sig,$
	/poisson

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] data points
	y	[INPUT; required] Y(X)
		* sizes of X and Y must match
	a	[I/O; required] parameters for user-supplied function
		* on input, these are the initial guesses
		* on output, these contain the best-fit values
	yfunc	[OUTPUT] best-fit Y(X;A)

keywords
	freeze	[INPUT] freeze numbered parameters (starting from 0!)
	erra	[OUTPUT] formal errors on the best-fit parameters
	chisq	[OUTPUT] the chi-sq statistic denoting degree of agreement
		between model and data
	itmax	[INPUT; default=100] maximum number of iterations
	chithr	[INPUT; default=0.1] stopping rule: ignore changes in CHISQ
		smaller than this amount
	dumb	[INPUT] if set, skips the part where the user can readjust
		the parameter values in case the fit has gone bad.
	tiptoe	[INPUT] if set, forces small steps on A
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] use this to pass defined variables to subroutines:-
		ADJUSTIE: TIES, VNAME
		LEVMARQ: JUMPUP, JUMPDN, SVDTHR
		LMCOEFF: FUNCS, SIG
		(note: FUNCS is actually the name of a _procedure_ --
		CURVEFIT is to blame for the confusion)

subroutines
	ADJUSTIE
	LEVMARQ
	    LMCOEFF
	    SVDC
	    SVSOL

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	added parameter YFUNC (VK; Dec98)
	bug fix: crashing if freeze not set (VK; 99Aug)
	now returns correct chisq if all params are frozen (VK; JanMM)
	also adjust ERRA for ties (VK; FebMM)
	what if adjusted ERRA becomes 0? (VK; MarMM)
	added keywords TIPTOE and VERBOSE, changed behavior if
	  dead end to now tiptoe around point (VK; Nov04)

(See pro/fitting/fit_levmar.pro)


FLARECLASS

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	flareclass
	compute the peak flux of a solar flare based on its GOES classification

	It is assumed that the classification is given as a letter followed by a
	number.  The letter is used to define the intensity level, and the number
	is a multiple of it.  The base levels are:
	A : 1e-8 - 1e-7 W/m^2
	B : 1e-7 - 1e-6 W/m^2
	C : 1e-6 - 1e-5 W/m^2
	M : 1e-5 - 1e-4 W/m^2
	X : >1e-4 W/m^2
	see http://www.spaceweather.com/glossary/flareclasses.html

syntax
	fx=flareclass(class,cgs=0,/atSun,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	class	[INPUT; required] string variable that contains the GOES class

keywords
	cgs	[INPUT] by default, the output is returned in cgs, as ergs/s/cm^2 at Earth
		* set this explicitly to 0 to return the output in SI units
	atSun	[INPUT] if set, multiplies by 4*pi*AU^2 to return peak luminosity of flare
		at the Sun
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	Vinay Kashyap (MMXV.VI)

(See pro/ssw/flareclass.pro)


FLUXCURVE

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	fluxcurve
	compute a fluxed light curve from low-spectral-resolution
	events data

syntax
	fluxcurve,time,chan,charf,chnrg,fluxlc,tgrid,flxerr,$
	ctlc=ctlc,/adapbin,tmin=tmin,tmax=tmax,tbin=tbin,$
	tstart=tstart,tstop=tstop,/shift1,verbose=verbose,$
	/slowok,snrthr=snrthr

parameters
	time	[INPUT; required] photon arrival times
	chan	[INPUT; required] the PI or PHA values of each photon
	charf	[INPUT; required] the average effective area in each channel
	chnrg	[INPUT; required] the average photon energy in each channel
	fluxlc	[OUTPUT; required] the fluxed light curve, in [ergs/s/cm^2]
	tgrid	[OUTPUT; required] the bin boundaries over which the light
		curve is computed
	flxerr	[OUTPUT; optional] the standard errors on the fluxed light
		curve, computed as stddev(fluxes)/nphotons in each bin

keywords
	ctlc	[OUTPUT] the counts light curve, in [ct/s]
	adapbin	[INPUT] if set, rebins adaptively to ensure a
		minimum number of counts in each bin, by pushing
		the counts histogram through SMOOTHIE
		* assumes errors to be sqrt(CTLC*TBIN)
		* for each group, the fluxes from the individual
		  bins are averaged
	tmin	[INPUT] the minimum time value to consider
		* default: min(TIME) < min(TSTART)
	tmax	[INPUT] the maximum time value to consider
		* default: max(TIME) > max(TSTOP)
	tbin	[INPUT] the bin size
		* default: TMAX-TMIN
	tstart	[INPUT] array of start times of GTI's
	tstop	[INPUT] array of stop times of GTI's
	shift1	[INPUT] if set, assumes that the channel numbers
		start from 1, not from 0
		* see the FIRSTCHAN field in the response matrix
		  structure read in via RD_OGIP_RMF()
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		SMOOTHIE : SNRTHR
		REBINW : SLOWOK

subroutines
	TI_COVER
	REBINW
	FINDEX
	SMOOTHIE

history
	vinay kashyap (MMVI.IX)

(See pro/timing/fluxcurve.pro)


FLUX_TO_EM

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function	flux_to_em
	return emission measures (-1 where undeterminable) at various
	temperatures consistent with given line fluxes and line emissivities.

	for each temperature, assume a delta-function emission measure,
	compute line fluxes seen through some instrument, account for
	interstellar absorption, and scale to match the observed flux.

syntax
	em=flux_to_em(emis,flux=flux,logT=logT,wvl=wvl,Z=Z,NH=NH,$
	defEM=defEM,noph=noph,thresh=thresh, abund=abund,/temp,/ikev,$
	effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,fh2=fh2,he1=he1,heII=heII,/fano)

parameters
	emis	[INPUT; required] 2D array of line emissivities, EMIS(LOGT,WVL)
		* if 1-D, assumed to be EMIS(LOGT)

keywords
	flux	[INPUT] observed fluxes
		* if not given, assumed to be 1 [(ph|erg)/s/cm^2]
		* size is forced to match 2nd dimension of EMIS
		  if <, filled with 1s
		  if >, extra elements are ignored
		* NOTE: the author realizes that there may be multiple IDs
		  for the single observed line, and directs the inquirer
		  to the function ID_TO_EMIS, which returns the appropriately
		  concatenated emissivity table.
	logT	[INPUT] log_10(Temperature [K]) at which EMIS is defined
		* if not given, assumed to go from 4 to 8 in even steps
		* interpolated if size does not match 1st dimension of EMIS
	wvl	[INPUT] wavelengths at which EMIS is defined
		* if not given or if size does not match 2nd dimension of EMIS,
		  (a) interstellar absorption correction is not made
		  (b) all fluxes >gotta be< [ergs/s/cm^2]
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers
		* if not given, assumed to be 1s (i.e., H. i.e., no
		  abundance corrections are made)
		* size is forced to match 2nd dimension of EMIS
		  if <, filled with 1s
		  if >, extra elements are ignored
	NH	[INPUT] H column density [cm^-2]
		* ignored if WVL is incorrect
	defEM	[INPUT; default=1e14] default EM to use prior to scaling [cm^-5]
	noph	[INPUT] if set, FLUX is assumed to be in [ergs/s/cm^2], and
		no attempts are made to convert things to [ph/...]
		* forcibly set if WVL is incorrect
	thresh	[INPUT; default=1e-2] dynamic range in output curves,
		relative to maximum in each curve
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines
		LINEFLX [ABUND,TEMP,IKEV,EFFAR,WVLAR]
		ISMTAU [FH2,HE1,HEII,FANO]

restrictions
	* EFFAR and WVLAR must be correctly defined, or else the output
	  will be garbage
	* requires subroutines
	  LINEFLX
	      WHEE
	  ISMTAU

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	bug correction re 0 EMIS (VK; Nov98)
	bug correction re 0 NH (VK; AugMM)

(See pro/flux_to_em.pro)


FOLD_IONEQ

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	fold_ioneq
	folds in ionization equilibrium fractions of the various ions
	of a given element with line emissivities (which include only
	level population info; see RD_LINE()).  returns
	emis(T;Z,ion)*ioneq(T;Z,ion)

syntax
	lflx=fold_ioneq(emis,Z,ion,logt=logt,tmax=tmax,trng=trng,$
	level=level,userarr=userarr,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,$
	eqfile=eqfile,verbose=v)

parameters
	emis	[INPUT; required] 1- or 2-D array of line emissivities as
		a function of temperature
		* if 2D, assumed to be EMIS(Temperature,Wavelength)
		* if 1D, assumed to be EMIS(Temperature), unless the
		  number of elements matches that of Z
	Z	[INPUT; required] atomic number(s) corresponding to
		each wavelength
		* if size does not match the 2nd dimension of EMIS, then
		  if >, ignore extra elements
		  if <, but >0, use available ones, and use Z[0] for rest
	ion	[INPUT; default: Z+1] ionic state(s) corresponding to
		each wavelength
		* if size does not match the 2nd dimension of EMIS, then
		  if >, ignore extra elements
		  if <, but >0, use available ones, and use ION[0] for rest
		* NOTE: this is the ionic state >>that matters<<, i.e.,
		  the ionic state of the species that populates the
		  upper level.  See keyword JON of RD_LINE, which is
		  what is needed here.

keywords
	logt	[INPUT] 1D array of log10(temperature [K]) at which EMIS
		is given. (default: findgen(81)*0.05+4)
		* if size does not match that of EMIS, use default
	level	[INPUT; default: 0.5] level at which to determine the
		temperature range on line flux (in other words, default
		will be to return the FWHM)
		* if <1, TRNG=LOGT(where(FLUX>LEVEL*MAX(FLUX))
		* if >=1, TRNG=LOGT(where(FLUX>(LEVEL/100.)*MAX(FLUX))
		* if <=0 or >=100, set to 0.5
	tmax	[OUTPUT] log10(temperature) at which contribution is maximum
	trng	[OUTPUT] range in LOGT (LEVEL of MAX)
		-- TRNG(0,*) is lower bound, TRNG(1,*) is upper bound
	userarr	[INPUT] an array of ionization fractions in the same
		format as is returned by RD_IONEQ(), and has the size
		[n(T),max(Z)+1,n(Z)]
		* if this is given and is legit (i.e., matches the
		  supplied EMIS and LOGT), then EQFILE and CHIFIL are
		  ignored
	eqfile	[I/O] file from which to read in ion-balance data
		* default is to read in the CHIANTI file, !IONEQF
		* hard-coded default is
		  ioneq/chianti.ioneq
		* if not given, but CHIFIL is given, uses that.
	chifil	[I/O] if set, reads in from CHIANTI-type database; must be
		set to the name of the file containing the ionization
		equilibrium info (i.e., CHIDIR/CHIFIL)
		* may be overridden with EQFILE
		* default is ioneq/chianti.ioneq
		* currently, set automatically if not given.  
	verbose	[INPUT] higher the number, greater the chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] use to transmit defined keywords to called functions
		* RD_IONEQ [CHIDIR]

subroutines
	-- WHEE
	-- SETSYSVAL
	-- RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ (%)]
	(%) CHIANTI subroutine, used as is

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec96)
	removed call to KILROY and added call to WHEE, hacked default
	  use of READ_IONEQ until more options become available; corrected
	  bug that was reading in ionstate-1 rather than ionstate; added
	  code to handle Z=0 (VK; Feb97)
	bug: if Z is scalar take em all to be same element (VK; Apr97)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; MarMM)
	streamlined meanings of EQFILE, CHIFIL (VK; DecMM)
	changed default for EQFILE; now pass VERBOSE to RD_IONEQ; added
	  call to SETSYSVAL (VK; Jul01)
	allowed EQFILE to be "none" (VK; Feb04)
	changed default behavior of Z and ION when sizes don't match EMIS;
	  now uses first element of input if given (VK; Nov04)
	bug correction, ION is offset by 1 from array index (LL/VK; Dec04)
	added keyword USERARR, slightly modified behavior when EMIS
	  was input as 1D (VK; Aug08)
	changed default of EQFILE and CHIFIL to ioneq/chianti.ioneq (VK; Aug13)

(See pro/fold_ioneq.pro)


FPUFIX

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 NAME:
       FPUFIX

 PURPOSE:

       This is a utility routine to examine a variable and fix problems
       that will create floating point underflow errors.

 AUTHOR:

       FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
       David Fanning, Ph.D.
       1645 Sheely Drive
       Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
       Phone: 970-221-0438
       E-mail: davidf@dfanning.com
       Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com

 CATEGORY:

       Utilities

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       fixedData = FPUFIX(data)

 ARGUMENTS:

       data :         A numerical variable to be checked for values that will cause
                      floating point underflow errors. Suspect values are set to 0.

 KEYWORDS:

       None.

 RETURN VALUE:

       fixedData:    The output is the same as the input, except that any values that
                     will cause subsequent floating point underflow errors are set to 0.

 COMMON BLOCKS:
       None.

 EXAMPLES:

       data = FPTFIX(data)

 RESTRICTIONS:

     None.

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:

       Written by David W. Fanning, from Mati Meron's example FPU_FIX. Mati's
          program is more robust that this (ftp://cars3.uchicago.edu/midl/),
          but this serves my needs and doesn't require other programs from
          Mati's library.  24 February 2006.

(See pro/external/fpufix.pro)


FREEBOUND_CH

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

      CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
      Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
      Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
      University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

      FREEBOUND

 PURPOSE:

      Calculates the free-bound (radiative recombination) continuum.

      A report giving detailed information on how the CHIANTI
      free-bound is calculated is available at:

      http://solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk/~young/chianti/freebound.pdf

      To calculate the continuum spectrum the user should specify
      whether the plasma structure is specified through a differential
      emission measure (DEM) curve or through emission measure (EM)
      values. For the former, the DEM values are specified through the
      DEM_INT keyword and for the latter the EM values are specified
      through the EM_INT keyword. If neither are specified EM_INT
      values of unity are assumed.

      If DEM_INT values are specifed they must be specified on a
      temperature scale that has constant intervals in log10(T). EM_INT
      values do not have this restriction.

      Note that EM_INT must be used for isothermal plasmas.

 INPUTS

      TEMP    Temperature in K (can be an array). If the keyword
              /DT is used, the
              temperatures must be spaced at equal intervals of
              log10(T). E.g., log T=6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, ...

      WVL     Wavelength in angstroms (can be an array). If /keV is
              set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units.

 OUTPUTS

      INT     Free-bound continuum intensity in units of 
              10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/Angstrom 
              ( integral(N_H N_e dh) in cm^-5) if a DEM is not defined. 

              If DEM values are defined, it is assumed that they are given
              as N_H N_e dh/dT.  The units are 10^-40 erg/cm^2/s/srAngstrom 

              If T is given as a 1-D array, then the output will be a 
              2-D array, with one element for each temperature and 
              wavelength (but also see SUMT).

              If the keyword /keV is set, then the units of INT will be 
              10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/keV.

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

    DEM_INT   This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              differential emission measure values. Specifying
              DEM_INT places a restriction on TEMP (see above). Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not.

    EM_INT    This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              emission measure values. Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not. If
              neither EM_INT or DEM_INT are specified, then a EM_INT
              vector of same size as TEMP with values of unity is
              assumed.

      IZ     Only calculate continuum for the element with atomic 
             number IZ

      ION    (To be used in conjunction with IZ.) Calculated continuum 
             for a single ion (IZ, ION).

 KEYWORDS

      NO_SETUP If the procedure setup_elements has already been called 
               then the keyword /nosetup should be set to avoid 
               repeating this step

      MIN_ABUND If set, calculates the continuum only from those 
                elements which have an abundance greater than 
                min_abund.  Can speed up the calculations.  For 
                example:
                   abundance (H)  = 1.
                   abundance (He) = 0.085
                   abundance (C)  = 3.3e-4
                   abundance (Si) = 3.3e-5
                   abundance (Fe) = 3.9e-5

      PHOTONS  The output spectrum is given in photon units rather 
               than ergs.

      SUMT     When a set of temperatures is given to FREEBOUND, the 
               default is to output INTENSITY as an array of size 
               (nwvl x nT). With this keyword set, a summation over 
               the temperatures is performed.

      VERBOSE  Output information from FREEBOUND.

      KEV      If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units
               rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 COMMON BLOCKS

      ELEMENTS

 CALLS

      FREEBOUND_ION, SETUP_ELEMENTS, READ_KLGFB, GET_IEQ

 HISTORY

      Ver.1, 24-Jul-2002, Peter Young

      Ver.2, 26-Jul-2002, Peter Young
           revised call to freebound_ion; corrected ion fraction problem

       V 3, 25-May-2005, GDZ 
                  corrected routine header.

      Ver.4, 10-Mar-2006, Peter Young
           added keV keyword

      Ver.5, 8-Sep-2009, Peter Young
           routine now checks to make sure temperatures are evenly
           spaced when the DEM_INT keyword is used; if an error is
           found due to incorrect temperature specificiations, then
           the continuum intensity is returned as zero.

      Ver.6, 6-Oct-2009, Peter Young
            Introduced EM_INT keyword for specifying emission measure
            values for isothermal plasmas.

 VERSION     :  6, 6-Oct-2009
      Ver.PoA, 10-Aug-2010, Vinay Kashyap,
          ala changes 18-Feb-2005, LiWei Lin 
          Commented common block out and 
          Added _extra keyword
          Rename routine freebound_ch

(See pro/external/freebound_ch.pro)


FREEBOUND_ION

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

      CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
      Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
      Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
      University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

      FREEBOUND

 EXPLANATION

      Calculates the free-bound (radiative recombination) continuum 
      from a single ion. Note that the output does not contain the ion 
      fraction, element abundance or differential emission measure term.

 INPUTS

      TEMP    Temperature in K (can be an array).

      WVL     Wavelength in angstroms (can be an array). If the keyword
              /keV is set, then wvl should instead be given in units of
              keV.

      IZ      Atomic number of ion (e.g., 26 = Fe)

      ION     Spectroscopic number of ion (e.g., 13 = XIII)

 OUTPUTS

      INT     Free-bound continuum intensity. Needs to be multiplied by 
              element abundance, ion fraction and DEM to obtain the final 
              continuum intensity.

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

      IP      The ionization potential of the ion.

      VDATA   An array containing the Verner & Yakovlev data array.

      PE      An array containing the PE data from READ_FBLVL

      KLGFB   An array containing the KLGFB data from READ_FBLVL

      [Note: the above 3 inputs are used when calling freebound_ion from 
       freebound]

 KEYWORDS

      NOVERNER  If set, then the Verner & Yakovlev cross-sections will 
                not be used.

      KEV      If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units
               rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 COMMON BLOCKS

      None.

 CALLS

      READ_FBLVL, ZION2FILENAME, VERNER_XS, KARZAS_XS, CONCAT_DIR,
      READ_IP, READ_KLGFB, FILE_EXIST

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

      The way I treat the exponential function in the expression for the 
      emissivity may seem strange, but it saves a bit of time in the 
      calculation. Basically calculating exp(E-IP+E_i/T) for each level 
      was time consuming so I split it into exp(E-IP/T)*exp(E_i/T). The 
      first term comes out of the for loop, while the second term is the 
      exponential of a vector rather than an array. This made a ~30% 
      time-saving for freebound.

 HISTORY

      Ver.1, 24-Jul-2002, Peter Young

      Ver.2, 26-Jul-2002, Peter Young
          Added /noverner keyword.

      Ver.3, 30-Jul-2002, Peter Young
          Speeded up routine by modifying treatment of exponential.

      Ver.4, 10-Mar-2006, Peter Young
          Added /keV keyword

       Ver. 5 8-Jun-2010, Ken Dere
           added check for n_params()

(See pro/external/freebound_ion.pro)


FREEFREE_CH

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 PROJECT     :  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

     FREEFREE

  PURPOSE:

     This routine computes the free-free continuum (bremsstrahlung) 
     using the fitting formulae of Itoh et al. (ApJS 128, 125, 2000) 
     and Sutherland (MNRAS 300, 321, 1998).

     The Itoh et al. data are valid for smaller ranges for temperature 
     and wavelength than Sutherland and so for points outside of their 
     ranges we use the data of Sutherland.

 INPUTS

    TEMP    Temperature (in K). They do not have to be in monotonically
            increasing order.

    WVL     Wavelengths in angstroms. Can be a scalar or vector. If /keV is
            set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units.

 OUTPUTS

    INT     Free-free continuum intensity in units of 
            10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/Angstrom  
            [ integral(N_H N_e dh) in cm^-5 ] if a DEM is not defined. 

            If DEM values are defined, it is assumed that they are given
            as N_H N_e dh/dT.  The units are 10^-40 erg/cm^2/s/sr/Angstrom. 

            If T is given as a 1-D array, then the output will be a 2-D array,
            with one element for each temperature and wavelength 
            (but also see SUMT).

            If the keyword /keV is set, then the units of INT will be 
            10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/keV

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

    DEM_INT   This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              differential emission measure values. Specifying
              DEM_INT places a restriction on TEMP (see above). Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not.

    EM_INT    This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              emission measure values. Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not. If
              neither EM_INT or DEM_INT are specified, then a EM_INT
              vector of same size as TEMP with values of unity is
              assumed.

    MIN_ABUND This keyword allows the specification of a minimum abundance, 
              such that any elements with an abundance (relative to 
              hydrogen) less than MIN_ABUND will not be included in the 
              calculation. E.g., MIN_ABUND=1e-5.

 KEYWORDS

    NO_SETUP By default the routine asks the user which ion balance 
             and abundance files to use via pop-up widgets. If 
             /no_setup is used then this data is taken from the common 
             block.

    SUMT     The default is to output the intensity array as an array 
             of size (nwvl x nT). Setting this keyword performs a sum 
             over the temperatures to yield a vector of same size as 
             the input wavelengths, thus producing the complete 
             free-free spectrum.

    PHOTONS  Gives output emissivity in photon units rather than ergs.

    KEV      If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units
             rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 CALLS

    SUTHERLAND_CH, ITOH_CH

 COMMON BLOCKS

    NONE (ELEMENTS commented out)

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

    The Itoh fitting formula is only valid for (6.0 LE logT LE 8.5). 
    For temperatures below this, we thus switch to the Sutherland 
    fitting formula. There is very little (<1%) between the two at 
    logT=6.

    Itoh also has a constraint on the quantity u=hc/kTl (l=wavelength), 
    such that (-4 LE log u LE 1.0). The upper limit corresponds to the 
    continuum being cut-off prematurely at low wavelengths. E.g., for 
    T=10^6 the cutoff is at 14.39 angstroms. For these low wavelengths 
    we also use the Sutherland data to complete the continuum. Note that 
    the continuum at these wavelengths is very weak

 MODIFICATION HISTORY

    Ver.1, 5-Dec-2001, Peter Young
         Completely revised to call the separate itoh.pro and 
         sutherland.pro routines.

    V. 2, 21-May-2002,  Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ),
          Corrected the description of the  units.
          Added verbose keyword and a printout.

    V. 3, 22-May-2002,  Peter Young (PRY)
          Added MIN_ABUND optional input.
          Changed ioneq_t to ioneq_logt (GDZ).

    V 4, 25-May-2005, GDZ 
                  corrected routine header.

    V. 5, 9-Mar-2006, Peter Young
          Added /kev keyword

    V. 6, 9-May-2008, Peter Young & Kevin Tritz
          Modifed code so that temperatures can be specified in a unordered
          list.

    V. 7, 7-Oct-2009, Peter Young
          Added EM_INT= keyword; simplified how the routine decides
          which calculation to use (Itoh or Sutherland)

 VERSION     :  7, 7-Oct-2009

    V.PoA, 10-Aug-2010, Vinay Kashyap
	   a la 18-Feb-2005, LiWei Lin 
          Commented common block out and 
          Added _extra keyword
          Rename routine freefree_ch
          Edit calls to sutherland and itoh to sutherland_ch and itoh_ch

(See pro/external/freefree_ch.pro)


GENERATIO

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	generatio
	a generalized mechanism to compute flux ratios and errors
	from given input fluxes and a well-defined definition of
	how the ratios are constructed

	all of the input fluxes are assumed to be independent
	of each other and uncorrelated

syntax
	generatio,fx,rcode,rx,fxerr=fxerr,rxerr=rxerr,verbose=v,$
	dfx_mul=dfx_mul,dfx_add=dfx_add

parameters
	fx	[INPUT; required] input fluxes
	rcode	[INPUT] string array describing which of the
		input fluxes must be considered only as ratios
		* basic format is: "sP#[,sP#[,...]]" where
		  -- "#" is an integer flag describing the ratio being
		     constructed
		  -- "P" is a positional descriptor and can take on
		     values N (for numerator) or D (for denominator)
		  -- "s" stands for the sign with which the flux
		     goes into the ratio "+" or "-"
		* e.g., to construct a simple ratio FX[2]/FX[1],
		  RCODE=['','+D1','+N1']
		* e.g., to construct two hardness ratios
			FX[3]/FX[1] and
			(FX[3]-FX[1])/(FX[3]+FX[1]),
		  RCODE=['','+D1,-N2,+D2','','+N1,+N2,+D2']
		* if size is incompatible with FX, then no action
		  is taken.
	rx	[OUTPUT] array of ratios constructed using FX and RCODE

keywords
	fxerr	[INPUT] 1-sigma errors on FX
		* size must match that of FX.  otherwise,
		  -- if single-element, assumed to represent
		     -- a fractional error if >0 and <1
		     -- a percentage error if >1 and <100
		     -- an abs(constant) error if >100 or <0
		  -- ignored otherwise
	rxerr	[OUTPUT] 1-sigma errors on RX, computed only if FXERR
		is given and is legal
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	dfx_mul	[INPUT] multiplicative factor by which to jiggle FX
		while computing partial derivatives to propagate
		errors (default is 0.05)
		* if scalar, taken to be same factor for all FX
		* if vector, must be of same size as FX
	dfx_add	[INPUT] additive factor by which to jiggle FX
		while computing partial derivatives to propagate
		errors (default is 0.05*FXERR)
		* if scalar, taken to be same offset for all FX
		* if vector, must be of same size as FX
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

example
	;this makes the ratios FX[0]/FX[1] and (FX[1]-FX[0])/(FX[1]+FX[0])
	fx=[10.,5.] & fxerr=0.1 & rcode=['+N1,-N2,+D2','+D1,+N2,+D2']
	generatio,fx,rcode,rx,fxerr=fxerr,rxerr=rxerr
	for i=0,n_elements(rx)-1 do print,rx[i],' +- ',rxerr[i]

	Warning: The numeral suffix in the ratio specification is
	only as a placeholder to determine uniqueness and does _not_
	translate to the index in the output.  For example, try:
	fx=[1.,2.,1.,3.,1.,4.,1.,5.,1.,6.]
	rcode=['+D1','+N1','+D2','+N2','+N3','+D3','+N4','+D4','+D5','+N5']
	generatio,fx,rcode,rx,verbose=100
	print,rcode & print,rx
	generatio,fx,reverse(rcode),rx_reverse,verbose=100
	print,reverse(rcode) & print,rx_reverse

subroutines
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov'02)
	cosmetic changes (VK; Dec'02)
	won't spit out error messages if RCODE is 'X', though the FX
	  corresponding to that is ignored (VK; Apr'03)
	added warning about ratio sequence -- it's a feature, not a bug;
	  corrected bug in case of sequence number exceeding 9 (VK; Dec'03)
	now lets specifying just numerator or just denominator (VK,LL; Jun'04)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)
	changed DFX_ADD and DFX_MUL to be arrays of same size as FX

(See pro/util/generatio.pro)


GETABUND

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function	getabund
		returns elemental abundances in an array

syntax
	abund=getabund(hint,elem=elem,source=source,norm=norm,$
	metals=metals,fipbias=fipbias,abunde=abunde)

parameters
	hint	[INPUT] some hint as to what output is required.  examples:
		'help' -- prints out usage
		'angr', 'anders', 'anders & grevesse', '1989', etc. -- Anders & Grevesse (1989)
		'meyer', '1985', etc. -- Meyer (1985)
		'allen', 'cosmic', '1973' -- Allen (1973)
		'ross', 'aller', 'ross & aller', '1976' etc. -- Ross & Aller (1976)
		'grevesse', 'grevesse et al.', etc. -- Grevesse et al (1992)
			modifications to Anders & Grevesse (1989)
		'feld', 'feldman', '1992', etc. -- Feldman et al (1992)
		'waljeski', '1994', etc. -- Waljeski et al. (1994)
		'murphy', 'chromospheric', etc. -- Murphy (1985) chromospheric
		'grevesse & anders', '1991' -- Grevesse & Anders (1991)
		'grsa', 'grevesse & sauval', '1998' -- Grevesse & Sauval (1998) "standard
			abundances"
		'young', 'photo', '1997' -- photospheric abundances from Young et
			al. (1997)
		'fludra', 'fludra & schmelz', 'hybrid', '1999' -- Fludra & Schmelz (1999) "hybrid coronal"
		'asplund', '2005' -- Asplund, Grevesse, & Sauval (2005) 3D hydro
			(NOTE: even though it has a different reference, is identical to aspl)
		'schmelz', 'schmelz et al', 'coronal', '2012' -- Schmelz et al (2012) "recommended coronal"
		'aspl', 'asplund 2009', 'asp ... & scott', '2009', etc. -- Asplund, Grevesse, Sauval, & Scott (2009)
			model of solar atmosphere to constrain convection
		'aneb', 'anders & ebihara', 'ebihara', '1982', etc. - Anders & Ebihara (1982)
		'wilm', 'wilms, allen, mccray', '2000', etc. -- Wilms, Allen, & McCray (2000)
		'lodd', 'lodders', '2003', etc. -- Lodders (2003)
		'path/file', etc. -- if string contains a "/" in it, then
			read from disk file which contains one entry per
			line, with atomic symbol first, and abundance next

keywords
	elem	[INPUT] element -- if given, return abundances for only
		the specified element
		* if string, converts to atomic number using SYMB2ZION
		* if byte, integer, or float, assumed to be atomic number
		* may be an array
	source	[INPUT] another way to say "hint"
		1: Anders & Grevesse (1989)
		2: Meyer (1985)
		3: Allen (1973)
		4: Ross & Aller (1976)
		5: Grevesse et al. (1992)
		6: Feldman et al. (1992)
		7: Waljeski et al. (1994)
		8: Murphy (1985)
		9: Grevesse & Anders (1991)
		10: Grevesse & Sauval (1998)
		11: Young et al. (1997)
		12: Fludra & Schmelz (1999)
		13: Asplund, Grevesse, & Sauval (2005)
		14: Schmelz et al. (2012)
		15: Asplund, Grevesse, Sauval, & Scott (2009)
		16: Anders & Ebihara (1982)
		17: Wilms, Allen, & McCray (2000)
		18: Lodders (2003)
		* overrides HINT iff HINT is not understood
	norm	[INPUT] normalization
		* use this to set output format
		  NORM=1: output will be n(Z)/n(H) (this is the default)
		  NORM>1: output will be NORM(0)+log10(n(Z)/n(H))
		  	(e.g., NORM=12 is the standard log form)
		  0<NORM<1: output will be NORM(0)*n(Z)/n(H)
		  	(this can be useful when ELEM is set)
		  -1<=NORM<0: output will be n(Z)/DEFAULT_n(Z)
		  	(if you want to compare different abundance tables)
		  NORM<-1: output will be log10(n(Z)/DEFAULT_n(Z))
		  	(I have no idea why anyone would use this)
	metals	[INPUT] metallicity.  if set, modifies the abundances of
		all elements past He by the appropriate amount
		* if not set, makes no changes
		* assumed to be in log10 form if
		  -- abs(NORM) > 1, or
		  -- < 0
		* assumed to be multiplicative factor otherwise
		* NOTE: for example, if norm=12 then metals=0 means
		  Solar abundances, while if norm=1 then metals=0
		  means complete metal depletion!
	fipbias	[INPUT] if set to a non-zero scalar, multiplies the
		abundances of low-FIP elements by this factor.  be
		careful not to use it for abundance lists that already
		include the FIP effect.
		* if not set, or set to 0, does nothing.
	abunde	[OUTPUT] errors on abundances
	
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to prevent program from crashing

subroutines
	RDABUND
	SYZE
	SYMB2ZION

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec96)
	avoid analyzing HINT if SOURCE is set (VK; Jan97)
	added 'angr' and tightened 'Anders&Grevesse' v/s 'Grevesse' (VK; Jul97)
	added option of reading from disk file (VK; Jun98)
	added Murphy (1985) data, and allowed ELEM to be array (VK; Jul98)
	corrected bug associated with non-array ELEMs (VK; Sep98)
	added keyword METALS, deleted keywords ALTER, FORM, removed call to
	  SETABUND, added call to RDABUND (VK; Dec98)
	added Grevesse & Anders (1991), Grevesse & Sauval (1998), Young et
	  al (1998) (VK; Apr99)
	added keyword FIPBIAS (VK; Jul01)
	added Fludra & Schmelz (1999); now HINT overrides SOURCE and program
	  warns if there is a conflict (VK; Jun02)
	corrected Meyer abundances for O and Na (VK; Apr04)
	corrected Fludra & Schmelz abundances (VK; Jun04)
	added Asplund, Grevesse, & Sauval abundances; added keyword ABUNDE
	  (VK; Apr05)
	B was off by 2 orders of magnitude (thx Marc Audard; VK Jul06)
	streamlined input HINTs; added Schmelz et al. (2012); updated
	  bracket notation to IDL5+ (VK Jul12)
	added 'aspl', 'aneb', 'wilm', and 'lodd' from the elemental abundance
	  table used in XSPEC plasma code models, as given in ahelp get_xsabund;
	  changed convection model from Asplund et al (2005) to aspl; streamlined
	  selection keywords (VK Feb13)
	changed the behavior of default to accept !ABREF if defined (VK May28)

(See pro/util/getabund.pro)


GETLOCMAX

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function	getlocmax
	returns the position indices where y(x) is a local maximum

syntax
	ilm=getlocmax(x,y,width=width,sigma=sigma,nsigma=nsigma)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] abscissae where input function is defined
	y	[INPUT] input function.  if not given, X is taken to be Y
		and array position indices are taken to be X

keywords
	width	[INPUT; default: 1] window in which to search for local
		maxima -- window width = 2*abs(WIDTH)+1 or 3, whichever
		is greater.
	sigma	[INPUT; default: 1+sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)] error at each point
		* if scalar and NSIGMA is not defined, then SIGMA->NSIGMA
	nsigma	[INPUT; default: 1] multiple of SIGMA to consider as a
		threshold filter
		* to use var(y) as a constant value of SIGMA, do
		  ilm=getlocmax(x,y,sigma=sqrt((moment(y))(1)),/nsigma)

	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to keep routine from crashing

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec96)
	corrected bug with 1-, 2-, or 3-element inputs (VK; Nov98)

(See pro/util/getlocmax.pro)


GETPOADEF

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function	getpoadef
	returns the default value for a common PINTofALE variable
	usually for filenames, which are often dependent on where
	the files are installed.

	The way this works is, if a system variable is already set,
	the default is taken from that.  If not, after figuring out
	what the default is (usually by checking where this program
	is located), the appropriate system variable is set to it.

syntax
	default=getpoadef(varname,/force,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	var	[INPUT] name of variable as a character string
		* may be an array of strings
		* special variable names are the only ones recognized
		* if 'help' or '?', lists all the variables for which
		  defaults can be set
		* in some cases default might be a number, but if the
		  input is an array, then the output will always be a
		  string array

keywords
	force	[INPUT] if set, ignores whether any default (except TOPDIR)
		has already been set and resets it anyway
		* to reset TOPDIR, just do it on the command line, as
		  !TOPDIR='/path/to/PINTofALE'
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	Vinay Kashyap (2015aug)
	now if input is scalar, returns scalar (VK; 2015sep)

(See pro/getpoadef.pro)


GET_IEQ

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

      CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
      Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
      Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
      University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

      GET_IEQ()

 EXPLANATION

      For a specified ion (IZ, ION) and set of temperatures (TEMP) this 
      routine takes the ion fraction values tabulated in one of the CHIANTI 
      .IONEQ files, interpolates and extracts the values of the ion 
      fraction at the input temperatures.

 INPUTS

      TEMP   The temperature(s) at which the ion fractions are required.

      IZ     The atomic number of the element (e.g., 26 = iron).

      ION    The spectroscopic number of the ion (e.g., 13 = XIII).

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

      IONEQ_LOGT  The temperature output from the READ_IONEQ routine.

      IONEQ_FRAC  The ion fractions from the READ_IONEQ routine.

 OUTPUT

      A vector of same length as the input TEMP containing the ion 
      fractions at these temperatures.

 CALLS

      READ_IONEQ

 HISTORY

      Ver.1, 24-Jul-2002, Peter Young
      v.2, 14-Sept-2005, GDZ
      modified error message.


 VERSION 2 14-Sept-2005

(See pro/external/get_ieq.pro)


GET_IONLIST

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function	get_ionlist
	return a list of all the ions for a particular element that
	CHIANTI has data for

syntax
	all_ions=get_ionlist(Z,dielec=dielec,chidir=chianti_topdir)

parameters
	z	[INPUT; required] atomic number
		* must be a scalar integer!

keywords
	chidir	[INPUT] path to CHIANTI top directory
		[default: /data/fubar/SCAR/CHIANTI/dbase]
	dielec	[OUTPUT] integer array of same size as output, specifying
		whether given ion refers to dielectronic recombination
		lines (1) or not (0)
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing program

requires subroutines
	SYMB2ZION
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96; based on CHIANTI's SYNTHETIC.PRO)
	added keyword DIELEC, modified to include CHIANTIv3 dielectronic
	  recombination directories (VK; OctMM)
	handle trailing whitespace in masterlist.ions (VK; Jun02)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/mkemis/get_ionlist.pro)


GET_PIMMS_FILE

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function	get_pimms_file
	returns a string containing the name of the file containing the
	effective areas for the given instrument.

usage
	filnam=get_pimms_file(mission,instr,config,special=special,pdir=pdir)

parameters
	mission	[INPUT; required] e.g., 'ROSAT', 'AXAF', etc.
	instr	[INPUT] instrument (e.g., 'PSPC', 'ACIS', etc.)
	config	[INPUT] instrument configuration (e.g., 'OPEN', 'BI', etc.)

keywords
	special	[INPUT] any special requests
		* e.g., if MISSION='rosat', INSTR='pspc', and CONFIG='R4'
		and SPECIAL='R7', the output will be 'rosat_pspc_r4tor7.area'
	pdir	[INPUT; default='/data/fubar/SCAR/ardb/pimms/data/'] directory
		containing the PIMMS data files

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar98)
	changed PDIR default from /soft/prop_cli/config/pimms/data to
	  /soft/pimms/data (VK; Feb03)
	changed PDIR default from /soft/pimms/data to
	  /soft/ciao/config/pimms/data/ (VK; Mar06)
	changed PDIR default from /soft/ciao/config/pimms/data to
	  !ARDB/pimms/data/ (VK; Mar13)

(See pro/util/get_pimms_file.pro)


GMASCL

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 NAME:
       GMASCL

 PURPOSE:

       This is a utility routine to perform basic gray-level pixel
       transformations of images. I think of it as BYTSCL on steroids.
       It is similar to IMADJUST in _Digital Image Processing with MATLAB_
       by Gonzales, Wood, and Eddins.

 AUTHOR:

       FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
       David Fanning, Ph.D.
       1645 Sheely Drive
       Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
       Phone: 970-221-0438
       E-mail: davidf@dfanning.com
       Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com

 CATEGORY:

       Utilities

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       scaledImage = GMASCL(image)

 ARGUMENTS:

       image:         The image to be scaled. Written for 2D images, but arrays
                      of any size are treated alike.

 KEYWORDS:

       GAMMA:         The exponent in a power-law transformation (image^gamma). A gamma
                      value of 1 results in a linear distribution of values between
                      OMIN and OMAX. Gamma values less than 1 compress the
                      lower range of values and extend the upper range. Gamma values
                      greater than 1 compress the upper range of values and extend the
                      lower range. The gamma value is constrained to be greater than 1.0e-6.

       MAX:           Any value in the input image greater than this value is
                      set to this value before scaling.

       MIN:           Any value in the input image less than this value is
                      set to this value before scaling.

       NEGATIVE:      If set, the "negative" of the result is returned.

       OMAX:          The output image is scaled between OMIN and OMAX. The
                      default value is 255.

       OMIN:          The output image is scaled between OMIN and OMAX. The
                      default value is 0.
 RETURN VALUE:

       scaledImage:   The output, scaled into the range OMIN to OMAX. A byte array.

 COMMON BLOCKS:
       None.

 EXAMPLES:

       LoadCT, 0                                            ; Gray-scale colors.
       image = LoadData(11)                                 ; Load image.
       TV, GmaScl(image, Min=30, Max=100)                   ; Similar to BytScl.
       TV, GmaScl(image, /Negative)                         ; Produce negative image.
       power = Shift(ALog(Abs(FFT(image,-1))), 124, 124)    ; Create power spectrum.
       TV, GmaScl(power, Gamma=2.5)                         ; View power specturm with gamma correction.
       TV, GmaScl(power, Gamma=2.5, /Negative)              ; Reverse power spectrum.

 RESTRICTIONS:

     Requires SCALE_VECTOR from the Coyote Library:

        http://www.dfanning.com/programs/scale_vector.pro

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:

       Written by:  David W. Fanning, 17 February 2006.

(See pro/external/gmascl.pro)


HASTOGRAM

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function	hastogram
	returns a frequency histogram over a specified grid,
	calculated in a fast and clever way.  really.
	works in haste, without waste.

	works best when the grid is sparsely populated.
	if there are more items than bins, use IDL's
	built-in HISTOGRAM() function instead.

syntax
	f=hastogram(list,x,wts=wts,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	list	[INPUT; required] list of numbers to bin
	x	[I/O] the required binning scheme
		* if not set, assumes a linear grid of size 100 from
		  min(LIST) to max(LIST)
		* if scalar or 1-element vector, assumes this to be the
		  number of bins
		  * if -ve, log grid, else linear
		* if vector with more than 1 element, assumes it to be
		  the bin boundaries.
		* WARNING: if input as scalar, will overwrite with the
		  adopted grip on output

keywords
	wts	[INPUT] if given, appropriately weights each element of LIST
		* default is unity
		* if size does not match size(LIST), will be appropriately
		  interpolated
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	the problem is the following: if the number of bins is large,
	accumulating a frequency histogram by linear search takes too
	long, esp. in IDL if one uses for-loops.
	so, first create a monster array containing both the list elements
	and the grid values.  then sort this array.  this results in an
	array where the list elements are all nicely placed within the
	correct bins.  now, if we've been keeping track of the positions
	of the list elements, it's an easy job to count up the number in
	each bin of the grid.  to do the latter, we first create a new
	array made up of -1s in positions of list elements and position
	indices for grid values and reorder according to the above sort.
	then, replace each -1 by the nearest non-(-1) from the left.  now
	each list element is assigned the correct bin number.  voila!

restrictions
	X must be sorted in increasing order.
	(no longer, as of Jun02)

subroutines
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Jan98)
	added kludge to speed up in case max(X) < max(LIST) (VK; Sep98)
	added quit in case X is not sorted in ascending order (VK; JanMMI)
	added keyword VERBOSE, and removed restriction on order of X
	  (VK; Jun02)
	changed ints to longs (VK; Aug08)
	converted bracket notation to IDL5+ and fixed bug with inputs being
	  array of size [1,N] (VK;Mar10)

(See pro/util/hastogram.pro)


HINODE_XRT_EMIS

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function	hinode_xrt_emis
	compute and return the combined emissivities of Hinode/XRT
	filters in an array of form [Ntemp,Nfilt] in units of
	[1d-23 ergs cm^5/s] for each pixel

syntax
	xrtemis=hinode_xrt_emis(filter,tgrid,ldbdir=ldbdir,$
	cdbdir=cdbdir,ioneqf=ioneqf,abund=abund,cieroot=cieroot,$
	n_e=n_e,NH=NH,xrteff=xrteff,lstr=lstr,cstr=cstr,$
	/toel,/toph,/toDN,EM0=EM0,pixsize=pixsize,verbose=verbose,$
	chidir=chidir,fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII)

parameters
	filter	[INPUT; required] scalar or array of filter names
		* for Hinode/XRT, acceptable filter names are
		  Al-mesh, Al-poly, C-poly, Ti-poly, Be-thin,
		  Be-med, Al-med, Al-thick, Be-thick,
		  Al-poly/Al-mesh, Al-poly/Ti-poly, Al-poly/Al-thick,
		  Al-poly/Be-thick, C-poly/Ti-poly
		* set to 'all' to get everything
	tgrid	[I/O] the log(T[K]) grid over which the output
		is to be defined
		* if not specified on input, will be set to be
		  the same as that in the emissivity tables,
		  the PoA default, findgen(81)*0.05+4

keywords
	ldbdir	[INPUT; '$CHIANTI'] line emissivity database directory
	cdbdir	[INPUT; '$CONT'] continuum emissivity database directory
	ioneqf	[INPUT; 'ioneq/mazzotta_etal.ioneq'] location of the
		ion fraction tables
	abund	[INPUT; getabund('Grevesse et al')] abundances
	cieroot	[INPUT; 'cie'] root name for the files in $CONT
	n_e	[INPUT; 1e9] electron number density in the plasma
	NH	[INPUT; 0] H column density to apply
	xrteff	[I/O] the XRT effective areas; input can be any of the
		following:-
		- a structure that contains the following fields --
		  {TYPE, CHANNEL_NAME, WAVE, EFF_AREA, LENGTH}
		  which can be generated using the SSW routine
		  xrteff = MAKE_XRT_WAVE_RESP(contam_time=contam_time)
		- the name of a save file that contains the previously
		  generated structure, named either XRTEFF or EFF
		- a flag that indicates that this must be calculated
		  in situ by calling MAKE_XRT_WAVE_RESP() (requires SSW)
		  - this can be accomplished by setting /XRTEFF, but
		    that will prevent it from being returned up.  instead,
		    it is better to do something like
		    xrteff=1 & xrtemis=hinode_xrt_emis(...,xrteff=xrteff,...)
		* on output, will always contain the structure that
		  was read in or calculated
	lstr	[OUTPUT] line emissivities structure, as read in
		from RD_LINE()
	cstr	[OUTPUT] continuum emissivities structure, as read in
		from RD_CONT()
	toel	[INPUT; default=0] if set, returns the output in units
		of [el cm^5/s]
	toph	[INPUT; default=0] if set, returns the output in units
		of [ph cm^5/s]
	toDN	[INPUT; default=0] if set, returns the output in units
		of [DN cm^5/pix]
		* NOTE: TODN overrides TOPH overrides TOEL
	EM0	[INPUT; default=1] if set, multiples the output by
		this value to derive [ph/s] or [ph/cm^2/s] depending
		on whether the input has units [cm^-3] or [cm^-5]
	pixsize	[INPUT; default=1.0024 arcsec] the size of a pixel on
		the detector
	xrtl	[OUTPUT] the response due solely to lines
	xrtc	[OUTPUT] the response due solely to continuum
		* both XRTL and XRTC are identical in size and units
		  to the primary output, XRTEMIS
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		FOLD_IONEQ : CHIDIR
		ISMTAU : FH2, HE1, HEII
		MAKE_XRT_WAVE_RESP : INDEX, CONTAM_THICK, CONTAM_TIME

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun2007)
	added keywords TOEL, PIXSIZE, XRTL, XRTC (VK; Mar2008)
	changed call from CALC_XRT_EFFAREA() to MAKE_XRT_WAVE_RESP() (VK; Apr2009)
	bugfix: FILTER was failing to match to XRTEFF.NAME when specified
	  (VK; Nov2009)

(See pro/ssw/hinode_xrt_emis.pro)


HIPD_INTERVAL

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function	hipd_interval
	computes and returns the interval [lower_bound,upper_bound] at a
	specified confidence level that includes the highest probability
	densities.  by definition, this is the shortest possible interval.

syntax
	hpd=hipd_interval(f,x,/fsample,clev=clev,pdfnorm=pdfnorm,$
	fmode=fmode,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	f	[INPUT; required] the array for which the confidence interval
		must be computed
		* assumed to be a density function unless FSAMPLE is set
	x	[INPUT; optional] abscissae values
		* if not given, and F is a density function, then taken
		  to be the array indices
		* ignored if FSAMPLE is set
		* if N(X).GT.1 but N(X).NE.N(F), X is ignored and
		  FSAMPLE is set automatically

keywords
	fsample	[INPUT] if set, assumes that F is a set of samples from a
		density function, as opposed to being the density function
		itself
	clev	[INPUT] confidence level at which to compute the intervals
		* default is 0.68
		* if < 0, abs(CLEV) is used
		* if > 1 and < 100, then assumed to be given as a percentage
		* if > 100, then 1-1/CLEV is used
	pdfnorm	[INPUT] if set, forces F to integrate to abs(PDFNORM)
		* if explicitly set to 0, does not normalize F at all
		* if not set, normalizes to 1
		* ignored if FSAMPLE is set
		* WARNING: do not use this keyword unless you know
		  what you are doing
	fmode	[OUTPUT] the mode of the distribution
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		MODALPOINT: EPS

subroutines
	MODALPOINT

description
	* if density function, find the cumulative integral around the
	  mode and interpolate at CLEV to derive the HPD interval
	* if array of sample values, find all intervals corresponding to
	  CLEV that contain the mode and pick the smallest of the lot.
	  this is a method devised by Vinay K and Taeyoung Park during
	  the course of developing BEHR.
	* works well only for unimodal distributions (and for multimodal
	  distributions where all the modes are within the interval),
	  but that's better than nothing.
	* note that this interval is not invariant under transformations.
	  for that, one must use equal-tail intervals, see eqt_interval()

example
	for i=1,20 do print,hipd_interval(randomn(seed,10000L)*i,/fsample)

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar2006)
	bug correction with FSAMPLE cdf (VK; Apr2006)
	added keyword FMODE (VK; Nov2006)
	bug correction with F(X) case (VK; Apr2007)
	now handles NaNs in input (VK; Apr2014)

(See pro/stat/hipd_interval.pro)


HRS2DEG

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	hrs2deg
	converts sexagesimal angles to decimal degrees and returns a
	numerical array of decimal angles

parameters
	hms	[INPUT; required] string array of sexagesimal angles
		* may even be a string of FSEP separated sexagesimals

keywords
	fsep	[INPUT] field separator in HMS
		* if FSEP=":", only the first 3 are used
	dec	[INPUT] if set, does not multiply by 15 (the RA v/s Dec thing)
		* if the H part is -ve, automatically set
	_extra	[INPUT] allows passing defined keywords to
		STR2ARR: SEP, SQUISH

subroutines
	STR_2_ARR
	see also DEG2HRS

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	now calls STR_2_ARR instead of STR2ARR (VK; Mar08)

(See pro/util/hrs2deg.pro)


HULLSORT

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	hullsort
	reorder a 2D list from outside in and return the indices of
	the reorderd list.  At each stage, compute the convex hull
	and remove the "farthest" point from the hull centroid.

syntax
	iout=hullsort(xin,yin,xout=xout,yout=yout,xcen=xcen,ycen=ycen,$
	areap=areap,/bycen,twait=twait,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	xin	[INPUT; required] 1D array of x-coordinate points
	yin	[INPUT; required] 1D array of y-coordinate points
		* sizes must match
		* only useful if there are more than 4 points

keywords
	xout	[OUTPUT] reorderd XIN
	yout	[OUTPUT] reorderd YIN
	xcen	[OUTPUT] centroid x-coordinate computed at each step
	ycen	[OUTPUT] centroid y-coordinate computed at each step
	areap	[OUTPUT] area covered by the convex hull at each stage
	bycen	[INPUT] if set, eliminates points from convex hull based
		on distance to center
		* default is to eliminate those farthest from all other
		  points on the convex hull
	twait	[INPUT] waiting time for replotting on screen [seconds]
		* only applies if VERBOSE>10
		* default is 0.001
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run hullsort

subroutines
	QHULL (IDL built-in)
	KILROY
	AREAPOLY

history
	vinay kashyap (MMXII.VII)
	added call to AREAPOLY() (VK; MMXII.X)

(See pro/util/hullsort.pro)


ID2EMIS2ID

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	id2emis2id
	takes an ID structure, strips it into component parts,
	reads in new emissivities, and puts them back in.

syntax
	newidstr=id2emis2id(idstr,ldbdir,dWVL=dWVL,verbose=verbose,$
	eps=eps,/incieq,mapping=mapping,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,$
	chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile)

warning
	new emissivities will not necessarily reflect the fluxes
	as distributed among the components.  also, if the database
	is changed, there is no reason to believe a priori that
	the correct lines are really read back in.  we strongly
	recommend using a high (say 10) verbosity level.

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] ID structure, see LINEID for description
	ldbdir	[INPUT] directory in which to look for line database
		* default is "$CHIANTI"
		* if array size matches the number of features, is
		  distributed among components appropriately; if size
		  matches that of total number of lines, maps one-to-one
		  onto line list; if size is incompatible with IDSTR,
		  then uses only what is in the first element.

keywords
	dWVL	[INPUT] slack in wavelength search in which to find the
		matching line (this comes in handy when databases are
		being changed around)
		* default is 0.005
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to
		RD_LIST: EPS,INCIEQ,MAPPING,PRES,LOGP,N_E,CHIFIL,CHIDIR,EQFILE

restrictions
	requires subroutines:
	  RD_LIST, RD_LINE, FOLD_IONEQ, RD_IONEQ, READ_IONEQ,
	  SYMB2ZION, ZION2SYMB, LAT2ARAB, CAT_LN, LINEFLX,
	  INICON, WHEE, GETABUND, RDABUND, SYZE
	requires IDL 5.3+

history
	vinay kashyap (AugMM)
	catch if correct emissivities not found; added keywords
	  VERBOSE, DWVL; allowed LDBDIR to be array (VK; JanMMI)

(See pro/id2emis2id.pro)


IDLABEL

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	idlabel
	return a string array containg a nicely formatted set of labels,
	appropriate for each of the IDs in an ID structure.

syntax
	label=idlabel(idstr,idx,/Zbeda,/Ibeda,/Wbeda,/Lbeku,$
	wform=wform,wstyle=wstyle,sep=sep,intex=intex, ziform=ziform)

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] the ID structure containing the features
		with attached IDs. (see LINEID for description)
	idx	[OUTPUT] an integer array pointing out which label belongs
		to which feature.  this is of use in case of multiple IDs.
		* begins from 0, not 1

keywords
	Zbeda	[INPUT] if set, does not include the atomic symbol in label
	Ibeda	[INPUT] if set, does not include the ionic state in label
	Wbeda	[INPUT] if set, does not include the line wavelength in label
	Lbeku	[INPUT] if set, includes a description of the transition,
		in the form of the level-designation and electronic
		configuration (if available) in label
	wform	[INPUT] wavelength format, relevant if Wbeda=0
		* default: 'f7.2'
		  if WSTYLE = 1, unadorned WFORM
		  if WSTYLE = 2, automatically prepends $\lambda$:
			'"!4k!3 ",'+WFORM
		  if WSTYLE = 4, automatically appends \AA:
			WFORM+',"'+string(byte(197))+'"'
		  if WSTYLE = 8, automatically appends keV: WFORM+'," keV"'
	wstyle	[INPUT] bit-style flag shortcut to various WFORMs
		* see above for effect on WFORM
		* if -ve, uses the wavelength of the ID'd feature, not
		  the wavelength of the ID itself
	sep	[INPUT] separator between "Z Ion", wvl, and description
		* default is "<tab>", unless INTEX is set, in which case
		  the default is " & "
	intex	[INPUT] if set, encloses the description (see LBEKU) within
		"$...$"
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		ZION2SYMB: ZIFORM

restrictions
	requires input to be in format generated by LINEID, CAT_ID, etc.
	requires subroutines
		ZION2SYMB [INICON]

examples
	l=idlabel(idstr,idx,wform='f5.1')
	l=idlabel(idstr,/Wbeda)
	l=idlabel(idstr,wstyle=4)
	l=idlabel(idstr,wstyle=6)
history
	vinay kashyap (AugMM)
	added keywords SEP,INTEX; implemented LBEKU (VK; JanMMI)
	back-compatibility: STRMID must have 3 args (VK; FebMMI/A.Maggio)
	bug fix: IDNAM[2] is ID1, not ID2 (VK; MayMMVI/L.Lin)

(See pro/idlabel.pro)


IDL_RELEASE

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 Project     : SOHO - CDS     
                   
 Name        : IDL_RELEASE
               
 Purpose     : check if IDL release version within specified range
               
 Category    : system
               
 Explanation : 
               
 Syntax      : IDL> a=idl_release(lower=lower,upper=upper)
    
 Examples    :

 Inputs      : None
               
 Opt. Inputs : 
               
 Outputs     : 1/0 if IDL version is within specified range

 Opt. Outputs: None
               
 Keywords    : LOWER = lower version to check
               UPPER = upper version to check
               INCLUSIVE = make check inclusive
               VERS = IDL version

 Common      : None
               
 Restrictions: None
               
 Side effects: None.
               
 History     : Version 1,  27-Feb-1997,  D M Zarro.  Written

 Contact     : DZARRO@SOLAR.STANFORD.EDU

(See pro/external/idl_release.pro)


ID_TO_FITPAR

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	id_to_fitpar
	given the ID structure resulting from LINEID, figures out
	initial fitting parameters for use in, e.g., FITLINES, FIT_LEVMAR,
	etc.

syntax
	id_to_fitpar,idstr,pars,ties,thaw,pos=pos,wdt=wdt,flx=flx,$
	lsfwdt=lsfwdt,shackle=shackle,leeway=leeway,perr=perr,werr=werr,$
	ferr=ferr

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] ID structure containing the observed
		wavelengths and appropriate matches
	pars	[OUTPUT] initial values of all the parameters set up in
		a single array for consumption by, e.g., FIT_LEVMAR or
		X3MODEL.
	ties	[OUTPUT] constraints on the parameters
	thaw	[OUTPUT] integer array of same size as PARS, signaling
		frozen (0) or thawed (1) parameter
		* all parameters that are SHACKLEd are frozen

keywords
	pos	[OUTPUT] initial-guess positions of all lines
	wdt	[OUTPUT] initial-guess widths of all lines
	flx	[OUTPUT] initial-guess fluxes of all lines
       epithet [OUTPUT] species label (e.g. 'OVII' or 'FeXIX') string array
	lsfwdt	[INPUT] width of the instrument's line spread function, and
		the minimum value of WDT
		* if not defined, assumed to be same as PERR
		  (on the theory that your position determination is uncertain
		  on the same order as the LSF width)
	shackle	[INPUT] specify how to handle multiple ID components:-
		"position" => line centers are fixed relative to location
		  of line of maximum strength
		"width" => freeze all WDT at maximum determined value OR
		  value of WERR if given
		"flux" => relative strengths of fluxes are held fixed
		* if array, only the first element is considered
		* if integer (as in /shackle), all 3 of above are set
		* any two (or all 3) may be specified simply as "flux & pos",
		  "width and flux", "position,width,flux", etc.
		* all affected parameters are frozen
	leeway	[INPUT] specify how to handle multiple ID components:-
		"position" => relative locations of line centers are held
		  to within a narrow range of position of line of maximum
		  strength, defined by PERR
		"width" => all WDT are constrained to be > minimum determined
		  width, and < maximum determined width, and this range may
		  be further expanded by WERR
		"flux" => relative strengths of fluxes are held to within
		  a narrow range defined by FERR
		* obviously, SHACKLE takes precedence if both are set
		* if array, only the first element is used
		* if integer (e.g., /leeway), all of above are set
		* unlike SHACKLE, all affected parameters are kept THAWed.
	perr	[INPUT; default=1.0] slippage allowed in POS
		* setting this is crucial in case the IDs include lines
		  from higher orders or unknown IDs, because this will
		  tell the program that deviations larger than PERR from
		  the location of the observed line are suspect.
		* if LSFWDT is not set, PERR constitutes a >lower limit< to WDT
	werr	[INPUT] allowed excess variation in range of WDT
		* default is 0.5*PERR[0]
		* subtracted from min and added to max if LEEWAY requires it
	ferr	[INPUT; default=0.1] allowed fractional error in FLX
		* has an effect only if LEEWAY is set
		* NOTE: for PERR,WERR,FERR, if size does not match that of
		  POS,WDT,FLX respectively OR the number of components in
		  IDSTR, only the first element is used
       numer   [INPUT; default = 0] if set, ties specified via leeway, perr,
                 werr, and ferr will be specified numerically rather than 
                 symbolically
       nozero  [INPUT; default = 0] if set, then fluxes are constained to 
                 be positive. if set negative, then fluxes are constrained 
                 to be negative 
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added keyword LSFWDT (VK; Mar99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
       added EPITHET keyword (LL; Feb04) 
       added NUMER keyword (LL; Jul05) 
       BUGFIX: for multiplet component leeway width specification (LL; Jul 05) 
       had used lower bound for position instead of width 
       added NOZERO keyword (LL; Jul05) 
	BUGFIX: for multiplet component leeway position specification
	  was written with the wrong sign (VK; May06)

(See pro/fitting/id_to_fitpar.pro)


INICON

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	inicon
	return atomic symbols, names, ionization potentials, fundamental
	and other fun constants, atomic weights, roman numerals

syntax
	inicon,atom=atom,aname=aname,amu=amu,fip=fip,fundae=fundae,$
	roman=roman,/help

parameters	NONE

keywords
	atom	[OUTPUT] atomic symbols
	aname	[OUTPUT] names of elements
	amu	[OUTPUT] structure containing atomic weights in AMU (1H=1)
		* AMU.(Z) is an array, with first element the atomic weight
		  for terrestrial composition, then the AMUs of the isotopes
		  in order of abundance (i.e., most abundant is 2nd element,
		  second most abundant is 3rd element, etc. -- but not
		  completely implemented)
	fip	[OUTPUT] first ionization potentials [eV]
		* set to -1 if not known
	fundae	[OUTPUT] structure containing some useful physical and
		astronomical constants
		* just do help,fundae,/str -- should be obvious
	roman	[OUTPUT] roman numerals, upto max(ATOM)+1
		* beware that CHIANTI has a function named ROMAN()
		  which returns numerals that are offset by 1 compared
		  to this variable.

		NOTE: in IDL versions prior to 5, the keywords must be
		pre-defined if output is desired

requires
	CREATE_STRUCT

history
	modified from INITSTUFF (VK; 99May)
	bug correction -- ROMAN wasn't working (VK; 99Jul)
	added Jupiter (VK; MIM.XI)
	added keV-to-Ang (VK; MMII.I)
	added planetary data (VK; MMII.IX)
	changed AMU tag names from symbol to full names (VK; MMII.X)
	corrected AMU value (JD; IMVIM.I)
	added JouleV, ergeV, and arcsr (VK; IMVIM.V)
	corrected Bode's Law and extended to 12 "planets" (VK; MMV.VII)
	changed Planets field to "Classical Planets", moved Pluto to
	  separate Plutoid field (VK; MMVIII.VII)
	added Thompson cross section (per JJD req), Compton wvl
	  (VK; MMXI.XI)
	new IAU definition for A.U. (VK; MMXII.IX)
	added new Pluto and Charon measurements from New Horizons (VK; MMXV.VII)

(See pro/util/inicon.pro)


INITALE

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
script	initale
	extremely flexible initialization script for the Package for
	Interactive Analysis of Line Emission (PINTofALE); defines some
	useful variables as system variables.  Examples and scripts in
	the standard distribution use these variables.

	NOTE: Strictly speaking, none of these system variables are
	_necessary_ in order to use basic PINTofALE functionality.
	However, they set up the default values for some commonly
	used keywords and usually must be explicitly included in
	calls to PINTofALE routines.  Most scripts and documentation
	examples do use these directly, and some routines set their
	default values at run-time if the system variables are defined.
	An additional use of this script is that it sets up the !PATH
	to include PINTofALE, CHIANTI, and IDL-Astro if they are not
	already included.

syntax
	.run initale
	(or)
	.run /full/path/initale

system variables and hardcoded default values
	!PoA	 current version number
	!TOPDIR	 the top-level PINTofALE directory
		 * first checks for environment variables
			PINTofALE, PoA, SCARDIR, and SCAR
		   in that order.  if none of them exist, then uses
		   value deduced from the location of _this_ script.
	!LDBDIR	 [!TOPDIR+'emissivity/chianti'] directory of line emissivities
	!CDBDIR	 [!TOPDIR+'emissivity/cont'] directory of continuum emissivities
	!CHIDIR	 [!TOPDIR+'CHIANTI'] path to CHIANTI installation
		 NOTE: !TOPDIR is added to initial values of above 3 ONLY IF:
		 -- !TOPDIR is not already contained in them
		 -- the first character is not a "$"
		 -- the first character is not a "/"
		 -- for CHIANTIv4+, path name must include the "dbase" part
	!ATOMDB  [!TOPDIR+'atomdb/'] directory of local installation of ATOMDB
	!APECDIR where the IDL tools of APED are
		 * first checks for environment variable APEC_DIR, and if
		   that is missing, looks in succession in
		   -- !ATOMDB+'apec_v11_idl/'
		   -- !TOPDIR+'apec_v11_idl/'
		   -- !TOPDIR+'atomdb/apec_v11_idl/'
	!ARDB	 [!TOPDIR+'ardb/'] the Analysis Reference DataBase directory,
		 contains sundry useful documents
	!CEROOT	 ['cie'] root prefix for continuum emissivity files
	!IONEQF	 ['ioneq/bryans_etal_09.ioneq'] path name relative to
		   !CHIDIR of the ion-balance file to be used
	!ABREF	 ['grevesse et al.'] abundance reference
	!CALDB	 ['/data/caldb/'] directory containing instrument
		    calibration data products
	!METALS	 [0.0] [Fe/H] relative to !ABREF
	!ABUND	 abundances of elements H..Zn corresponding to !ABREF and
		 !METALS
	!GASPR	 [1e15 cm^-3 K] gas pressure
	!LOGPR	 [15] log10(gas pressure) -- if set, overrides !GASPR
	!EDENS	 [1e10 cm^-3] electron density -- if set, overrides use of
		   !GASPR and !LOGPR
	!LOGT	 [findgen(81)*0.05+4] the default temperature grid
	!DEM	 [dblarr(81)+1d12] a sample DEM(!LOGT)
	!NH	 [1e18 cm^-2] H column density
	!FH2	 [0.26] fraction of molecular H2 relative to HI
	!HE1	 [1e17 cm^-2] He I column
	!HEII	 [1e16 cm^-2] He II column
	!WMIN	 [1.239854 Ang] minimum wavelength
	!WMAX	 [3000.0 Ang] maximum wavelength
	!VERBOSE [5] verbosity -- controls chatter
	!ATOM	 atomic symbols
	!AMU	 atomic weights
	!FUNDAE	 a whole bunch of fundamental constants
	!FIP	 firt ionization potentials [eV]
	!ROMAN	 roman numerals, upto max(!ATOM)+1
	!AA	 ['!3'+string(byte(197))+'!X'] the symbol for Angstrom
	!ANGSTROM	An array of Angstrom symbols, should work for
			every conceivable font choice.

control variables
	factory	 determines whether to reset all the system variables to
		 the "factory default" or not.  set this variable to 0 or 1 
		 prior to running the script.
		 * if explicitly set to 0, then only initializes those
		   variables which have not been defined yet
		 * if PARFIL is defined, automatically gets unset
		 * if set, or is not defined, then overwrites all variables
		   with hardcoded defaults
		 -- one may want to use FACTORY=0 when some of the variables
		    have been set (e.g, !TOPDIR) during the session without
		    an initial call to this script, or when a limited number
		    of the variables are being reset via a parameter file.
		 -- upon execution, if FACTORY is not set, it will be set to 0
	parfil	 if set to a named parameter file that contains new definitions
		 of the defined system variables.  They must be placed one on
		 each line, and must be fully legal IDL statements.
		* if not set, will automatically look in
		  !ARDB+'initale.par'
		* DO NOT try to define the following in PARFIL:
		   !ABUND, !ATOM, !AMU, !FUNDAE, !FIP, !ROMAN, !PoA
	yCHIANTI if set then checks to see whether the CHIANTI distribution is
		 available for use and includes it if it is not.
	yATOMDB  if set then checks to see whether the ATOMDB IDL routines
		 are accesible and adds them if they are

calls subroutines
	GETABUND
	INICON
	PEASECOLR

restrictions
	subroutine WHICH works only in UNIX, but it is used only if none
	  of the environment variables PINTofALE, PoA, SCARDIR, or SCAR
	  are set.
	Unlike normal IDL variables, system variables, once defined,
	  cannot change their size, though their values may be changed.
	  Thus, care must be taken to match the expected sizes of the
	  following variables to the hardcoded defaults if they are to
	  be redefined within PARFIL:
	  !ABUND, !LOGT, !DEM, !ATOM, !AMU, !FUNDAE, !FIP, !ROMAN

history
	Vinay Kashyap(OctMM)
	set FACTORY to 0 if undefined; changed !ABREF default; added !ARDB;
	  !TOPDIR now automagic (VK; DecMM)
	added !PoA, !CALDB, !LOGT, !DEM, and !AA (VK; JanMMI)
	fixed bug with !TOPDIR becoming an array if none of the env vars
	  were defined; change prompt for large !VERBOSE (VK FebMMI/Dan Dewey)
	changed call to WHICH to WHEREIS (VK; Dec2001)
	commented out call to WHEREIS by using the output of HELP, and now
	  adds !TOPDIR/pro to !PATH if it doesn't exist; also check for
	  other packages such as IDL-ASTRO and CHIANTI; more robust to
	  OS filename dependencies for v5.3+ due to extensive use of
	  FILEPATH function; added !ATOMDB, !APECDIR, and yATOMDB
	  (VK; Jun2002)
	added call to PEASECOLR (VK; Jul02)
	some people have IDL-ASTRO installed under 'astrolib' (VK; Aug02)
	added !ANGSTROM; made !AA robust to font choices (VK; Dec'02)
	suppose environment variable is defined, but incorrectly?  i.e.,
	  what if $PINTofALE, $SCARDIR, etc. do not exist? (VK; May'03)
	if IDL_DIR is not defined, assumes that IDL library is in anything
	  that has '...idl/lib' (VK; Jul'03)
	corrected case where if env variable defining TOPDIR had a trailing
	  "/", would miss matching it in !PATH and not reset the order of
	  directories (VK; MarMMIV)
	made a few of the system variables read-only (VK; May04)
	made windows compatible, by and large (VK; Apr05)
	forced IDL-Astro to move ahead of Chianti's astron directory
	  in !PATH (VK; FebMMVII)
	removed early call to strsplit() and forced restoration of
	  correctly compiled versions of STRSPLIT, UNIQ, and STR_2_ARR
	  (VK; JunMMVII)
	bugfix: wasn't setting TOPDIR correctly when it had to be determined
	  from the location of this file (VK; OctMMIX)
	changed default for !IONEQF from Mazzotta et al. to Bryans et al. (2009)
	  (VK; MayMMXIII)

(See pro/scrypt/initale.pro)


INTERSECT

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	intersect
	procedure to obtain common elements of two numeric arrays
	sorted in ascending order and with no duplicates

syntax
	intersect,lis1,lis2,y1y2,y1n2,n1y2,/val,$
	ny1y2=ny1y2,ny1n2=ny1n2,nn1y2=nn1y2,verbose=verbose

parameters
	lis1	[INPUT; required] input list #1, array
	lis2	[INPUT; required] input list #2, array
	y1y2	[OUTPUT; required] elements in LIS1 also in LIS2
	y1n2	[OUTPUT] elements in LIS1 that are not in LIS2
	n1y2	[OUTPUT] elements not in LIS1 that are in LIS2

keywords
	val	[INPUT] if set, returns the actual values in x1x2 rather
		than the array position numbers
	ny1y2	[OUTPUT] number of elements in Y1Y2
	ny1n2	[OUTPUT] number of elements in Y1N2
	nn1y2	[OUTPUT] number of elements in N1Y2
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	Y1Y2 contains indices of elements of LIS1 that are common to both LIS1 and LIS2.
	Y1N2 contains indices of elements of LIS1 that are not in LIS2.
	N1Y2 contains indices of elements of LIS2 that are not in LIS1.
	if Y1Y2/Y1N2/N1Y2 is empty, it is set equal to -1L
	if keyword VAL is set, actual array elements are returned instead of indices,
	and if Y1Y2/Y1N2/N1Y2 is empty, it is set equal to !values.F_NAN

history
	algorithm by mala viswanath
	idl version (but not optimized for it) by vinay kashyap (8/27/1992)
	added keyword VAL (3/26/93)
	added keyword VERBOSE (4/14/02)
	added keywords NY1Y2,NY1N2,NN1Y2, cleaned up edge case outputs, check for sorted arrays (VK; 7/18/15)

(See pro/util/intersect.pro)


IONABS

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function	ionabs
       returns the photoelectric absorption cross-sections for a given
	photon energy for specified chemical composition, and ion fractions.
	Uses ground state photoionisation cross-sections computed using the
	fortran code of Verner, D.A., Ferland, G.J., Korista, K.T., & Yakovlev,
	D.G., 1996, ApJ, 465, 487 and is supplemented with high resolution
	cross-sections in the vicinity of 1s-2p resonances for
	O (from Garcia et al., 2005, ApJS, 158, 68),
	Ne (from Juett et al., 2006, ApJ, 648, 1066), and
	C (from Hasogle et al, 2010, ApJ, 724, 1296).

syntax
	sigabs=ionabs(w,abund=abund,ionfrac=ionfrac,vfkydir=vfkydir,/ikeV,$
	nconsec=nconsec,DEM=DEM,logt=logt,verbose=verbose,noHeH=noHeH,$
	icrstr=icrstr,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile)

parameters
	w	[INPUT; required] photon energy values at which to compute
		the absorption cross-section
		* default units are [Ang], unless IKEV is set, when they are
		  assumed to be [keV]

keywords
	abund	[INPUT] abundances relative to H=1
		* default is to use Grevesse & Sauval
	ionfrac	[I/O] the ion fraction for all elements
		* must be a 2D array of size (NZ,NION), where
		  NION=NZ+1 and usually NZ=30
		* note that in normal cases, total(IONFRAC,2)
		  is an array of 1s.
		* if not given, assumed to be all neutral, IONFRAC[*,0]=1
		  - unless DEM is given, see below
		* if non-zero scalar, assumed to be all neutral
		  - DEM is ignored
		* if given as an array of size NZ, each element
		  is assumed to have a total of that fraction,
		  and all the ions have the same fraction
		  - this is clearly an artificial case, to be used mainly
		    for debugging and the like
		  - DEM is studiously ignored
		* if given as a 1D array of size not matching NZ,
		  is ignored with a warning and the default is used
		  - unless DEM is given, see below
		* if given as a 2D array of size not matching (NZ,NZ+1),
		  program quits with an error
		  - unless DEM is given, see below
		* if DEM (see below) is given, is read in as a 3D array
		  of size (NT,NZ+1,NZ1) from the database (using the PINTofALE
		  function RD_IONEQ(), which calls the CHIANTI procedure
		  READ_IONEQ), weights the fractions according to the DEM
		  and is converted into a 2D array of size (NZ,NZ+1)
	vfkydir	[INPUT] where to find the save files that contain the
		cross-sections calculated for each ionization state
		* default is '$ARDB'
		* NOTE: the cross-sections are not read in if the keyword
		  ICRSTR is properly defined
	ikeV	[INPUT] if set, assumes that W are in units of keV
	nconsec	[INPUT] number of grid points that define the cross-sections
		that must fall within one bin of the user defined grid before
		the switch from averaging to interpolating occurs
		* default=1
	DEM	[INPUT] the Differential Emission Measure that will be
		used to weight the different temperatures to compute the
		ionization fraction
		* looked at only if IONFRAC is not supplied as input
		* size must match LOGT, otherwise ignored
	logT	[INPUT] the temperature grid over which DEM is defined
		* size must match DEM, otherwise DEM is ignored
	noHeH	[INPUT] if set to any number other than 1 or 2, excludes
		H and He from the cross-sections
		* if set to 1, only excludes H
		* if set to 2, only excludes He
	icrstr	[I/O] the cross-sections calculated for each ionization
		state, stored in a structure of structures of the form
		ICRSTR.(Z) = {EVSPLAC, CROSSI}
		* if given on input, will use these numbers
		* if the structure does not contain enough tags, or if
		  any one of the substructures does not contain enough
		  tags, will be read in using the data in VFKYDIR
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined variables to subroutines
		-- RD_IONEQ : CHIDIR, EQFILE

subroutines
	GETABUND()
	RD_IONEQ()
	READ_IONEQ
	INICON
	GETPOADEF()

history
       written as IONTAU by Jeremy Drake (Apr07)
       further shoehorned into PoA format by Vinay Kashyap (Apr07)
	bug fixes and corrections and changed behavior of IONFRAC
	  (VK; May09)
	updated references (JJD; Aug11)
	BUG: DEM was not being normalized when weighting IONFRAC (JJD; Nov11)
	added call to GETPOADEF (VK; Aug15)

(See pro/ionabs.pro)


ISMTAU

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function	ismtau
	returns the optical depth for a given photon energy at specified
	column density.  i.e., the $\tau$ of $e^{-\tau}$.

	ingredients:
	* in the UV/Opt/IR regime, calls IDLastro's FM_UNRED.PRO
	* in the EUV regime, cannibalizes ISMEUV.PRO for
	  -- HI photoionization (Spitzer 19??, "Physical Processes in the
	     Interstellar Medium", p105), between 0.03 keV (413.3A) and 911.75A
	  -- HeII photoionization (ibid), between 0.03 keV (413.3A) and 911.75A
	  -- HeI with auto-ionization resonances (Marr & West 1976;
	     Oza 1986, Phys.Rev.A 33 824; Fernley et al. 1987, J.Phys.B 20,
	     6457; Rumph, Bowyer, & Vennes 1994, AJ 107, 2108) below 503.97A
	  -- NOTE: these are extended down to 43.657 AA when the X-ray
	     calculations are not being done.
	* in the X-ray regime (0.03 - 10 keV), either
	  -- Morrison & McCammon (1983, ApJ 270, 119) polynomial fit between
	     0.03 keV and 10 keV, or
	  -- Balucinska-Church & McCammon (1992, ApJ 400, 699) cross-sections,
	     which allows abundance variations, or
	  -- Wilms, Allen, & McCray (2000, ApJ, in press) calculations
	     that use cross-sections from Verner & Yakovlev (1995, A&AS,
	     109, 125), which also allows abundance variations
	  -- Verner, Ferland, Korista, & Yakovlev (1996, ApJ, 465, 487)
	     ground state photoionisation cross-sections that allows for
	     abundance variations (down to 911.75 Ang)
	* in the hard X-ray regime and beyond (>10 keV),
	  -- Tanaka & Bleeker (1977, ???) power-law extended past 10 keV
	* Molecular H (Cruddace et al. 1977, ApJ 187, 497; Kashyap et
	  al. 1992, ApJ 391, 684) between 12.3985A (1 keV) to 911.75A

	to extract only the cross-sections, set NH=1
	to obtain transmission factors, use exp(-ismtau(...))

syntax
	tau=ismtau(w,NH=NH,fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,Fano=Fano,/ikev,$
	/vion,/wam,/bam,/mam, abund=abund,noHeH=noHeH,verbose=verbose,$
	tauH1=tauH1,tauH2=tauH2,tauHeII=tauHeII,tauHe2=tauHe2,tauHe1=tauHe1,$
	tauX=tauX,tauTB=tauTB,$
	R_V=R_V,LMC2=LMC2,AVGLMC=AVGLMC,ExtCurve=ExtCurve,$
       fmgamma=fmgamma,fmx0=fmx0,fmc1=fmc1,fmc2=fmc2,fmc3=fmc3,fmc4=fmc4,$
	icrstr=icrstr,ionfrac=ionfrac,vfkydir=vfkydir,nconsec=nconsec,$
	DEM=DEM,logT=logT,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile)

parameters
	w	[INPUT; required] photon energy values at which to compute
		the optical depth.
		* default units are [Ang], unless IKEV is set, when they are
		  assumed to be [keV]

keywords
	NH	[INPUT; default=1] atomic H I column density [cm^-2]
		* when keyword VION is set, IONABS() is called to deal
		  with partially ionized media.  In this case, NH is
		  assumed to be total H column, i.e., H I + protons
		* note that when NH=1, the function essentially returns
		  the absorption cross-section in units of [cm^2]
		* to set the "column" for UV/optical/IR, use the keyword
		  EBV, which defines the E(B-V) and gets passed down to
		  the routine FM_UNRED
		  - this means that the "feature" of getting the cross-section
		    out for NH=1 that is available for high-energy photons is
		    not available at wavelengths > 911.75 Ang
	fH2	[INPUT; default=0.] N(H2)/N(HI)
		* originally was set to a default of 0.26, the Galactic
		  average -- comes from the asymptotic value of
		  N(H2)/N(HI) computed with the 3 component model (cold
		  HI, warm HI, H2) of Bloemen, J.B.G.M. (1987, ApJ 322, 694)
		  -- but has now been changed to 0. explicitly set it to a
		  float number to include H2 cross-sections
		* if NoHeH is set to exclude H, fH2 is assumed to be 0
	He1	[INPUT; default=0.1*NH] neutral He column density [cm^-2]
	HeII	[INPUT; default=0.1*He1] ionized He column density [cm^-2]
		* if NoHeH is set to exclude He, both HeI and HeII cross-sections
		  will be excluded regardless of what the keywords He1 and
		  HeII are set to
	Fano	[INPUT] if set, the 4 strongest auto-ionizing resonances
		of He I are included; the shape of these resonances are
		given by a Fano profile (cf. Rumph, Bowyer, & Vennes 1994,
		AJ 107, 2108).
		* input wavelength grid between 190 A and 210 A should be
		  ~0.01 A for this to be useful
	ikev	[INPUT] if set, assumes that W are in units of keV
	vion	[INPUT] if set, uses Verner et al. (1996) cross-sections
		* calls IONABS()
	wam	[INPUT] if set, uses Wilms, Allen, & McCray cross-sections
		* NOT IMPLEMENTED YET -- if set, defaults to Balucinska-Church
		  & McCammon.
	bam	[INPUT] if set, uses Balucinska-Church and McCammon updates
		to Morrison & McCammon cross-sections in 30 eV - 10 keV range
		* calls BAMABS()
	mam	[INPUT] if set, uses Morrison and McCammon photoionization
		cross-sections in the 30 eV - 10 keV range
		* This is the default
		* VION takes precedence over
		  WAM takes precedence over
		  BAM takes precedence over MAM.
		* if MAM is explicitly set to 0 and none of VION, BAM, or WAM are
		  set, then the original ISMEUV code is used from 43 AA longwards
	noHeH	[INPUT] passed on unchanged to BAMABS() and IONABS()
		if set to any number other than 1 or 2, excludes H and He
		cross-sections in BAMABS (and ensures that even if fH2 and
		He1 are not zero, they are properly excluded within ISMTAU)
		* if set to 1, excludes only H
		* if set to 2, excludes only He
		* NOTE: if set, will supersede fH2, He1 and HeII keyword
		  values in that H, H2, He1, He2 are all appropriately
		  excluded
	tauH1	[OUTPUT] optical depth due to H
	tauH2	[OUTPUT] optical depth due to molecular H2
	tauHe2	[OUTPUT] optical depth due to HeII
	tauHeII	[OUTPUT] same as TAUHE2
		* both present here for backwards compatibility
	tauHe1	[OUTPUT] optical depth due to HeI
		* NOTE: if VION is set, it computes H, HeI, and HeII
		  cross-sections, so the parts of tauH1, tauHe1, tauHe2
		  that overlap the relevant range get set to zero
	tauX	[OUTPUT] optical depth in EUV and X-ray regime (0.03-10 keV)
	tauTB	[OUTPUT] optical depth in hard X-ray regime (>10 keV)
	icrstr	[I/O] passed without comment to IONABS()
	EBV	[INPUT] color excess, E(B-V), passed on to FM_UNRED
		* default is 0
		* note that -ve values are not forbidden in FM_UNRED,
		  but are ignored here because we don't want any
		  confusion with the other optical depths
	R_V	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	LMC2	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	AVGLMC	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	ExtCurve[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmgamma	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmx0	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmc1	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmc2	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmc3	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
	fmc4	[INPUT] passed without comment to FM_UNRED
		* note: all of these keywords are explicitly included
		  because FM_UNRED doesn't have an _EXTRA keyword
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined variables to subroutines
		BAMABS: ABUND,VERBOSE
		IONABS: ABUND,IONFRAC,VFKYDIR,NCONSEC,DEM,LOGT,CHIDIR,EQFILE

restrictions
	requires BAMABS and IONABS (part of PINTofALE) and
	FM_UNRED and associated subroutines (from IDLastro)

history
	written by Vinay Kashyap (Feb97), based on
	  ISMEUV.PRO (W.Landsman [Oct94], via ISM.C@cea-ftp.cea.berkeley.edu
	  (Pat Jelinsky, Todd Rumph, et al.)) and ISMABS.PRO (VK; Dec91)
	changed default on HeII from 0 to 0.1*He1 (VK; Jan MM)
	changed default on NH from 1e20 to 1.0 (VK; MarMM)
	changed keyword KEV to IKEV; also for some reason H and He
	  photoionization from ISMEUV had been cut off at the C edge,
	  now corrected; added keywords WAM, BAM, and MAM, and call to BAMABS
	  (VK; OctMM)
	bug correction: BAM was not filtering on energy; allowed setting
	  MAM=0 to recover original ISMEUV calc (VK; Jun03)
	follow-up bug correction (VK; Jul03)
	added keyword NOHEH to streamline behavior of handling H and He
	  cross-sections with BAMABS (thanks Christian Schneider; VK Feb07)
	added keywords TAUH1,TAUH2,TAUHE2,TAUHE1,TAUX,TAUTB, VION,ICRSTR,;
	  changed all array index notation from old "()" to new "[]";
	  **WARNING** changed behavior of FH2 -- new default is 0, not 0.26;
	  added call to IONABS();
	  (VK; May09)
	added call to FM_UNRED for wvl > 911.75 Ang (VK; Aug11)
	bug fixes (Jon Slavin; Sep13):
	  /vion was double counting tauH,tauHe1,tauHe2
	  (WARNING: changes behavior of tauH, tauHe1,tauHe2 on output)
	added keyword TAUHE2 (VK; Sep13)

(See pro/ismtau.pro)


IS_DIR

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 Project     : HINODE/EIS

 Name        : IS_DIR

 Purpose     : Test if input is a valid directory

 Inputs      : DIR  = directory name to test

 Outputs     : None

 Keywords    : See IS_DIR2

 Version     : Written 12-Nov-2006, Zarro (ADNET/GSFC)
                  - uses better FILE_TEST
               Modified 5-Jan-2009, Zarro (ADNET/GSFC)
                  - return boolean instead of long

 Contact     : dzarro@solar.stanford.edu

(See pro/external/is_dir.pro)


IS_KEYWORD_SET

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function	is_keyword_set
	a wrapper to KEYWORD_SET(), in order to produce the
	same behavior with vector [0] as with IDL 5.6 and prior

parameters
	key	[INPUT] the keyword to test for

keywords
	none	isn't this ironic?

description
	prior to IDL 5.6, keyword_set(0) returned false and
	keyword_set([0]) returned true.  this behavior changed
	in IDL 5.6 to match the documentation of keyword_set,
	so that both 0 and [0] now return false.  it is far too
	difficult to change the code logic of all the programs
	written with old IDLs, so better to have a wrapper
	that duplicates the same behavior instead.

history
	Vinay Kashyap (Mar2006)

(See pro/util/is_keyword_set.pro)


ITOH_CH

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

    ITOH_CH

 EXPLANATION

    Calculates the relativistic free-free continuum using the fitting 
    formula of Itoh et al. (ApJS 128, 125, 2000).

    To calculate the continuum spectrum the user should specify
    whether the plasma structure is specified through a differential
    emission measure (DEM) curve or through emission measure (EM)
    values. For the former, the DEM values are specified through the
    DEM_INT keyword and for the latter the EM values are specified
    through the EM_INT keyword. If neither are specified EM_INT
    values of unity are assumed.

    If DEM_INT values are specifed they must be specified on a
    temperature scale that has constant intervals in log10(T). EM_INT
    values do not have this restriction.

    Note that EM_INT must be used for isothermal plasmas.

 INPUTS

    TEMP    Temperature (in K). If the keyword DEM_INT= is set, then the
            temperatures must be specified with a fixed spacing in
            logT. E.g., TEMP=10.^[4.0,4.1,4.2].

    WVL     Wavelengths in angstroms. Can be a scalar or vector. If /keV is
            set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units.

 OUTPUTS

    INT     Free-free continuum emissivity in units of 
            10^-40 erg cm^3 / s / sr / Angstrom per unit emission 
            measure [ integral(N_e N_H dh) in cm^-5 ]. If T is given as 
            a 1-D array, then RAD will be output as a 2-D array, 
            with one element for each temperature and wavelength 
            (but also see SUMT).

            If the keyword /keV is set, then the units of INT will be 
            10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/keV

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

    DEM_INT   This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              differential emission measure values. Specifying
              DEM_INT places a restriction on TEMP (see above). Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not.

    EM_INT    This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
              emission measure values. Note
              that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
              within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not. If
              neither EM_INT or DEM_INT are specified, then a EM_INT
              vector of same size as TEMP with values of unity is
              assumed.

    MIN_ABUND This keyword allows the specification of a minimum abundance, 
              such that any elements with an abundance (relative to 
              hydrogen) less than MIN_ABUND will not be included in the 
              calculation. E.g., MIN_ABUND=1e-5.

 KEYWORDS

    NO_SETUP By default the routine asks the user which ion balance 
             and abundance files to use via pop-up widgets. If 
             /no_setup is used then this data is taken from the common 
             block.

    SUMT     The default is to output the intensity array as an array 
             of size (nwvl x nT). Setting this keyword performs a sum 
             over the temperatures to yield a vector of same size as 
             the input wavelengths, thus producing the complete 
             free-free spectrum.

    PHOTONS  Gives output emissivity in photon units rather than ergs.

    KEV      If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units
             rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 CALLS

    SETUP_ELEMENTS

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

    In the Itoh et al. paper they state that their fitting formula is 
    valid for ion charges (Z_j) of 1-28. The data-file they provide 
    actually goes up to Z_j=30, and so you will see that the loop over 
    z (see below) goes up to 30.

    There is no restriction on the elements for which the fitting 
    formula is valid, and so all elements are allowed to be included 
    (subject to their abundances being non-zero).

 HISTORY

    Ver.1, 3-Dec-2001, Peter Young

    Ver.2, 22-May-2002, Peter Young
            Added MIN_ABUND optional input.

    Ver.3, 28-May-2002, Peter Young
            Corrected way in which DEM is handled.

    Ver.4, 9-Mar-2006, Peter Young
            Added /keV keyword.

    Ver.5, 10-Sep-2009, Peter Young
            Routine now checks that temperatures are evenly spaced
            when DEM_INT is specified. Also 0.1 dex spacing is no
            longer assumed.

    Ver.6, 6-Oct-2009, Peter Young
            Introduced EM_INT keyword for specifying emission measure
            values for isothermal plasmas.

    ver.PoA 10-Aug-2010, Vinay Kashyap
	     a la 18-Feb-2005, LiWei Lin 
            Commented out common block 
            Added abund, ioneq, ioneq_logt keywords
            Replaced variable ioneq_t with ieq_logt, _extra             
            Renamed routine itoh_ch

(See pro/external/itoh_ch.pro)


KABOOM

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procedure	kaboom
	produces BOOMs and BANGs
	(to be used only to indicate catastrophic failure, OK?  don't overdo it)

syntax
	kaboom,boom,bang=bang,/beep,/flash,/help

parameters
	boom	[INPUT; default='KABOOM!!'] could be 'BIFF'.  or 'POW'.  could
		even be an array

keywords
	bang	[INPUT; default=42] number of "KABOOM"s to produce
	beep	[INPUT] if set, also produces beeps
	flash	[INPUT] if set, flashes the window
	help	[INPUT] prints usage and quits
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

usage examples
	kaboom,boom,bang=bang,/beep,/flash,/help
	kaboom,'?',bang=100,/beep,/flash

side-effects
	makes an almighty mess of the plot window; may also make noises

history
	vinay kashyap (rewritten from memory of 1993 program)
	added keywords FLASH, HELP, and _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)
	improved color-scale setting for 24-bit consoles (VK; FebMMI)
	added a brief pause (VK; Apr04)

(See pro/util/kaboom.pro)


KARZAS_XS

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

      CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
      Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
      Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
      University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

    KARZAS_XS()

 EXPLANATION

    Outputs the photoionization cross-section at the wavelengths WVL for 
    ionization of an N,L electron with ionization energy IONIZ_EN, 
    calculated using the Karzas & Latter (ApJS 6, 167, 1961) formulation. 
    The bound-free gaunt factor is derived from the tables of Karzas & 
    Latter.

 INPUTS

    WVL    Wavelengths (in angstroms) for which cross-sections are 
           required (1-D array).

    N      Principal quantum number of the electron being removed in the 
           ionization.

    L      The orbital angular momentum of the electron being removed in the 
           ionization.

    IONIZ_EN  The ionization energy (in cm^-1) of the electron being 
              removed.

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

    PE      Allows the PE array from READ_KLGFB to be directly input to 
            KARZAS_XS thus avoiding the need to read the K&L data 
            repeatedly for many ions. Requires KLGFB to also be input.

    KLGFB   Allows the KLGFB array from READ_KLGFB to be directly input to 
            KARZAS_XS thus avoiding the need to read the K&L data 
            repeatedly for many ions. Requires PE to also be input.

 OUTPUT

    The photoionization cross-section for the ionization of the outer 
    electron in units of mega-barns (Mb = 10^-18 cm^2) at the input 
    wavelengths. E.g., for Fe XIII (ground configuration 
    1s2.2s2.2p6.3s2.3p2) it is the cross-section for the removal of the 
    3p electron.

 CALLS

    READ_KLGFB

 HISTORY

    Ver.1, 24-Jul-2002, Peter Young

(See pro/external/karzas_xs.pro)


KILROY

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procedure	kilroy
	"kilroy was here"
	writes a little something to the screen every time it is called

syntax
	kilroy,here,ndot=ndot,dot=dot,say=say

parameters
	here	[I/O; optional] if given, is included in the output and
		is increased by 1 upon output.
		* cannot be a string
			
keywords
	ndot	[INPUT] number of dots to write out (default is 1)
	dot	[INPUT] symbol to use (default is ".")
	say	[INPUT] an extra word or whatever to print out
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug 1996)

(See pro/util/kilroy.pro)


LAT2ARAB

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function 	lat2arab
		return arabic (decimal) equivalent of a latin numeral

syntax
	arabic=lat2arab(latin)

parameters
	latin	[INPUT; required] the latin numeral

keywords	NONE

restrictions
	* spaces, "."s, and anything that is not part of the
	  roman numeral system (I V X L C D M) is ignored.
	* there is no reverse function, to go from arabic
	  to latin, because that is not a unique transformation.
	  e.g., 1995 could be either MDCCCCLXXXXV (the BBC way),
	  or MVM, or all steps in between.
	* guaranteed to work only in simple cases.
	  DON'T push the envelope!
	* CAVEATVSVATOR

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov95)

(See pro/util/lat2arab.pro)


LEGALVAR

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function	legalvar
	returns 1 or 0 depending on whether VAR is a legal IDL variable
	or not.  simply calls EXECUTE.  need to put this inside a subroutine
	to protect possible existing variables of same name in main routine.

syntax
	l=legalvar(vars,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	var	[INPUT; required] string of candidate variable names
		* if array, output will also be an array of 1s and 0s

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (MM.I)
	bug fix if input is scalar (VK; MM.X)
	added keyword verbose (VK; IMVIM.VIII)

(See pro/util/legalvar.pro)


LEVMARQ

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procedure	levmarq
	Levenberg-Marquardt method, attempting to reduce the value chi^2 of a
	fit between a set of data points Y(X) with individual std.dev.s SIG,
	and a nonlinear function dependent of A parameters.  The input array
	IFIT indicates by non-zero entries those components of A that should
	be fitted for, and by 0 entries those components that should be held
	fixed at their input values.  The program returns current best-fit
	values for the parameters A and the value of CHISQ.  The arrays
	COVAR and ALPHA are used as working space during most iterations.
	Supply a routine FUNCS(x,a,yfit,dYdA) that evaluates the fitting
	function YFIT, and its derivatives dY/dA wrt fitting parameters A@X.
	On the first call, provide an initial guess for parameters A, and
	set ALAMDA < 0 for initialization.  If a step succeeds, CHISQ becomes
	smaller and ALAMDA decreases by a factor 10.  If a step fails, ALAMDA
	grows by a factor 3.  Call this routine repeatedly until convergence
	is achieved.  Then, make one final call with ALAMDA=0, so that COVAR
	returns the covariance matrix, and ALPHA the curvature matrix.  Those
	parameters held fixed will return zero covariances.

syntax
	levmarq,x,y,a,chisq,funcs=funcs,sig=sig,ifit=ifit,alamda=alamda,$
	jumpup=jumpup,jumpdn=jumpdn,ochisq=ochisq,alpha=alpha,covar=covar,$
	bvec=bvec,svdthr=svdthr,trial=trial,yfunc=yfunc,/tiptoe,$
	funcs=funcs,sig=sig,ties=ties, FUNCS_KEYWORDS

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required]
	y	[INPUT; required] size must match that of X
	a	[INPUT; required]
	chisq	[OUTPUT; required] the chi-sq statistic denoting degree of
		agreement between model and data

keywords
	ifit	[INPUT] integer array of same size as A, with 0's indicating
		frozen parameters and 1's indicating thawed parameters
		* if IFIT does not match A for any reason, all parameters
		  are assumed to be thawed
	jumpup	[INPUT; default=3] factor by which to increase ALAMDA if
		current trial fails
	jumpdn	[INPUT; default=0.1] factor by which to decrease ALAMDA if
		current trial succeeds
	alamda	[I/O] if not defined on input or is -ve, initializes the
		procedure.
	ochisq	[OUTPUT] the old value of the chi^2
	alpha	[OUTPUT] if ALAMDA=0, the curvature matrix
	covar	[OUTPUT] if ALAMDA=0, the covariance matrix
	bvec	[OUTPUT] the BETA fitting-vector
	svdthr	[INPUT; default=1e-6] threshold for singular values of
		diagonal SVD matrix
	trial	[OUTPUT] current trial values of the parameters
	yfunc	[OUTPUT] best-fit Y(X;A)
	tiptoe	[INPUT] if set, forces small steps on A
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		LMCOEFF: FUNCS, SIG
		ADJUSTIE: TIES
		FUNCS: whatever is needed

subroutines
	LMCOEFF
	SVDC
	SVSOL
	ADJUSTIE

history
	(C) Copr. 1986-92 Numerical Recipes Software =$j!]Y'1,).
	translated from MRQMIN.F to IDL by Vinay Kashyap (Oct98)
	changes: (i) matrix solution method from Gauss-Jordan elimination
	  to Singular-Value Decomposition; (ii) if trial fails, ALAMDA
	  increased by x{JUMPUP=3} instead of x10 and if trial succeeds,
	  decreased by x{JUMPDN=0.1} to avoid obvious oscillations;
	  (iii) call to COVSRT avoided; (iv) call to ADJUSTIE included;
	  (v) no resetting chisq within procedure (VK; Oct98)
	added keyword YFUNC (VK; Dec98)
	allowed "inversion" of 1-element "matrices" bypassing
	  SVDC and SVSOL (VK; Aug99)
	now returns correct chisq if all params are frozen (VK; JanMM)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; Nov04)

(See pro/fitting/levmarq.pro)


LIBMODEL

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procedure	libmodel
	computes F(X;A) and dF/dA for a library of model functions.
	procedure written to be compatible with FIT_LEVMAR, and also
	with IDL's CURVEFIT, GHRS-IDL's WFIT, etc.

syntax
	libmodel,x,a,f,pder,anew,type=type,verbose=verbose,$
	missing=missing,/norm,/fwhm,betap=betap,angle=angle,vrot=vrot,$
	Xo=Xo,pbreak=pbreak,NH=NH,wvlar=wvlar,effar=effar,exptime=exptime,$
	dellam=dellam,X0=X0,angrise=angrise,angfall=angfall,ybase=ybase,$
	yoff=yoff

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points at which to generate models
	a	[INPUT; required] array of parameter values
		* should match the number expected from TYPE.
		* no checks are made to verify that the user is not shooting
		  hirself in the foot.
	f	[OUTPUT; required] output f=f(x;a)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives for each parameter
	anew	[OUTPUT; optional] return a new set of A in which the
		normalization parameters have all been adjusted to account
		for the supplied RENORM

keywords
	type	[INPUT; required] string array denoting the model functions
		to be called.
		* this should rightly be a parameter, because it is
		  a very necessary part of the program.  however, most
		  fitting functions do not allow that degree of flexibility
		  and so we are forced to use this hack.
		* some models may be multiplicative (e.g., 'absorb'), and
		  their location in the TYPE array matters.  a multiplicative
		  model multiplies the model that is defined after it.  so
		  to apply the same absorption model to a powerlaw and a
		  gaussian, set
		    TYPE=['absorb','power','absorb','gauss']
		  and then use TIES=['a6=a1'],FREEZE=[6] to make sure the same 
		  absorption is applied to both components
	betap	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_LORENTZ and MK_SLANT
	angle	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_SLANT
	vrot	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_ROGAUSS
	x0	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_POWLAM,MK_BKNPOWER
	pbreak	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_POWLAM,MK_BKNPOWER
	phase	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_SINUSOID
	angrise	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_LCECLIPSE
	angfall	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_LCECLIPSE
	ybase	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_LCECLIPSE
	yoff	[I/O] keyword passed w/o checking to MK_LCECLIPSE
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	renorm	[INPUT; default=1] renormalize the output by multiplying
		by this factor
		* the adjusted normalizations for each component that
		  correspond to this renormalization are returned in ANEW

	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_ROGAUSS: VROT, FWHM, NORM, MISSING
		MK_POWLAM: XO,PBREAK,NH,WVLAR,EFFAR,EXPTIME,DELLAM
		MK_BKNPOWER: XO,NOBREAK,VERBOSE
		MK_POLY1D: X0
		MK_SINUSOID: PHASE, MISSING
		MK_SINE: MISSING
		MK_LCECLIPSE: ANGRISE, ANGFALL, YBASE, YOFF
		MK_ABSORB: FH2,HE1,HEII,FANO,IKEV,WAM,BAM,MAM,NOHEH,ABUND
		MK_EFOLD: VERBOSE
		MK_BBANG: VERBOSE
		MK_BBKEV: VERBOSE
		MK_RECIPROCALPOW: VERBOSE
		MK_SPLINE1D: XLOC,USEINIT,TENSION,VERBOSe

subroutines
	MK_GAUSS
	MK_LORENTZ
	MK_SLANT
	MK_ROGAUSS
	MK_POWLAM
	MK_BKNPOWER
	MK_POLY1D
	MK_LCECLIPSE
	MK_ABSORB
	MK_EFOLD
	MK_BBANG
	MK_BBKEV
	MK_RECIPROCALPOW
	MK_SINUSOID
	MK_SINE

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug01; based on X3MODEL and MK_3MODEL)
	added call to MK_SINUSOID (VK; Sep04)
	added call to MK_LCECLIPSE, allowed return of extra parameters
	  via keywords (VK; May07)
	added call to MK_BKNPOWER via "pow" and "pe"; added MK_ABSORB
	  via "absorb"; allowed for multiplicative as well as additive
	  models (VK; Jul08)
	added call to MK_EFOLD via "ef", "efold", and "exp" and to
	  MK_BBANG and MK_BBKEV via "bbang" and "bbkev" (VK; Aug08)
	added call to MK_RECIPROCALPOW via "reci/pow" and MK_SPLINE1D
	  via "spline=KNOTS"; added parameter ANEW and keyword RENORM
	  (VK; Sep08)
	added call to MK_SINE (VK; Jan13)

(See pro/fitting/libmodel.pro)


LICOSPEC

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procedure	licospec
	compute the contributions of line and continuum
	emissivities over a specified wavelength grid.

syntax
	licospec,wgrid,lspec,cspec,at_logT,lrf=lrf,lstr=lstr,cstr=cstr,$
	lemis=lemis,cemis=cemis,abund=abund,lcthr=lcthr,constr=constr,$
	ldbdir=ldbdir,cdbdir=cdbdir,ceroot=ceroot,verbose=verbose,$
	pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,$
	eqfile=eqfile,logT=logT,DEM=DEM,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,$
	type=type,/norm,/fwhm,betap=betap,angle=angle,vrot=vrot

parameters
	wgrid	[INPUT; required] wavelength bin boundaries over
		which to compute line and continuum contributions
		* must be in same units as the wavelengths stored
		  in LDBDIR, i.e., Angstroms
	lspec	[OUTPUT; required] line emission at each wavelength bin
	cspec	[OUTPUT; required] continuum emission at each wavelength bin
		* note that these are essentially spectra, and include
		  the effects of specified abundance, DEM, and any input
	 	  RMFs, LRFs, or effective areas.
	at_logT	[INPUT] if set to a scalar, assumes a delta-function
		emission measure to compute the appropriate fluxes;
		the default is to assume a DEM that covers the range
		4..8 in logT (but note that any arbitrary DEM can be
		defined using keywords LOGT and DEM).
		* NOT TESTED

keywords
	lrf	[INPUT] if scalar, the width of the line response function
		NOTE: the function used to define the LRF can be set
		using the keyword TYPE (e.g., TYPE='gauss', TYPE='beta=2.5')
		* if float, the width in the same units as WGRID
		* if integer, the width in number of bins
		* if RMF structure (e.g., output of RD_OGIP_RMF()), use
		  it to convolve the output and place in channels defined
		  by WGRID indices (i.e., if LRF is defined as an RMF,
		  it _must_ match the wavelength grid)
	lstr	[I/O] line emissivity structure out of RD_LINE()*FOLD_IONEQ()
		* if defined on input, RD_LINE() and FOLD_IONEQ() will not
		  be called unless bounds of WGRID spill out, in which case
		  the user will be asked what to do
		* unlike LEMIS below, abundances are _not_ included
		  (unless in case of APED)
	cstr	[I/O] continuum emissivity structure out of RD_CONT() --
		* if defined on input, RD_CONT() will not be called unless
		  bounds of WGRID spill out, in which case the user will be
		  asked what to do
	ldbdir	[INPUT; '$CHIANTI'] line emissivity database directory
	cdbdir	[INPUT; '$CONT'] continuum emissivity database directory
	ceroot	[INPUT; 'cie'] prefix of files containing the continuum
		emissivities
	abund	[INPUT] element abundances to use while computing the
		continuum emissivities, the line and continuum fluxes,
		combining line emissivities into wavelenth bins, etc.
		* if not defined, calls GETABUND(!ABREF)
		* if !ABREF is not defined, adopts Grevesse et al.
	lemis	[OUTPUT] line emissivities recast to be on the input
		wavelength grid, i.e., an array of size N(LOGT)xN(WGRID)
		and with units [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
		* the output line emissivities _include_ the specified
		  ion balances and abundances
	cemis	[OUTPUT] continuum emissivities recast to be on the input
		wavelength grid, i.e., an array of size N(LOGT)xN(WGRID)
		and with units [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
		* NOTE: the /Ang usually present in continuum emissivities
		  is missing here
	lcthr	[INPUT] if set, combines the continuum emissivity from all
		the bins with LSPEC/CSPEC less than LCTHR and returns it
		in CONSTR
		* if negative, then combines all bins with CSPEC < LCTHR
	constr	[OUTPUT] continuum emissivity structure with the emissivities
		marginalized over wavelength
       allah   [INPUT] if set, no bounds of WGRID are not checked against 
               LSTR and the structure is used as is 
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		RD_LINE: PRES, LOGP, N_E
		FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL, CHIDIR, EQFILE
		RD_CONT: PRES, LOGP, N_E, ABUND
		LINEFLX: LOGT, DEM, ABUND, EFFAR, WVLAR
		LIBMODEL: TYPE, NORM, FWHM, BETAP, ANGLE, VROT

example
	;	make a wavelength grid
	wgrid=findgen(2001)*0.001+18. & lrf=0.02 & type='beta=2.5'
	;	call LICOSPEC
	licospec,wgrid,lspec,cspec,verbose=10,lstr=lstr,cstr=cstr,$
	lcthr=0.1,constr=constr,lemis=lemis,cemis=cemis,n_e=1e10,$
	lrf=lrf,type=type
	;	plot line to continuum flux ratio
	plot,wgrid,lspec/cspec,/ylog,$
	xtitle='wavelength [Ang]',ytitle='line-to-continuum'
	;	plot line and continuum integrated emissivities
	tmpl=dblarr(81) & for i=0,80 do tmpl[i]=total(lemis[i,*])
	tmpc=dblarr(81) & for i=0,80 do tmpc[i]=total(cemis[i,*])
	plot,lstr.LOGT,tmpl,/yl & oplot,cstr.LOGT,tmpc,thick=3,line=2
	;	integrated emissivities over a sub range
	oo=where(lspec/cspec lt 0.1)
	tmpl=dblarr(81) & for i=0,80 do tmpl[i]=total(lemis[i,oo])
	tmpc=dblarr(81) & for i=0,80 do tmpc[i]=total(cemis[i,oo])
	plot,lstr.LOGT,tmpl,/yl & oplot,cstr.LOGT,tmpc,thick=3,line=2

subroutines
	CONV_RMF [RD_OGIP_RMF]
	FOLD_IONEQ [RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ], WHEE]
	GETABUND
	HASTOGRAM [KILROY]
	LIBMODEL [MK_GAUSS, MK_LORENTZ, MK_ROGAUSS [MK_GAUSS], MK_SLANT]
	LINEFLX [GETABUND, WHEE]
	MID2BOUND
	RD_CONT [SETSYSVAL [LEGALVAR], SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]]
	RD_LINE [INICON, SETSYSVAL [LEGALVAR], SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]]
	REBINW [FINDEX]
	SETSYSVAL [LEGALVAR]
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec2003)
	added keywords LEMIS,CEMIS,LCTHR,CONSTR,ABUND,LDBDIR,CDBDIR,CEROOT;
	  corrected bug with CSTR.CONT_INT being degraded in repeated calls;
	  now -asks- if input wavelength range has changed and LSTR/CSTR do
	  not span this range (VK; Jan2004)
	cleaned up behavior of CSTR.CONT_INT for compatibility with RD_CONT();
	  now output LEMIS and CEMIS add up in photon space (VK; Apr2004)
       added ALLAH keyword to facilitate use of ZRESP keyword in
         SOLAR_TRESP() (LL; Sep2005) 
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/licospec.pro)


LIKELI

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function	likeli
	returns p(D|M), the likelihood of observing the data for the
	given model.

	the default action is to return exp(-chi^2/2)

syntax
	prob=likeli(data,model,derror,dsigma=dsigma,ulim=ulim,$
	/binom,/chi2,/rchi,/cash,/castor,softlim=softlim)

parameters
	data	[INPUT; required] observed data
	model	[INPUT; required] predicted model or model parameters
	derror	[INPUT] errors on DATA
		* if specified, overrides keyword DSIGMA

keywords
	dsigma	[INPUT] errors on DATA
		* if not specified, taken to be 1+sqrt(abs(DATA)+0.75)
		* used only if DERROR is not present
	ulim	[INPUT] long-integer array specifying which elements of
		DATA are upper limits (1: UL, 0: not)
		* applies only to CHI2 and RCHI
	cash	[INPUT] if set, returns the Cash (19??, ApJ 228, 939) statistic
	castor	[INPUT] if set, returns the Castor correction to Cash
	binom	[INPUT] if set, likelihood is computed as
		    MODEL(0)^(d1)*(1.-MODEL(0))^(d0)
		where
		    d1=total(DATA(where(DATA ge BINOM))) and
		    d0=total(DATA(where(DATA lt BINOM)))
	chi2	[INPUT; default] if set, returns -alog(p(D|M))
	rchi	[INPUT] if set, returns alog(p(D|M))/n_elements(D)
		* priority: CASH supercedes CASTOR supercedes
		  BINOM supercedes CHI2 supercedes RCHI
	softlim	[INPUT] if set, then likelihood is unaffected when
		model values are below data values, and drops as a
		Gaussian centered on SOFTLIM*DSIGMA with error DSIGMA
		otherwise
		* if not set, upper limits are taken to be hard
		  limits, i.e., likelihood drops to 0 if model
		  values exceed data values
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to avoid crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar 97)
	added keywords CASH and CASTOR (VK; Jul98)
	changed keyword name SIGMA to DSIGMA (VK; MMaug)
	had forgotten to actually include CASH and CASTOR in call (VK; May02)
	added parameter DERROR as a dupe for DSIGMA (VK; Jun05)
	BUGFIX to not crash if all DATA are upper limits (VK; Sep05)
	added keyword SOFTLIM (VK; May06)
	bug correction re SOFTLIM model estimate (VK; Jul07)
	corrected output to be same as all the others when /BINOM,/CHI2
	  is set or when /RCHI is set but not /CHI2 (VK; Apr08)
	fixed a lower bound of 1e-30 for model intensities for CASH per
	  discussion with Jan-Uwe (VK; Aug08)

(See pro/stat/likeli.pro)


LINEFLX

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function	lineflx
	computes observeable counts [ct/s] or flux [ergs/s] from spectral
	line for specified DEM by simple trapezoidal integration over
	temperatures.
	if effective area is not specified, output will be [ph/s/cm^2]
	or [ergs/s/cm^2]

	input line emissivities are in [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s].  these include
	ionization balance, but not (necessarily) abundances.  the line
	emissivities are multiplied by the differential emission measure
	and element abundance to get fluxes, then divided by the line energy
	to get photon fluxes, and multiplied by the supplied effective areas
	to get count rates.  no effort is made to determine line profiles
	or to include spectral responses (beyond the effective areas).

syntax
	fx=lineflx(line,logT,wvl,Z,DEM=DEM,/temp,abund=abund,/noph,$
	nhne=nhne,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,/ikev,/noabund)

parameters
	line	[INPUT; required] array of line cooling emissivities
		in units of 1e-23 erg cm^3/s
		* if 2D array, LINE==LINE(logT,WVL)

		* WARNING: will return garbage if given 1D array LINE(WVL)
		  (or even 2D array LINE(1,WVL))
		  use a for-loop to handle such a case

		* WARNING: will get converted to 1-element vector if input
		  as scalar
	logT	[INPUT; required] array of log10(Temperature [K]) at
		which emissivities are given.
		* array size MUST match that of LINE
		* if not regularly gridded, remember to set REGRID!
	wvl	[INPUT; required] wavelength(s) [Angstrom] of lines at
		which LINE is given
		* array size MUST match LINE
	Z	[INPUT] atomic number of element that generates each WVL
		* if Z has less elements than WVL, Z is ignored
		* if Z is to be ignored, all lines are assumed to be from
		  same element, and abundance values are ignored

keywords
	DEM	[INPUT] Differential Emission Measure at each T [cm^-5/logK]
		* default is a constant=1e14!!
		* if array size does not match that of LOGT, then DEM is
		  assumed to cover the same range and is linear interpolated
		* if defined at only 1 temperature, assumed to be EM [cm^-5]
	temp	[INPUT] if set, assumes that logT is actually in T [K], and
		that DEM is given in units of [cm^-5/K]
		* ignored if logT is defined at only one bin
	abund	[INPUT] abundances relative to H (abund(0)=1)
		* abund(Z-1) contains the abundance for element Z
		* if array size is smaller than the largest present Z,
		  the last element is replicated to fill the gap
		* default: Anders & Grevesse (1989)
	noph	[INPUT] if set, does not do the conversion to [ph] from [ergs]
	nhne	[INPUT] the ratio of N(H)/n_e needed to complete the
		intensity calculation
		* if not set, assumes 0.83, which is the limiting value
		  for high-temperature plasma with approximately cosmic
		  abundances
		* if array and size does not match LOGT, then uses only
		  the first element
		* if Z is not defined, or is 1, then it is **IGNORED**
		* see discussion in the documentation of POPSOL()
	effar	[INPUT] effective area [cm^2]
		* if not set, assumed to be 1 cm^2
	wvlar	[INPUT] wavelengths at which effective area is defined.
		* if not set, assumed to be WVL
		* array size MUST match that of EFFAR
	ikev	[INPUT] if set, assumes that WVL and WVLAR are in [keV],
		NOT [Angstrom]
	noabund	[INPUT] if set, ABUND values are ignored in the calculations,
		same as though they (or Z) had been set to 1
		* but NHNE gets applied
	regrid	[INPUT] if set, assumes that LOGT is irregularly sampled
		and regrids it (and LINE) to a regular grid
		* NOT IMPLEMENTED YET
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	GETABUND
	WHEE

usage examples
	* f=lineflx(rd_line(logP=20,wvl=w,logT=T,/allah),T,w,dem=10.D^(5*t))
	* fl=rd_line(wr=16.776,wvl=w,logT=T,/allah) & t=10.^(t)
	  f=lineflx(fl,T,w,dem=10.D^(5*alog10(t)),/temp)

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96)
	added keywords EFFAR and WVLAR (VK; Jan96)
	added call to WHEE, removed call to KILROY,
	  ensured DEM stretches to fit logT, added case of EM masquerading
	  as DEM, removed the [/sr] from the output (VK; Feb97)
	changed integration style; restructured to ignore effective area
	  if not supplied; added keyword REGRID (VK; Apr97)
	corrected ln v/s log10 bug (VK; Jun97)
	added keyword NOPH; bug correction -- dlogT should in in base 10
	  (VK; Jan98)
	changed keyword KEV to IKEV (VK; DecMM)
	EFFAR and WVLAR ignored if set to 0 (VK; JanMMI)
	added keyword NHNE (VK; Jun02)
	added keyword NOABUND (VK; Apr03)
	changed bad input check from LINE(0)=-1 to total(LINE)=-N(LINE)
	  (VK; Feb06)
	changed back integration style to simple from trapezoidal (VK; Mar06)
	changed check for whether WVL are given (VK; Jun07)
	bug fix: was including 0.83 factor even when continuua and broad-band
	  emissivities were being used [thx P.Testa]; now anything with Z=1
	  will exclude the NHNE correction -- for H lines, fold the NHNE factors
	  into the emissivities manually (VK; Dec10)

(See pro/lineflx.pro)


LINEID

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function	lineid
	allows identification of spectral features and returns ID
	information in a structure (see structure variable IDHLP
	for complete description of fields)

syntax
	id=lineid(lamda,spec,elem,wrng=wrng,wshift=wshift,locmax=locmax,$
	best=best,topX=topX,batch=batch,stor=stor,oldid=oldid,omatch=omatch,$
	markw=markw,feature=feature,verbose=verbose,$
	n_e=n_e,logP=logP,pres=pres,dbdir=dbdir,/allah,chifil=chifil,$
	eqfile=eqfile,chidir=chidir,dem=dem,abund=abund,effar=effar,$
	wvlar=wvlar,sigmay=sigmay,xsize=xsize,ysize=ysize,wid=wid,$
	dynrng=dynrng,markp=markp,marks=marks,marko=marko,$
	/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,stasiz=stasiz,$
	stathk=stathk)

parameters
	lamda	[INPUT; required] wavelength(s) at which spectrum is defined
		* interactive if LAMDA is a multi-element array, batch mode
		  otherwise (also see keyword BATCH)
	spec	[INPUT; optional] the spectrum
		* default is 10+random
		* if SPEC is a character string or array, taken to be ELEM
		* if LAMDA and SPEC do not match in size, taken to be atomic
		  numbers
	elem	[INPUT; optional] confine matches to this particular element
		* overrides anything inferred "via" SPEC

keywords
	wrng	[INPUT] interval in which to search for matches
		* default is WRNG=0.01
		* if scalar and between 0 and 1, look for matches in the range
		  	[W-W*WRNG,W+W*WRNG]
		* if scalar and > 1, or scalar and < 0, abs(WRNG) is assumed
		  to be the actual step size and is used as is, i.e.,
		  	W+abs(WRNG)*[-1,1]
		* if 1-element vector, then range is W+abs(WRNG(0))*[-1,1]
		* if multi-element vector, then [W-WRNG[0],W+WRNG[1]]
		* NOTE: in interactive mode the range may be altered, but
		  the >behavior< of the range is set by the initial values.
		* also note that WRNG is not changed on output.
	wshift	[INPUT] amount by which to shift the wavelength scale
		* WRNG will be reset to WRNG+WSHIFT
	locmax	[INPUT] if set, finds matches at all local maxima
		* search window width (2*abs(LOCMAX)+1)>3
	best	[INPUT] if set, returns "best" match -- the strongest
		possible nearest line
		* obviously, there is weighting involved
		* BEST.GE.0: pick largest of Flx[w]/(w-w0)^BEST
		* otherwise: return the nearest match(es)
	topX	[I/O; default: 20] returns at most TOPX matches
		* MUST be scalar
		* in interactive mode, presents only TOPX for matching choice
		* if 0 < TOPX < 1, uses this as a >threshold<, selecting only
		  those lines whose theoretical predicted fluxes are this
		  fraction or higher than the maximum flux in the set.
		* if TOPX < 0, the integer value is used as the upper limit
		  to number of matches, and the fractional value is used as
		  the threshold.
		* may get altered within LINEID_MENU
		* examples:
		  TOPX = 0 brings up 20 matches
		  TOPX = 10 brings up 10 matches
		  TOPX = 0.6 brings up all lines with fluxes > 0.6 of max
		  TOPX = -40.01 brings up 40 lines with fluxes > 1% of max
	batch	[INPUT] if set, operates in batch mode (i.e., no widget-based
		selections)
		* batch mode is also forced if:-
		  o N_ELEMENTS(LAMDA)=1
		  o LOCMAX is set
		  o TOPX is set to 1
		  o !D.NAME is not 'X'
	stor	[I/O] if present in call, will store the output of RD_LINE and
		FOLD_IONEQ as a structure.  if a structure, then MUST be of
		the form {LINE_INT,LOGT,WVL,Z,ION,DESIG,CONFIG}, because
		then RD_LINE and FOLD_IONEQ will be bypassed!
		* use with caution!!
	oldid	[INPUT] if set and is in the same format as the output of
		LINEID, starts off from this point.  i.e., things can be
		added or modified from here on.
	omatch	[INPUT] if OLDID is given *and* OMATCH is set, forces each
		wavelength selection to match the nearest matched wavelength
		in OMATCH.
		* if OMATCH < 0, won't verify, but will force a match if
		  new location is within abs(OMATCH), and will force a new
		  match otherwise
		* if OMATCH > 0, will ask
	markw	[INPUT] if set, places marks on the plot at these wavelengths
	feature	[INPUT] labels for MARKW
		* passed with minimal modification to PICKRANGE
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	wrange	[IGNORED] keyword for RD_LINE, will be trapped and ignored.
	temp	[IGNORED] keyword for LINEFLX, will be trapped and ignored.
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass predefined input keywords to subroutines:
		pres	(RD_LINE) pressure [cm^-3 K]
		logP	(RD_LINE) log10(pressure [cm^-3 K])
		n_e	(RD_LINE) electron density [cm^-3]
		dbdir	(RD_LINE) line emissivity database
		allah	(RD_LINE) which elements to choose
		chifil	(FOLD_IONEQ) set to read CHIANTI ion balance files
		eqfile	(FOLD_IONEQ) name of ion balance file
		chidir	(RD_IONEQ) location of CHIANTI installation
		DEM	(LINEFLX) Differential Emission Measure distribution
		abund	(LINEFLX) abundances
		effar	(LINEFLX) effective area [cm^2]
		wvlar	(LINEFLX) wavelength grid for EFFAR
		sigmaY	(PICKRANGE) error-bars on SPEC
		xsize	(PICKRANGE) window size
		ysize	(PICKRANGE) window size
		wid	(PICKRANGE) window ID
		dynrng	(PICKRANGE) dynamic range in log scale
		markp	(PICKRANGE) PSYM for (FEATURE,MARKW)
		marks	(PICKRANGE) SYMSIZE for (FEATURE,MARKW)
		marko	(PICKRANGE) ORIENTATION for (FEATURE,MARKW)
		oxr	(PICKRANGE) final output XRANGE
		oyr	(PICKRANGE) final output YRANGE
		nuthin	(STAMPLE) don't stamp the plots
		noday	(STAMPLE) don't stamp the plots with day
		notime	(STAMPLE) don't stamp the plots with time
		nouser	(STAMPLE) don't stamp the plots with username
		nopack	(STAMPLE) don't stamp the plots with package name
		stacol	(STAMPLE) stamp color
		stasiz	(STAMPLE) stamp size
		stathk	(STAMPLE) stamp thickness

description
	read in database of line cooling intensities and for each observed
	wavelength which requires a match, find the set of matches.  if
	interactive, allow selection of multiple matches.  once done,
	reorganize into structure of
	{WVL: observed wavelength;
	  {corresponding
	    WVL: matched wavelengths,
	    Z: atomic numbers,
	    ION: ionic states,
	    LABL: e-configurations or whatever is available,
	    FLUX: theoretical fluxes for all new or modified matches
	    	(fluxes in OLDID are not touched unless ID is changed),
	    FLUXERR: errors on FLUX (set to zero),
	    LOGT: temperatures at which emissivities are defined
	    EMIS: line emissivities for all IDs (ion-balance included)
	    NOTES: scribbles about this ID, for human eyes only
	  }
	}

restrictions
	requires IDL v5 or greater
	interactive selections require X-windows
	requires subroutines
	    RD_LINE [KILROY, SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]]
	    FOLD_IONEQ [WHEE, GETLOCMAX, RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ]]
	    LINEFLX [WHEE]
	    GETLOCMAX
	    PICKRANGE
	    LINEID_MENU [CAT_ID]
	    CREATE_STRUCT
	    KABOOM
	    INICON
	    STR_2_ARR

usage examples
	* lid=lineid(12.3985/7.83,['Fe','Ni'],wr=0.1*[1,1],topX=50)
	* stor=1 & lid=lineid(x,y,wr=[1],/allah,logP=20,stor=stor)
	  lid=lineid(x,y,wr=[1],/allah,logP=20,stor=stor)
	* lid=lineid(x,y,'Fe',logP=20,econf=0)

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec96)
	bug corrections: ion balance in STOR, format sizes in menu input;
	  added ID history info to PICKRANGE and menu; added keyword OLDID
	  (VK; Feb97)
	added keyword OMATCH; allowed expeditious return when no matches
	  found (VK; Jun98)
	modified behavior of STOR to eliminate excess variables (VK; Oct98)
	added LOGT and EMIS (EMIS includes ion balance) to the output; bug
	  correction re STOR not being specified; corrected bug with
	  BEST actually returning the worst; added keywords BATCH, MARKW,
	  FEATURE; added calls to KABOOM, INITSTUFF, STR2ARR; TOPX now acts
	  as threshold too; added support for multiple grating orders
	  (VK; Nov98)
	changed behavior of WRANGE; added renormalization of fluxes; bug fix
	  older matches not echoing in menu window; added field FLUXERR to
	  ID structure (VK; Dec98)
	added field NOTES to ID structure (VK; Mar99)
	modified ion balance calcs (VK; 99May)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	changed to full IDL5+ compatibility ("()"->"[]"); stor does not
	  have to be defined on input, just be present in the call; added
	  dummy keywords WRANGE and TEMP (VK; AugMM)
	added keyword VERBOSE, and now doesn't default to random if NX eq NY+1
	  (i.e., bin boundaries are given rather than mid-bin values: VK; Nov01)
	changed call to STR_2_ARR from STR2ARR (VK; AprMMV)

(See pro/lineid.pro)


LINEID_MENU

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	lineid_menu
	function to select matches to wavelengths and return position
	indices of selected matches.

syntax
	oo=lineid_menu(menu,w0,w,f,wshift,topX,wrange,cord,code,scratch,$
	wvls=wvls,idwvls=idwvls,gwvl=gwvl,renorm=renorm)

parameters
	menu	[INPUT] list of items to choose from; string array
	w0	[INPUT] wavelength that needs match
	w	[INPUT] wvls of matched lines (must be of same size as MENU)
	f	[INPUT] fluxes of all matched lines (same size as MENU)
	wshift	[I/O] wavelength shift
	topX	[I/O] maximum number of matches
	wrange	[I/O] interval in which to search for matches
	cord	[I/O] comma-separated list of grating orders
	code	[OUTPUT] 0: NEXT WAVELENGTH
			 1: QUIT LINEID
			 2: REPEAT FOR NEW PARAMETERS
	scratch	[OUTPUT] human readable notation

keywords
	wvls	[INPUT] wavelengths which are previously identified
	idwvls	[INPUT] structure describing IDs 
	gwvl	[INPUT] grating-order corrected wavelengths
	renorm	[INPUT] renormalization factor

restrictions
	* widget based
	* dedicated subroutine to LINEID (written simply to avoid
	  making LINEID too large to comprehend)
	* no error checking is done.  it is assumed that this function
	  is called from LINEID, and naught else.
	* requires subroutines
	  -- CAT_ID
	  -- CREATE_STRUCT

warning
	* here be hippogrif
	* don't even <<think>> about understanding this program

history
	author of this hack prefers anonymity, thank you very much (Dec96)
	some cosmetic surgery, added button STATUS and call to CAT_ID (Feb97)
	corrected bug with reordering (Jul98)
	added CORD, GWVL, changed TOP field from /LONG to /FLOAT (Nov98)
	changed behavior of UNDO LAST; renamed NEXT as HELP; renamed DONE
	  as NEXT; added keyword RENORM and entry field PARS_NORM; changed
	  MBAR_NEXT to MBAR_HELP (Dec98)
	added output SCRATCH (Mar99)
	bug correction re SCRATCH (FebMM)

(See pro/lineid_menu.pro)


LINEREM

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function	linerem
	remove lines from input spectrum and return the "cleaned" spectrum

syntax
	cleanspec=linerem(lamda,spec,sig=sig,cell=cell,nsigma=nsigma,$
	bkgval=bkgval,bkgerr=bkgerr,/quiet,/posve,/negve)

parameters
	lamda	[INPUT; required] wavelengths at which spectrum
		is defined.
	spec	[INPUT; optional] the spectrum.
		NOTE: if not given, LAMDA is taken to be SPEC and
		the array indices are taken to be LAMDA

keywords
	sig	[INPUT] error at each point; if not given, the
		errors are taken to be 1+sqrt(abs(SPEC)+0.75).
	nsigma	[INPUT; default: 4] multiple of SIG to consider
		as a threshold for detection of features
	cell	[INPUT] 1D filter to use in computing the background
		* default is [1,1,0,0,0,1,1]
		* if scalar, then [IC+1,ICC,IC+1], where
		  IC=intarr(2*CELL), ICC=intarr(2*CELL+1)
	bkgval	[OUTPUT] final background values at each bin
		NOTE: This is essentially a smoothed version of
		the cleaned spectrum!
	bkgerr	[OUTPUT] error estimates on BKGVAL
	quiet	[INPUT] if set, doesn't show, doesn't tell
	posve	[INPUT] if set, removes only +ve deviations
	negve	[INPUT] if set, removes only -ve deviations
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashes

description
	1. make sure that the spectrum is defined on a regular grid.
	   (if not, rebin [NOT IMPLEMENTED!])
	2. convolve the spectrum with background cell to determine
	   local background.
	3. also propagate errors (assume gaussian; if poisson, use
	   gaussian approximation)
	4. compare local value with local background
	5. flag those bins which are significantly different from local
	   background (use +-NSIGMA*SIG as a threshold value)
	6. reset the flagged bin values to local background values
	7. repeat 2-6 until no new bins are flagged

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)
	changed keyword SIGMA to SIG (VK; Jun98)
	CELL was being altered if input as scalar -- corrected; altered
	  behavior of output when no deviations are found (VK; Oct98)
	now if QUIET>1, won't ask to quit if many bins are found (VK; 99Aug)
	changed POS and NEG to POSVE and NEGVE (VK; MMJul)

(See pro/linerem.pro)


LINESPEC

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	linespec
	returns a spectrum of atomic lines.  output will be in units
	of [erg,ph]/s/cm^2/[keV,Ang]
	
	if IKEV is set, WMIN,WMAX,WW must be input in [keV] and the
	output will have units .../keV

	if NOPH is set, output will have units of erg/...

	if EFFAR and WVLAR are not set, output will have units of .../cm^2

syntax
	spec=linespec(atom,wmin=wmin,wmax=wmax,nbin=nbin,/wlog,ww=ww,/ikev,$
	fstr=fstr,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,desig=desig,econf=econf,$
	/allah,dbdir=dbdir,dem=dem,abund=abund,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,$
	/noph,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	atom	[INPUT; default: all] element(s) whose line intensities are
		to be read.
		* can specify ionic state (e.g., 'FeXX')
		* may be an array (e.g., ['He', 'c 5', 'N V', 's_8'])

keywords
	wmin	[I/O] minimum value of wavelength range
		* default is 1.23985A (10 keV)
		* overwritten if WW is set
	wmax	[I/O] maximum value of wavelength range
		* default is 900A
		* overwritten if WW is set
	nbin	[I/O] number of bins in spectrum
		* default is 100
		* overwritten if WW is set
	wlog	[I/O] if set, binning will be logarithmic
	ww	[I/O] if set as an array on input, assumed to be the
		bin boundaries --
		* NBIN will be reset to n_elements(WW)-1 on output
		* WMIN will be reset to min([WW(0),WW(nbin)]) on output
		* WMAX will be reset to max([WW(0),WW(nbin)]) on output
	ikev	[INPUT] if set, WMIN,WMAX,WW are all assumed to be in keV
		* it is also caught at this stage and is not passed down to
		  LINEFLX
	fstr	[I/O] if defined on input, will return all the spectral
		lines info LINE_INT,LOGT,WVL,Z,ION,DESIG,ECONF in that order
		in a structure.
		* ion balance is included in LINE_INT, but abundances
		  are not.
		* if defined as a structure on input, RD_LINE and FOLD_IONEQ
		  will not be called, so use with caution!
	_extra	[INPUT] allows specifying defined keywords to subroutines
		called by this program
		* RD_LINE: PRES,LOGP,N_E,DESIG,ECONF,ALLAH,DBDIR,VERBOSE
		* FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL,VERBOSE
		* RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR,EQFILE
		* LINEFLX: DEM,ABUND,EFFAR,WVLAR,NOPH

subroutines
	RD_LINE [KILROY, SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]]
	FOLD_IONEQ [WHEE, GETLOCMAX, RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ (CHIANTI)]]
	LINEFLX [WHEE]
	HASTOGRAM [KILROY]

history
	vinay kashyap (Jan97)
	included ion balance into FSTR (VK;Feb97)
	bug -- crashes when FSTR not specified (VK;Mar97)
	speeded up spectrum accumulation by adding call to HASTOGRAM (VK;Jan98)
	modified ion balance calcs (VK; 99May)
	changed keyword KEV to IKEV; DESIG and ECONF must be explicitly set
	  to 0 to avoid reading them in in RD_LINE; streamlined IKEV behavior
	  (VK; JanMMI)

(See pro/linespec.pro)


LINESPEC_EM

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	linespec_em
	returns a spectrum of atomic lines for a 1-T EM.  output will be in
	units of [erg,ph]/s/cm^2/[keV,Ang]
	
	if IKEV is set, WMIN,WMAX,WW must be input in [keV] and the
	output will have units .../keV

	if NOPH is set, output will have units of erg/...

	if EFFAR and WVLAR are not set, output will have units of .../cm^2

syntax
	spec=linespec_em(atom,wmin=wmin,wmax=wmax,nbin=nbin,/wlog,ww=ww,/ikev,$
	tlog=tlog,EM=EM,fstr=fstr,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,desig=desig,$
	econf=econf,/allah,dbdir=dbdir,abund=abund,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,
	/noph,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	atom	[INPUT; default: all] element(s) whose line intensities are
		to be read.
		* can specify ionic state (e.g., 'FeXX')
		* may be an array (e.g., ['He', 'c 5', 'N V', 's_8'])

keywords
	wmin	[I/O] minimum value of wavelength range
		* default on input is 1.23985A (10 keV)
	wmax	[I/O] maximum value of wavelength range
		* default on input is 900A
	nbin	[I/O] number of bins in spectrum
		* default on input is 100
	wlog	[I/O] if set, binning will be logarithmic
	ww	[I/O] if set as an array on input, assumed to be the
		bin boundaries --
		* NBIN will be set to n_elements(WW)-1 on output
		* WMIN will be set to min([WW(0),WW(nbin)]) on output
		* WMAX will be set to max([WW(0),WW(nbin)]) on output
	ikev	[INPUT] if set, WMIN,WMAX,WW are all assumed to be in keV
		* it is also caught at this stage and is not passed down to
		  LINEFLX
	fstr	[I/O] if defined on input, will return all the spectral
		lines info LINE_INT,LOGT,WVL,Z,ION,DESIG,ECONF in that order
		in a structure.
		* ion balance is included in LINE_INT, but abundances
		  are not.
		* if defined as a structure on input, RD_LINE and FOLD_IONEQ
		  will not be called, so use with caution!
	tlog	[INPUT] log10(T [K]) at which EM is defined
	EM	[INPUT] Emission Measure [cm^-5; if not, output units
		must be suitably mangled]
	_extra	[INPUT] allows specifying defined keywords to subroutines
		called by this program
		* RD_LINE: PRES, LOGP, N_E, DESIG, ECONF, ALLAH, DBDIR
		* FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL
		* RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR, EQFILE
		* LINEFLX: DEM, ABUND, EFFAR, WVLAR, NOPH

subroutines
	RD_LINE [KILROY, SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]]
	FOLD_IONEQ [WHEE, GETLOCMAX, RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ (CHIANTI)]]
	LINEFLX [WHEE]
	HASTOGRAM [KILROY]

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr97; modified from LINESPEC.PRO)
	speeded up spectrum accumulation by adding call to HASTOGRAM;
	  speeded up cycling thru lines by modifying DEM (VK;Jan98)
	modified ion balance calcs (VK; 99May)
	changed keyword KEV to IKEV; DESIG and ECONF must be explicitly set
	  to 0 to avoid reading them in in RD_LINE; streamlined IKEV behavior
	  (VK; JanMMI)

(See pro/linespec_em.pro)


LINE_CHIANTI

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
FUNCTION	line_chianti
	returns a 2D array containing line cooling emissivities at a set of
	temperatures for all available spectral lines (in a CHIANTI style
	database [http://wwwsolar.nrl.navy.mil/chianti.html]) for the
	specified element at the specified pressure or density
	[1e-23 erg cm^3 s^-1] (NTEMP,NANG)
	NOTE: Ion Balance is NOT included!!!

SYNTAX
	fx=line_chianti(elem,pres,logT,ang,trans,kev=kev,ikey=ikey,jkey=jkey,$
	econf=econf,wmn=wmn,wmx=wmx,n_e=n_e,istate=istate,/tex,chidir=chidir)

PARAMETERS
	elem	[INPUT; required] name of element e.g., "He", "C", etc.
		* may specify ionic state (e.g., 'Fe XXII')
		* if an array, only the first element is looked at
	pres	[INPUT; default: 1e15 cm^-3 K] pressure at which to compute
		level populations
	temp	[INPUT/OUTPUT] log(Temperature[K]) at which to compute the
		line fluxes.  if not given, then TEMP=4.0+FINDGEN(81)*0.05
		* best results if evenly spaced in log(T)
	ang	[OUTPUT] all the wavelengths [Angstrom]
	trans	[OUTPUT] 2D array of transitions --
		trans[0,*] lower levels; trans[1,*] upper levels

KEYWORDS
	kev	[OUTPUT] all the line energies (same as ANG, but in [keV])
	ikey	[OUTPUT] ionic state of element producing the line at ANG
	jkey	[OUTPUT] ionic state that matters to ion balance
	econf	[OUTPUT] 2D string array of e-configurations --
		econf[0,*] lower levels; econf[1,*] upper levels
	wmn	[INPUT; default: 0 Angstrom] minimum value of wavelength
		to include in output
	wmx	[INPUT; default: 900 Angstrom] maximum value of wavelength
		to include in output
	n_e	[INPUT] electron density [/cm^3]
		* OVERRIDES values determined using PRES and TEMP
	istate	[INPUT; default: ALL; overridden by ELEM] limit calculations
		to specified ionic states (1=neutral, 2=singly ionized, etc.;
		can be an array)

	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] used to specify
		* /TEX -- TRANS in TeX format (1) or not (0)
		* CHIDIR -- path name to the CHIANTI installation

RESTRICTIONS
	* uses the CHIANTI database
	* requires subroutines:
	  -- GET_IONLIST
	  -- SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]
	  -- RD_CHIANTI [READ_WGFA2(%), READ_ELVLC(%), READ_SPLUPS(%), READ_IP(%)]
	  -- POPSOL [DESCALE_UPS(%), NENH]
	  -- TRANSLABEL
	  -- KILROY
	  -- IS_KEYWORD_SET
	  (%): CHIANTI subroutine, used as is

HISTORY
	vinay kashyap (Nov96)
	removed ion balance, changed input keyword CONF to output ECONF,
	  changed mult. factor from 1e30 to 1e23 (VK; Dec96)
	added level excitation check (VK; Jun97)
	corrected bug with TEMP specification; forced ELEM to be scalar
	  (VK; Nov98)
	changed call from POPLEV to POPSOL (VK; SepMM)
	added keyword JKEY; corrected calls to modifications of GET_IONLIST,
	  RD_CHIANTI, and POPSOL to account for dielectronic recombination
	  lines; converted syntax to IDL5 (VK; OctMM)
	bug correction: CHIDIR was not being passed on;	caught and
	  filtered -ve population levels (VK; DecMM)
	bug correction: transition labels were being filtered on wavelength
	  twice, once within TRANSLABEL and once here.  now forced the range
	  in TRANSLABEL to be ignored (VK; Jun01)
	bug correction: was failing if ELEM contained ION info (VK; May02)
	modified call to POPSOL, per CHIANTI 4.2 changes (VK; Apr04)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)
	made loops go over long integers (VK; 11Jun2010)

(See pro/mkemis/line_chianti.pro)


LMCOEFF

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	lmcoeff
	used by LEVMARQ (formerly MRQMIN.F) to evaluate the linearized
	fitting matrix ALPHA and vector BVEC (BETA in Numerical Recipes)
	and calculate chi^2

syntax
	lmcoeff,x,y,a,funcs=funcs,sig=sig,ifit=ifit,alpha=alpha,bvec=bvec,$
	chisq=chisq,yfunc=yfunc,poisson=poisson

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] data points
	y	[INPUT; required] Y(X)
		* sizes of X and Y must match
	a	[INPUT; required] parameters for user-supplied procedure

keywords
	funcs	[INPUT] name of user-defined procedure that takes as input X
		and A, and returns YMODEL(X;A), and the partial derivatives
		of the model function wrt A.  Any procedure that was written
		to work with CURVEFIT or GHRS' WFIT will do.
		* default is set to X3MODEL
		* why is it a procedure and not a function?
		  well, ask the person who wrote CURVEFIT.
	sig	[INPUT; default=sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)+1] standard deviations on Y
	ifit	[INPUT] integer array of same size as A, with 0's indicating
		frozen parameters and 1's indicating thawed parameters
		* if IFIT does not match A for any reason, all parameters
		are assumed to be thawed
	alpha	[OUTPUT] fitting matrix
	bvec	[OUTPUT] fitting vector
	chisq	[OUTPUT] chi^2, or ln(p(D|M)) if POISSON is set
	yfunc	[OUTPUT] Y(X;A) -- function values
	poisson	[INPUT] if set, returns the log of the poisson likelihood,
		p(D|M) instead of the chi-sq
		* do _not_ use this keyword for background-subtracted data!!
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	LNPOISSON

history
	(C) Copr. 1986-92 Numerical Recipes Software =$j!]Y'1,).
	translated from MRQCOF.F to IDL by Vinay Kashyap (Oct98)
	now returns correct chisq if all params are frozen (VK; JanMM)
	added keyword POISSON and call to LNPOISSON (VK; Aug01)

(See pro/fitting/lmcoeff.pro)


LNPOISSON

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function	lnpoisson
	returns the natural log of the poisson likelihood of observing
	the specified counts given the model source intensity,
		p(D|M) = M^D * exp(-M) / D!

syntax
	lnp=lnpoisson(d,m,/chilike,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	d	[INPUT; required] data counts
	m	[INPUT; required] model intensity
		* output will be array of size [N(D),N(M)]
		  unless CHILIKE is set, in which case output will be N(M)
		  (beware that IDL automatically compresses trailing
		  dimensions if any of them are equal to 1)

keywords
	chilike	[INPUT] if set, returns -2*SUM_{D}(ln(p(D|M)))
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug01)
	bug correction: m^d was not translated correctly (VK; Mar02)

(See pro/stat/lnpoisson.pro)


LOCMAX

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function	locmax
		returns the local maxima of a 1D array

syntax
	fmax=locmax(f,sigma=sigma,thresh=thresh,width=width,prob=prob,$
		/poisson,nubin=nubin,fmin=fmin,fmax=fmax)

parameters 	f	[INPUT; required] input array

keywords	sigma	[INPUT] errors on F (ignored if POISSON is set)
			* ignored if POISSON is set AND F(*).GE.0
			* default is sqrt(abs(F)+0.75)+1
		thresh	[INPUT; default: 0.5] threshold probability below
			which to ignore a calculation
		width	[INPUT; default: 1] compare value in bin to values
			on either side averaged over WIDTH bins
			* NOTE: WIDTH is the *half*width
		poisson	[INPUT] if set, assumes a poisson error distribution
			* automatically UNSET if min(F) < 0
		prob	[OUTPUT] returns the computed probabilities

	the following are not to be changed unless the user understands
	what's going on!

		nubin	[INPUT; default: 100] size of uniform grid to
			superpose on F
		fmin	[INPUT] minimum value for integration.
			default is 0.2*min(F) or if min(F)<0 then 5*min(F)
		fmax	[INPUT] maximum value for integration.
			default is 5*max(F) or if max(F)<0 then 0.2*max(F)

description
	at each point, compute the probability that given value is a
	local maximum.
	  p = \int dF p(f|f[i],s[i])*p(f[i-1]<f|s[i-1])*p(f[i+1]<f|s[i+1])
	find all the peaks in the distribution of probabilities that
	lie above a given threshold.  the positions of these peaks are
	identified with positions of local maxima.

requires
	LOCMAX_CDF (included in file)
	IGAMMA (not in old IDLs)
	ERRORF (not in old IDLs?)

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)

(See pro/util/locmax.pro)


LOCUS_ELLIPSE

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procedure	locus_ellipse
	make a curve describing the locus of an ellipse 

syntax
	locus_ellipse,xout,yout,xcen=xcen,ycen=ycen,amajor=amajor,$
	aminor=aminor,theta=theta,npt=npt,verbose=verbose

parameters
	xout	[OUTPUT; required] x-coordinates of the locus
	yout	[OUTPUT; required] y-coordinates of the locus

keywords
	xcen	[INPUT; default=0] x-coordinate of the center
	ycen	[INPUT; default=0] y-coordinate of the center
	amajor	[INPUT; default=1] length of the semi-major axis
	aminor	[INPUT; default=1] length of the semi-minor axis
		* if AMINOR is not defined, it is set to AMAJOR
		  to make a circle
		* if AMINOR>AMAJOR, no harm done, program will
		  run regardless of mathematical purity
	theta	[INPUT; default=0 degrees] anticlockwise angle made
		by AMAJOR with x-axis
	npt	[INPUT; default=101] number of points along the locus,
		spaced equally along THETA
		* note that the first and the last points are identical
		  unless NPT < 0, in which case abs(NPT) points are
		  returned without the overlap
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar2008)

(See pro/util/locus_ellipse.pro)


LOGIT

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function	logit
	compute and return the logit function.

	LOGIT() maps a variable in the [0,1] range to the
	real number line [-\infty,+\infty] by applying the
	transformation ln(x/(1-x)).
	conversely, UNLOGIT() maps the real number line to
	[0,1] by applying the transformation e^y/(1+e^y).

syntax
	lx=logit(x,sigx,sigl=sigl)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] a variable in the range [0,1]
		* can be an array
		* value is set to NaN in output if input falls
		  outside valid range
	sigx	[INPUT] standard error on X
		* if <0 and >-1, then ABS(SIGX) is taken to be the
		  fractional error
		* if <-1 and >-100, then ABS(SIGX) is taken to be
		  the percentage error
		* if <-100, then 1/ABS(SIGX) is taken to be the
		  fractional error

keywords
	sigl	[OUTPUT] standard error on LOGIT(X)
		* note that SIGL = SIGX/(X*(1-X))
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (3may04; based on conversation with Xiao-li Meng)

(See pro/stat/logit.pro)


LOOPEM

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function	loopem
	convert a set of integrated emission measures to a differential
	emission measure distribution assuming a hydrostatic-loop type
	distribution and return computed DEM

	DEM(T) is generally n^2*dX/dlnT, and
	EM(T) == \int_0^T dlnT' DEM(T') = \int_0^T dT' DEM(T')/T'
	In particular, DEM is parameterized as DEM(T)=a*T^b
	So for a given EM(T), we obtain
		EM(T)=(a/b)*(Tmax^(b)-Tmin^(b)), Tmin=0, b>0
	with Tmin=0 for b>0

syntax
	dem=loopem(logTmax,EM,logT=logT,sloop=sloop,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	logTmax	[INPUT; required] loop top temperature(s) in log10(deg K)
	EM	[INPUT] if given, normalize the output DEM to give a
		total Emission Measure equal to this.
		* size must match that of logTmax -- if fewer, fills out
		  with 1st element; if more, ignored

keywords
	logT	[INPUT] temperature grid over which output DEM is returned
		* default is 4..8 in steps of 0.05
	sloop	[INPUT] slope of DEM in log(DEM)-log(T) space
		* default is 1.5
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov01)
	changed NORM calc to allow for large values of SLOOP (VK; Feb05)

(See pro/loopem.pro)


LSD

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function	lsd
	returns list of density sensitive lines in given wavelength range

syntax
	ld=lsd(wrange,fluxes,wvls,elem=elem,edens=edens,DEM=DEM,tlog=tlog,$
	dbdir=dbdir,ceiling=ceiling,flor=flor,ratmax=ratmax,flxmax=flxmax,$
	outZ=outZ,outIon=outIon,outIDX=outIDX, tol=tol,chifil=chifil,$
	chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,/temp,abund=abund,/noph,effar=effar,$
	wvlar=wvlar,/ikev)

parameters
	wrange	[INPUT; required] wavelength range in which to search for
		density sensitive lines
		* if only one element is given, set the range to be 10% of
		  it on either side
		* if the single element is a string, apply RD_LIST rules
		  to decipher it ("WVL +- dW", "WMIN,WMAX", "WMIN-WMAX"
		  are all allowed)
	fluxes	[OUTPUT] 2D array of predicted fluxes for lines that are
		found to be density sensitive, FLUXES(EDENS,WVLS)
	wvls	[OUTPUT] array of wavelengths of lines that are found to
		be density sensitive

keywords
	elem	[INPUT] if set, confine attention to just those elements and
		ionic species specified.
		* default is to look at all available lines
	edens	[I/O] array of electron densities [cm^-3] at which to
		check for density sensitivity.
		* default is [1e8,1e14]
		* if not specified, insufficiently specified, or otherwise
		  meaningless, uses default
	DEM	[INPUT] input array of differential emission measures [cm^-5]
		* default is to use 1e12 [cm^-5] at specified TLOG
	tlog	[INPUT] log(temperatures) at which DEM is defined
		* if not specified, set to 6.0, unless DEM has more steps,
		  in which case interpolated to the 4..8 range
	dbdir	[INPUT] line database directory to use to search for the
		density sensitive lines
		* default is $CHIANTI
	ceiling	[INPUT] maximum relative variation the fluxes of a given
		line must have before it is accepted as density sensitive
		* default is 2
		* if 0 < CEILING < 1, it is assumed that the *reciprocal*
		  of CEILING is given (e.g., CEILING=0.5 is translated to 2)
		* if CEILING < 0, assumed to be percentages (e.g., CEILING=-1
		  is translated to 1/0.01 == x100)
	flor	[INPUT] if set, ignores any line which has a peak flux
		a factor FLOR below the flux of the strongest of the
		lines filtered through CEILING.
		* default is 0
		* if FLOR > 1, assumed that the reciprocal of FLOR is given,
		  i.e., FLOR=100 translates to 0.01
		* if FLOR < 0, taken to be the absolute flux threshold, in
		  whatever units it is being calculated in
		* NOTE on difference between CEILING and FLOR:-
		  CEILING works on ratios, and FLOR works on the intensities
	ratmax	[OUTPUT] the maximum deviations found for each of the
		density-sensitive lines found
	flxmax	[OUTPUT] the peak fluxes for each of the density sensitive
		line found
	outZ	[OUTPUT] atomic numbers
	outIon	[OUTPUT] atomic numbers
	outIDX	[OUTPUT] indices which passed the test
		* be careful in how you use this.  a common mistake is to
		  assume that it matches with whatever line emissivity
		  database that has been read in.  that might very well be
		  true, but is definitely not guaranteed.
		
	_extra	[INPUT] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines:-
		FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL
		RD_IONEQ: CHIDIR, EQFILE
		LINEFLX: TEMP, ABUND, NOPH, EFFAR, WVLAR, IKEV
		ARRAYEQ: TOL

example usage
	ls=lsd('10-120',dbdir='$CHIANTI',edens=[1e9,1e12],ceiling=2,ratmax=rmx)
	for i=0,n_elements(ls)-1 do print,ls(i),1./rmx(i),i
	;
	eden=10.^(findgen(6)+8)
	ls=lsd('113.35?0.1',flx,elem='Fe20',dbdir='$CHIANTI',edens=eden)
	plot,eden,flx

subroutines
	MK_DEM
	RD_LINE
	FOLD_IONEQ
	    RD_IONEQ
	        READ_IONEQ (CHIANTI subroutine)
	LINEFLX
	ARRAYEQ
	KABOOM
	INICON
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	changed default EDENS to [1e8,1e14]; added keywords DEM,TLOG,OUTZ,
	  OUTION; added call to MK_DEM; changed keyword FLOOR to FLOR; changed
	  behavior of FLOR<0 (VK; Dec98)
	modified ion balance calcs (VK; 99May)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	added keyword outIDX (VK; JanMMI)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/lsd.pro)


MAKE_SPECTRUM

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script 	make_spectrum
	compute a spectrum using line and continuum emissivities

warning
	all program variables have names that begin as "v_" or "jnk_"
	if you have any preexisiting variables with these names, they
	will be overwritten.

inputs
	ATOMIC:
	  line emissivities and wavelengths
	  continuum emissivities and wavelength grid
	  (subsumed in database directory names)
	  ion fractions
	STELLAR:
	  coronal electron density
	  coronal abundances
	  Differential Emission Measure
	  distance
	  Galactic coordinates (or absorption column density)
	OBSERVATIONAL:
	  instrument effective area
	  synthetic spectrum wavelength grid
	  photon redistribution matrix
	  exposure time

outputs
	v_linint	line intensities @ source
		(@ wavelengths v_lwvl; from species v_Z,v_ion)
	v_conint	continuum intensities @ source
		(@ wavelength grid v_cww)
	v_linflx	theoretical line fluxes @ earth
		(using ISM transmission factors v_ltrans)
	v_conflx	theoretical continuum fluxes @ earth
		(using ISM transmission factors v_ctrans)
	v_linspc	theoretical line spectrum @ earth
	v_conspc	theoretical continuum spectrum @ earth
	v_flxspc	predicted spectrum through telescope
	v_wvls  	mid-bin values of predicted spectrum wavelength grid
	v_ctspc 	predicted count spectrum for detector
	v_chan  	energy channels for count spectrum

how to use
	1. initialize the PINTofALE environment using INITALE
	2. the parameters that will be set with INITALE are:
	   --	ATOMIC: !LDBDIR, !IONEQF, !CDBDIR, !CEROOT, !CHIDIR
	   --	STELLAR: !EDENS, !ABUND, !NH, !FH2, !HE1, !HEII
	   verify that they are initialized to the right values
	3. define DEM as a function of LOGT (use DEMACS() or MK_DEM())
	   --	place in variables v_LOGT [K] and v_DEM [cm^-3]
	4. define distance in [pc]
	   --	place in variable v_DIST
	5. read in the instrument effective area
	   --	place in variables v_EFFAR [cm^2] and v_WVLAR [Ang]
	6. read in (or define) the synthetic spectrum wavelength grid
	   --	place in variable v_WGRID [Ang]
	   (must be _bin boundaries_)
	7. define the exposure time [ks]
	   --	place in variable v_EXPTIME
	8. define the name of the OGIP-style RMF
	   --	place in variable v_RMF
	   (set to 'NONE' if, e.g., grating spectrum is being analyzed)
	9. run this script

history
	vinay kashyap (OctMM)

(See pro/scrypt/make_spectrum.pro)


MARFRMF

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function	marfrmf
	returns the instrument response matrix computed as the product of
	the redistribution matrix with the ancillary response.

syntax
	rsp=marfrmf(arffil,rmffil,ostr,effar=effar,/noext,/nofull,$
	fchcol=fchcol,/shift1)

parameters
	arffil	[INPUT; required] OGIP-compliant Ancillary Response File
		* appends a ".arf" if missing (overridden by NOEXT)
	rmffil	[INPUT; required] OGIP-compliant Redistribution Matrix File
		* appends a ".rmf" if missing (overridden by NOEXT)
	ostr	[OUTPUT] structure containing the axes information for the
		response matrix -- see RD_OGIP_RMF()

keywords
	effar	[OUTPUT] returns the effective area as a function of ELO
	noext	[INPUT] normally, if an extension is missing from ARFFIL
		or RMFFIL, the program will append the appropriate extension.
		if this keyword is set, no such action will occur.
	nofull	[INPUT] if set, bypasses RDRESP() and the accompanying
		computation of the full response matrix (i.e., with the OGIP
		compression removed).  this is useful for those cases where
		the uncompressed matrix is too large for memory.
		* if this is set, the output will be simply the same as
		  OSTR.MATRIX, which is the compressed version of the
		  effective area weighted redistribution matrix
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		RD_OGIP_RMF: FCHCOL, SHIFT1

restrictions
	* requires subroutines RD_OGIP_RMF, RDRESP and RDARF
	* requires IDLASTRO library of routines

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul97)
	allowed for keyword SHIFT1 (VK; JanMMI)
	added keyword NOFULL; now multiplication also works on OSTR.MATRIX
	  (VK; Nov2001)
	changed output in case of /NOFULL from 1.0 to OSTR.MATRIX (VK; Oct2008)

(See pro/util/marfrmf.pro)


MCERROR

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procedure	mcerror
	procedure that estimates confidence bounds for model fits by
	fitting to different monte-carlo realizations of the data and
	estimating the bounds from the distribution of the resulting
	parameter values.

	generates NN number of synthetic data sets by randomly varying
	each data point within its estimated error. fits these NN
	synthetic data  sets to generate parameter sets a(1),a(2),..a(NN),
	so that we can estimate distribution of a(x)-a(best).  Uses this
	as a basis for confidence bound estimation.  Finds smallest possible
	bounds giving required confidence (as opposed to 'counting' up
	and down from best fit by required fraction)
            
syntax
	mcerror,x,y,a,erru,errl,ysig=ysig,freeze=freeze,mcfuncs=mpfuncs,$
	algo=algo,verbose=verbose, erra=erra,yfunc=yfunc,mciter=mciter,$
	itmax,chitr=chitr,mcconf=mcconf,/dumb, jumpup=jumpup,jumpdn=jumpdn,$
	=svdthr,funcs=funcs, function_name=function_name,$
	ype, missing=missing,/fwhm,/norm,betap=betap, /poisson

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] data points
	y	[INPUT; required] Y(X)
		* sizes of X and Y must match
	a	[I/O; required] parameters for user-supplied function
		* on input, these are assumed to be initial guesses
		* on output, these contain the best-fit values
	erru	[OUTPUT; required] upper limits of confidence range interval
	errl	[OUTPUT] lower limits of confidence range interval
		* if ERRL is not specified on input, ERRU will contain the
		  average value of the upper and lower >>deviations<<.

keywords
	ysig	[INPUT] standard deviations on Y
		* default=sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)+1
		* if single element, then sig(Y[*])=YSIG(0)
		* if -ve, taken to be the fractional error
       mciter  [INPUT] number of additional iterations for each parameter:
               total iterations = (mciter x number of parameters) > 2xmciter+1                               
               default: mciter=30
       mcconf  [INPUT] (two-sided) confidence for bound estimation,
                       default: mpfunc =0.68
       mcsims  [OUTPUT] 2 dimensional array MCSIMS==MCSIMS(free,sims)
               where free are the number of thawed paramters and sims 
               is the number of simulations. contains all simulations 
               on output 
       mpfunc  [INPUT] contains name of input function to fit
                       REQUIRED WHEN USING MPFIT
	freeze	[INPUT] freeze numbered parameters (index starts from 0!)
	algo	[INPUT] fitting algorithm
		* only the following are implemented:
		-- LevMarq+SVD 
		-- IDL-Curvefit 
               -- Mardkwardt's MPFIT
	verbose	[INPUT] verbosity level
	erra	[OUTPUT] formal "curvature" errors on the best-fit parameters
	yfunc	[OUTPUT] best-fit Y(X;A)
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined variables to subroutines:-
		FIT_LEVMAR: ITMAX, CHITHR, DUMB
		ADJUSTIE: TIES, VNAME
		LEVMARQ: JUMPUP, JUMPDN, SVDTHR
		LMCOEFF: FUNCS, POISSON
		CURVE_FIT: FUNCTION_NAME
		note:-	FUNCS, FUNCTION_NAME, and MPFUNC refer to name
			of user-defined function that takes as input X
			and A, and returns YMODEL(X;A), and the partial
			derivatives of the model function wrt A.  Any
			function that was written to work with CURVEFIT
			or GHRS' WFIT will do.
			The default for FIT_LEVMAR is X3MODEL.
		MK_3MODEL: TYPE
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM

history
	Liwei Lin (Apr03) idenentical to ERORS.pro in input/output/parameter checks
	  added keyword MPFUNC for compatability with MPFIT            
	  added keyword MCCONF so user can toggle confidence required
                 BUG FIX, mcerror not mcerors LL/SC JUL03
                 BUG FIX, yfunc was being recursivly overwritten in
                          synthetic loop LL/SC JUL03
	  added forward_function (VK; Jul03)
	some cosmetic changes (VK; Feb04)
         added MCSIMS (LL; Mar04) 
       BUG FIX algo keyword incorrectly processed (LL ; Sep05)

(See pro/fitting/mcerror.pro)


MCMC_ABUND

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function    mcmc_abund 
        
        An abundance-independent DEM-reconstruction can be achieved 
        by running a Monte Carlo Markov-Chain DEM reconstruction
        mcmc_dem() on a set of He-like to H-like flux ratios. 

        A DEM realized in this fashion together with the observed 
        line fluxes give implied abundances. This function returns 
        fractional abundnaces relative to solar 'grevesse & sauval'
        (not logarithmic values) given a set of MCMC realized DEMS 
        (mcmc_dem ouput), fluxes, and line details. 
 
parameters 
        simdem [INPUT;required]  an array of size
		(NT,NSIM+1), with last column containing the best-fit
	 logt   [INPUT] log_10(Temperature [K]) at which DEMS are given
        wvl	[INPUT; required] wavelengths [Ang] 
	 flx	[INPUT; required] flux [ph/s] at each WVL ([ph/s/cm^2]
        fsigma [INPUT; required] errors for flx
	 emis	[INPUT; required] line emissivities [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
		* EMIS==EMIS(LOGT,WVL)
        z      [INPUT; required] atomic numbers of the elements
               generating the	lines at WVL.
        asig   [OUTPUT] error in the weighted mean abundance
        zout   [OUTPUT] atomic numbers corresponding to output abundances
keywords
        abund  [INPUT] set  of abundances. see GETABUND(). Output 
               will be relative to this set. Default is Grevesse &
               Sauval (1998)
        abweight [INPUT] if a different weighting is required to compute 
               abundances then specify abweight as an array of weights of 
               the same size as flx (e.g. one can use fsigma) 
        elogt  [INPUT] log_10(Temperature[K]) at which EMIS are
                       defined if different from logt 
        nosol  [INPUT] if set, then output abundances will not be
                       relative to solar 
        olog   [INPUT] if set, outputs abundances and asig will be
               logarithmic values.         
        crctn_factor [INPUT] if set, correctin factor is applied to
                     theoretical fluxes before calculation of abundnaces
        _extra [INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines
           
subroutines
        MC_EROR (/home/llin/mc_eror.pro) not PoA standard yet 
        LINEFLX 
history 
        Liwei Lin 5/03 
           ADDED keyword log for logarithmic output (LL 7/03) 
           BUG FIX elogt is actually taken into account when set (LL/WB 8/03)
        LL/CA 9/03 BUGFIX Costanza points out error calculation bug
           which gives overestimation in errors 
       BUG FIX elogt handler (call to rebinx) should have logt
           not dlogt as input (LL/WB 9/03) 
        LL 01/04 
           ADDED keyword crctn_factor for use with mixie
        LL 01/04 
           H abundance cannot be updated 
        LL/SC 2/04 
           BUGFIX HISTOGRAM will give a one element array if given 
           just one atomic number to bin up.
        LL ADDED _extra keyword to lineflx 
        LL 5/05 Change the asig determination to only include the errors 
           as determined from the DEMs.THIS SHOULD HAVE BEEN FIXED 9/03 AS 
           stated above. (do not include the error in the 
           fluxes a second time). 
           ADDED keyword abweight 
        LL 6/05 ADDED keyword abund
           BUGFIX previous error calculation would fail for highly
           assymetric cases
        LL/DG 6/05 BUGFIX crash when MC_EROR returns two-element 
           arrays 

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_abund.pro)


MCMC_DEM

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function	mcmc_dem
	performs Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo using a Metropolis algorithm
	on a set of supplied line fluxes and returns an estimate of the
	DEM that generates observed fluxes.

syntax
	dem=mcmc_dem(wavelengths,fluxes,emissivities,Z=Z,logt=logt,$
	diffem=initial_DEM,abund=abundances,fsigma=flux_errors,$
	onlyrat=onlyrat,sysdev=sysdev,sysgrp=sysgrp,$
	sampenv=sampenv,storpar=storpar,storidx=storidx,$
	stordem=stordem,bestpar=bestpar,$
	simprb=simprb,simdem=simdem,simabn=simabn,simflx=simflx,simprd=simprd,$
	ulim=upper_limit_flag,softlim=softlim,demrng=DEMrange,abrng=abrng,$
	smoot=smooth,loopy=loopy,/spliny,verbose=verbose, xdem=DEM_bins,xab=ABUND_bins,$
	nsim=nsim,nbatch=nbatch,/steps,weight=weight,/gauss,type=type,/boxcar,$
	nburn=nburn,/nosrch,savfil=savfil,bound=bound,demerr=demerr,$
	aberr=aberr,/temp,/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,/ikev,/regrid,$
	mproxy=mproxy,mplet=mplet)

parameters
	wvl	[INPUT; required] wavelengths [Ang] at which fluxes are
		observed
		* NOTE: these are used only if the keyword NOPH is _not_ set,
		  i.e., when the input is to be converted from [erg/...] to
		  [ph/...].  In cases when the EMIS is precomputed with the
		  effective area and abundances (e.g., for filter data from
		  solar observatories), this is a dummy variable.
	flx	[INPUT; required] flux [ph/s] at each WVL ([ph/s/cm^2]
		if EFFAR and WVLAR are not passed to LINEFLX)
	emis	[INPUT; required] line emissivities [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
		* EMIS==EMIS(LOGT,WVL)
		* DEM is computed at all temperatures that EMIS are defined.
		* NOTE: the units are assumed to be [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s],
		  but of course the code doesn't care what they are exactly.
		  So it is perfectly possible to have them in units of, e.g.,
		  [DN cm^5 s^-1 pix^-1] if one so chooses (see SOLAR_TRESP.PRO)

keywords
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers of the elements generating the
		lines at WVL.
		* if not given, assumed to be Fe
		* if EMIS are precalculated including abundances, then
		  set this to *1* (to mimic H)
	logt	[INPUT] log_10(Temperature [K]) at which EMIS are given
		* if not supplied, assumed to go from 4 to 8
		* if there is a size mismatch, logT will get stretched/shrunk
		  to cover EMIS
	diffem	[INPUT] initial guess for DEM(LOGT); default is 1e14 [cm^-5]
	abund	[I/O] abundances.  default is to use Anders & Grevesse (see
		GETABUND)
		* if ABRNG is non-trivial, will be allowed to vary and on
		  exit will contain the MAP estimates of the abundances.
		* minimum is hardcoded at 1e-20
	fsigma	[INPUT] error on FLX; if not given, taken to be
		1+sqrt(abs(FLX)+0.75)
	ulim	[INPUT] long-integer array specifying which of the fluxes
		are upper limits (1: UL, 0: not)
	onlyrat	[INPUT] string array describing which of the input fluxes
		must be considered only as ratios
		* each element of ONLYRAT corresponds to the fate of the
		  corresponding element of FLX
		* basic format is: "sP#[,sP#[,...]]" where
		  -- "#" is an integer flag describing the ratio being
		     constructed
		  -- "P" is a positional descriptor and can take on
		     values N (for numerator) or D (for denominator)
		  -- "s" stands for the sign with which the flux
		     goes into the ratio "+" or "-"
		* e.g., to construct a simple ratio FLUXES[2]/FLUXES[1],
		  ONLYRAT=['','+D1','+N1']
		* e.g., to construct two hardness ratios
			FLUXES[3]/FLUXES[1] and
			(FLUXES[3]-FLUXES[1])/(FLUXES[3]+FLUXES[1]),
		  ONLYRAT=['','+D1,-N2,+D2','','+N1,+N2,+D2']
	sysdev	[INPUT] systematic deviations in the underlying atomic
		physics data, multiplies the emissivity for a given line
		by a random number in each iteration to mimic systematic
		uncertainty in EMIS
		* it is assumed that these modifications are small -- if
		  you do use this option, please check the output traces
		  to make sure that the chain is stable
		* should be an array of the same size as FLX, and each
		  number defines the range over which EMIS[*,WVL] varies,
		  10.^(randomn(seed)*SYSDEV[i])*EMIS[*,i]
		* if size is smaller than FLX, the missing elements are
		  set to 0, i.e., no modifications are made
	sysgrp	[INPUT] group different rows in EMIS to vary the same way
		in each iteration, is simply an array of 1-based grouping
		indices
		* e.g., if N(WVL)=6, and SYSGR=[0,1,2,1,0,2], then rows
		  1 and 3 are modified in conjunction (i.e., if #1 is
		  changed by a factor 10^(r*SYSDEV[1]), then #3 is changed
		  by a factor 10^(r*SYSDEV[3]), where r is the same for both),
		  2 and 5 are modified in conjunction, but 0 and 4 are
		  _not_ tied together and are independently varied
		* if SYSDEV is not defined, SYSGRP is ignored
		* size must match that of FLX, but if smaller, the missing
		  elements are set to -1, i.e., are all tied together
		  - so if SYSGRP is not defined at all, all the rows are
		    tied together, and only SYSDEV[0] is used
	demrng	[INPUT] array containing the allowed range of variation
		in DEM: DEMRNG(i,0) < DEM(i) < DEMRNG(i,1)
 		* if not supplied, DEMRNG(*,0)=DEM/1e5 & DEMRNG(*,1)=DEM*1e5
		* if DEMRNG(k,0)=DEMRNG(k,1), this component is frozen
	abrng	[INPUT] as DEMRNG, for ABUND.
		* if not supplied, ABRNG(*,0)=ABUND(*)=ABRNG(*,1)
	xdem	[INPUT] bin boundaries for accumulating the realized DEMs
		* if scalar or 1-element vector, taken to be bin-width in log10
		* if not specified, runs from min(DEMRNG) to max(DEMRNG)
		  in steps of 0.1 in log10
	xab	[INPUT] bin boundaries for accumulating the realized ABUNDs
		* if scalar or 1-element vector, taken to be bin-width
		* if not specified, runs from min(ABRNG) to max(ABRNG) in
		  steps of 0.1 in log10
	xnsig	[INPUT; default=3] force a minimum search range of
			XNSIG*sigma_determined_internally
	nsim	[INPUT; default: 100; min=10] # of batches
	nbatch	[INPUT; default: 10; min=5] # simulations per batch
	nburn	[INPUT; default=NSIM/10] max # of simulations to run
		before assuming that solution has stabilized
		* note that this is a maximum -- if burn-in is achieved
		  earlier, the algorithm will move on to standard MCMC
	nosrch	[INPUT] if set, does *not* carry out a (crude) grid search
		for a best guess initial starting point.
		* if set to a IDL savefile name, restores the best guess
		  from said file
	savfil	[INPUT] if set, saves all variables to an IDL save file
		prior to exit
		* if not a string, or is an array, saves to 'mcmc.sav'
	bound	[INPUT; default=0.9] confidence interval of interest
		* minimum=0.1
	hwhm	[INPUT] if set, returns the upper and lower Half-Widths
		at Half-Maxmimum in DEMERR and ABERR.
	demerr	[OUTPUT] confidence bounds on MAP estimates of DEM
		* DEMERR(*,0) are lower bounds, DEMERR(*,1) are upper bounds
	aberr	[OUTPUT] confidence bounds on MAP estimates of ABUND
		* ABERR(*,0) are lower bounds, ABERR(*,1) are upper bounds
	smoot	[INPUT] if set, multiplies the local length scale determined
		using FINDSCALE by SMOOT.
	smooscl	[INPUT] if set, bypasses FINDSCALE and uses the scales input
		via this keyword as the local length scales
		* _must_ be in units of [bins], not delta_T, dlogT, or whatever
		* if vector and size matches LOGT, then uses the input values
		  as the [bins] over which to smooth
		* otherwise assumes constant smoothing scale corresponding to
		  first element
	loopy	[INPUT] if set, "smooths" by converting to T^3/2, loop-like DEM
		* use keyword SLOOP to change the index
		* set to a number >1 to limit the maximum number of
		  temperature components
	spliny	[INPUT] if set, "smooths" by making a spline interpolation
	sampenv	[INPUT] envelope from which to sample the temperature bins.
		this is a way to avoid T bins which may have no data and thus
		work more efficiently to explore just that part of the parameter
		space that is interesting.
		* if not given, or is not understandable, assumed to be the
		  simple envelope of all the emissivities in EMIS
		* if set to:
		  'ONLYRAT' - then the envelope is computed taking
		  	into account the ratios
		  'INCABUND' - then use emissivities weighted by the abundance
		  'FLAT' - then make no distinction between different T bins
		  'INCALLT' - then force a look at all T bins at a 1% level
		  'STEPPED' - then zero everywhere EMIS does not cover the
		  	T range, and at least 25% of maximum where it does
		  'COVER' - then zero everywhere EMIS does not cover the
		  	T range, and constant where it does
		* NOTE: multiple SAMPENV settings may be specified, and
		  they will be applied in the above sequence -- whether the
		  sequence makes sense or not is up to the user to determine
		* if set to a numerical array the same size as LOGT, then
		  simply use that array as the envelope
		* NOTE: recommend using 'COVER' or 'STEPPED' for EMIS
		  derived from broad-band filters such as for solar data
	storpar	[OUTPUT] parameters from the MCMC chain
	storidx	[OUTPUT] index of the parameters stored in STORPAR
	stordem	[OUTPUT] DEMs calculated from the parameters for given STORIDX
	bestpar	[OUTPUT] best values of the parameters as found in the chain
	simprb	[OUTPUT] the metric at the end of each batch, an array of size
		(NSIM+1), with last element containing the value for the best-fit
	simdem	[OUTPUT] the DEM at the end of each batch, an array of size
		(NT,NSIM+1), with last column containing the best-fit
	simabn	[OUTPUT] same as SIMDEM, but for abundances
	simflx	[OUTPUT] same as SIMDEM, but for the fluxes with each [DEM,ABUND]
	simprd	[OUTPUT] same as SIMFLX, but for the ratios, only if ONLYRAT is used
       mixsstr [I/O]  Set to turn on line deblending via MIXIE().  
                Line (and/or conitnuum) structure of
                RD_LIST() format containing info (wvl,emis,z) on 
                lines (and/or continuum) for which possible contaminants will be identified 
                and for which correction factors  will be
                calculated. Assumes that ion equilibria are
                included. (see RD_LIST() keyword INCIEQ). 
       mixlstr [I/O] Line (and/or conitnuum) structure of
                RD_LIST() format containing info (wvl,emis,z) on 
                lines (and/or continuum) for which possible contaminants will be identified 
                and for which correction factors  will be
                calculated. Assumes that ion equilibria are
                included. (see RD_LIST() keyword INCIEQ)
                set to turn on line deblending via MIXIE().  
	verbose	[INPUT] explicitly set to 0 to avoid making plots
		* THINK TWICE before doing this!!
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
               ties    [ADJUSTIE] tie abundance parameters 
		temp	[LINEFLX] assume input LOGT are actually T [K]
		noph	[LINEFLX] compute fluxes in [ergs/s/...] not [ph/s/...]
		effar	[LINEFLX] effective area in [cm^2]
		wvlar	[LINEFLX] wavelengths at which EFFAR are defined [Ang]
		nhne	[LINEFLX] ratio of N(H)/n_e, assumed to be 0.83
		softlim	[LIKELI] allow for upper limits to be softly defined
		steps	[VARSMOOTH] assume stepped averaging from smoothing scale
		weight	[VARSMOOTH] allow weighting of adjacent points in boxcar smooth
		type	[VARSMOOTH] functional form to smooth with, see X3MODEL/LIBMODEL
		boxcar	[VARSMOOTH] controls smoothing behavior at endpoints
		betap	[MK_LORENTZ/MK_SLANT] index of beta-profile
		angle	[MK_SLANT] angle of tilt
		fwhm	[MK_GAUSS/MK_LORENTZ/MK_ROGAUSS] return FWHM rather than
			sigma or core width
		sloop	[LOOPEM] slope of loop DEM
		dfx_mul	[GENERATIO] multiplicative delta_Fx to compute partials
		dfx_add	[GENERATIO] additive delta_Fx to compute partials
		choice	[FINDSCALE] flag to choose algo to find the scales
		pick	[FINDSCALE] flag on hoe to collapse scales from 2D to 1D
		crunch	[FINDSCALE] collapse 2D to 1D prior to finding scales
		half	[FINDSCALE] return half-scale
		eps	[FINDSCALE] a small number
               mproxy  [MIXIE]  see MIXIE() 
               mplet   [MIXIE]  see MIXIE()
               
restrictions
	requires subroutines
	-- KILROY
	-- GETABUND
	-- MCMC_DEM_ONLY [LINEFLX, LIKELI, MK_DEM, VARSMOOTH, LOOPEM]
	-- LINEFLX [GETABUND, WHEE]
	-- LIKELI [SOFTLIM]
	-- FINDSCALE [WVLT_SCALE [ROOFN]]
	-- MK_DEM
	-- LOOPEM
	-- VARSMOOTH
	-- GENERATIO
       -- ADJUSTIE

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr 97)
	added keyword SMOOT (VK; May97)
	added keyword LOOPY and replaced call to VARSMOOTH by call to
	  MK_DEM (VK; Nov01)
	added keyword ONLYRAT and call to GENERATIO (VK; Nov'02)
	numerous bug fixes (VK/LL; Dec'02)
	ratio stuff was not being passed on to MCMC_DEM_ONLY; now stores
	  simulated DEMs, ABUNDs, fluxes, and ratios (VK/LL; Jan'03)
	added keywords SAMPENV,STORPAR,STORIDX,SIMPRB,SIMDEM,SIMABN,
	  SIMFLX,SIMPRD,NBURN (VK; Feb'03)
	added keyword SMOOSCL (VK; May'03)
	added keyword SPLINY (VK; Jun'03)
	added _extra to call to PRED_FLX (VK; Jul'03)
       bugfix sampenv ONLYRAT keyword handler included (VK/LL:Dec'03)
       bugfix sampenv was ignored if input as array (LL: Dec'03)
       bugfix nemt is undefined in logt keyword handler(LL:Dec'03)
       added BRNSTR in call to MCMC_DEM_ONLY() to enable deblending
         via MIXIE() (LL:Jan'04)
       bugfix abndupdt, a MIXIE keyword  now set by default and 
         turned off if abrng keyword is set (LL:Mar'04) 
	added keyword XNSIG (VK; Jun'04)
	bug fix: compute DEMs for /LOOPY and /SPLINY on correct T grid
	  (VK; Jan05)
	allow limiting number of T components for LOOPY (VK; Mar05)
       added call to adjustie and MIXLSTR keyword (LL; Jun05) 
	added LCOMP to call to MK_DEM, check to make sure FSIGMA
	  are all +ve definite, and a warning if ABUND[0] is not 1,
	  force single T deviate per iteration for LOOPY (VK; Jun05)
	bug correction: if no update found in a batch, was still
	  storing DEM from that batch; now corrected (VK; Jul05)
	added options COVER and STEPPED for SAMPENV (VK; Jan06)
	include extra kick at NPAR+1 to unfreeze parameters in case
	  of LOOPY getting stuck; also bug correction for NPAR+1
	  selections in regular case if some T bins are frozen
	  (VK; Apr06)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; Jun07)
	added keyword BESTPAR (VK; Nov08)
	added keywords SYSDEV and SYSGRP (VK; Apr09)
	changed how stddev of proposal distr. is calculated, from using
	  histograms to using unbinned distr.; added keyword STORDEM and
	  now STORPAR outputs unsmoothed parameters (VK; Apr12)

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_dem.pro)


MCMC_DEM_ONLY

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procedure	mcmc_dem_only
	dedicated subroutine to MCMC_DEM, written only to make MCMC_DEM
	more readable.  this part decodes the parameters, calls LINEFLX
	to get predicted fluxes and LIKELI to get the likelihood.

syntax
	mcmc_dem_only,pars,fobs,fsigma,ulim,line,logT,wvl,Z,scale,ff,prb,$
	dem,abnd,loopy=loopy,/spliny,nrats=nrats,onlyrat=onlyrat,obsdat=obsdat,$
	obssig=obssig,idxflx=idxflx,prddat=prddat, _extra=e

parameters
	pars	[I/O] parameters {DEM(T),ABUND}, ABUND can be updated
	              via MIXIE() 
	fobs	[INPUT] observed fluxes
	fsigma	[INPUT] errors on FOBS
	ulim	[INPUT] integer array specifying upper limits (1: UL, 0: not)
	line	[INPUT] emissivities of lines identified with FOBS
	logT	[INPUT] temperatures at which LINE is defined
	wvl	[INPUT] wavelengths at which fluxes are observed
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers of each id'd line
	scale	[INPUT] smoothing scale
	ff	[OUTPUT] predicted fluxes
	prb	[OUTPUT] likeihood (could be chi^2)
	dem	[OUTPUT] DEM
	abnd	[OUTPUT] abundances

keywords
	loopy	[INPUT] if set, "smoothing" by converting to T^3/2 DEM
	spliny	[INPUT] if set, "smooth" by using spline interpolation
	onlyrat	[INPUT]
	obsdat	[INPUT]
	obssig	[INPUT]
	idxflx	[INPUT]
	nrats	[INPUT]
	verbose	[INPUT]
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to LINEFLX (TEMP, EFFAR,
		WVLAR, KEV, REGRID), LIKELI (SOFTLIM, CHI2, RCHI, BINOM),
		VARSMOOTH (STEPS, WEIGHT, TYPE), LOOPEM (SLOOP), or
               ADJUSTIE (TIES) 

restrictions
	no error checking is done because it is assumed that this is
	called from and only from MCMC_DEM

history
	vinay kashyap (May97)
	changed SIGMA to FSIGMA; added DEM and ABND to parameter list
	  (VK; AugMM)
	added keyword LOOPY, and switched out VARSMOOTH for MK_DEM
	  (VK; Nov01)
	added keywords ONLYRAT,OBSDAT,OBSSIG,IDXFLX,NRATS and call to
	  GENERATIO (VK; Dec'02)
	numerous bug fixes (liwei lin/VK; Dec'02)
	added keyword PRDDAT (VK; Jan'03)
	added keyword SPLINY (VK; Jun'03)
       added keywords BRNSTR,MIXLSTR,MIXSSTR,BRNSTR,XFRAC, as well as 
         abundance updating via parameter  PARS. PARS now
         contains updated abundances from MIXIE() on
         output if MIXIE() keyword ABNDUPDT is set (LL; Jan'04) 
	bug fix: compute DEMs for /LOOPY and /SPLINY on correct T grid (VK; Jan05)
	allow limiting number of T components for LOOPY (VK; Mar05)
       added call to ADJUSTIE to tie ABUND values (LL; Jun05)  
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; Jun07)

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_dem_only.pro)


MCMC_DEM_POST

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function	mcmc_dem_post
	returns the best-fit values and the error ranges for the
	various parameters in a structure of the form:
	{LOGT, NUEFF, MINCHISQ, BOUND,$
	DEM_BEST,DEM_MODE,DEM_HPD,DEM_EQT,DEM_MEDIAN,DEM_RNG,DEM_ENV,DEM_FRAC,$
	AB_BEST,AB_MODE,AB_HPD,AB_EQT,AB_MEDIAN,AB_RNG,AB_ENV}

syntax
	mcmcstr=mcmc_dem_post(savfil,clev=clev,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	savfil	[INPUT; required] full pathnmae to the save file
		that is written out by MCMC_DEM()

keywords
	clev	[INPUT] set this to override the confidence level at
		which to determine the bounds on the parameters
		* default is to use EBOUND in SAVFIL
		* if < 0, abs value is used
		* if > 1 and < 100, then assumed to be given as a percentage
		* if > 100, then 1-1/CLEV is used as the true value
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

output description
	LOGT:	the temperature grid
	NUEFF:	the effective degrees of freedom for adopted smoothing
	MINCHISQ:	the minimum chisq achieved
	BOUND:	the confidence level at which to compute errors
	*_BEST: best-fit parameter value
	*_MODE: mode of parameter
	*_MEDIAN:	median of parameter
	*_HPD: highest probability-density range at confidence BOUND
	*_EQT: equal-tail range at confidence BOUND
	*_RNG: half-tail range at confidence BOUND measured from best-fit
	*_ENV:	envelope range of best BOUND fraction (by chisq)
	DEM_FRAC:	number of hits at each temperature bin
	HELP:	a description of the output

subroutines
	MODALPOINT
	HIPD_INTERVAL
	EQT_INTERVAL

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr2006)
	bug fix: simprb was being compared to chisqcvf rather than half that
	  (LL; May2006)

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_dem_post.pro)


MCMC_DEM_WHISKERPLOT

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procedure	mcmc_dem_whiskerplot
	make a nice whisker plot of the DEM solutions from MCMC_DEM.
	The central box covers 50% of the solutions at each temperature,
	and the whiskers cover the full range.  Individual points are
	also overplotted, along with the mode at each temperature, and
	the full DEM(T) that corresponds to the mode at each T, as well
	as the overall best-fit solution.

syntax
	mcmc_dem_whiskerplot,savedem,epsroot=epsroot,thrfrac=thrfrac,thrnum=thrnum,/dvdt,$
	logT=logT,simdem=simdem,storidx=storidx,$
	cbox=cbox,cwhisk=cwhisk,cdots=cdots,cbest=cbest,cmode=cmode,cgrey=cgrey,cnum=cnum,$
	labul=labul,labur=labur,labll=labll,lablr=lablr,yul=yul,yur=yur,yll=yll,ylr=ylr,$
	xrange=xrange,yrange=yrange,xtitle=xtitle,ytitle=ytitle,title=title,cthick=cthick,csize=csize,$
	verbose=verbose,$
	other PLOT keywords

parameters
	savedem	[INPUT; required] this is the name of the file where
		MCMC_DEM saves its state
		* if set to 'NONE' or 'none', looks for keywords
		  LOGT,SIMDEM,STORIDX for input

keywords
	epsroot	[INPUT] root name for encapsulated postscript file
		* if set, puts the plot in EPSROOT.eps
	thrfrac	[INPUT] the fraction of the maximum of the histogram
		of selected temperatures in MCMC iteration to use
		* this looks at how many times a given temperature index
		  is present in the MCMC trace
		* default is 0.05
		* if 0, assumes default
		* if >1, the reciprocal is used
		* if <0, abs value fraction is taken of the _total_ number of
		  of iterations, not of the max amongst different T
		* NOTE: the greater of THRFRAC and THRNUM is used
	thrnum	[INPUT] the minimum _number_ of points of a given T
		that should be present
		* default is 100
		* if 0, assumes default
		* if <0, abs value is used
		* there is a hardcoded minimum of 5
		* NOTE: the greater of THRFRAC and THRNUM is used
	dvdt	[INPUT] if set, converts the units of DEM to [.../degK]
		before plotting
		* MCMC_DEM computes DEMs as dV/dlogT == dV/dlnT/ln(10) == (T/ln(10))*dV/dT
		  so if this is set, divides SIMDEM by T/ln(10)

	logT	[INPUT] logT grid, used iff SAVEDEM='NONE'
	simdem	[INPUT] simulated DEMs, used iff SAVEDEM='NONE'
	storidx	[INPUT] logT index selections during MCMC iterations, used iff SAVEDEM='NONE'

	cbox	[INPUT; default=none] color index for box
		* a color is applied only if set
	cwhisk	[INPUT; default=3] color index for whiskers
	cdots	[INPUT; default=4] color index for dots on whiskers
		* recommend setting this to 0 for postscript output
	cbest	[INPUT; default=8] color index for best-fit curve
	cmode	[INPUT; default=1] color index for mode marker
	cgrey	[INPUT; default=95] color index for example curves
		* set CWHISK,CDOTS,CBEST,CMODE,CGREY explicitly to 0 to prevent plotting
	cnum	[INPUT; default=9] color index for marking the number of samples

	labul	[INPUT] LABel to put on Upper Left of plot
	labur	[INPUT] LABel to put on Upper Right of plot
	labll	[INPUT] LABel to put on Lower Left of plot
	lablr	[INPUT] LABel to put on Lower Right of plot
	yposul	[INPUT] y-location of LABUL
	yposur	[INPUT] y-location of LABUR
	yposll	[INPUT] y-location of LABLL
	yposlr	[INPUT] y-location of LABLR
		* there are no equivalent XPOS because they can always be adjusted with
		  judicious use of spaces within the label strings

	xrange	[INPUT] passed on to PLOT without comment
	yrange	[INPUT] passed on to PLOT without comment
	xtitle	[INPUT] passed on to PLOT without comment
	ytitle	[INPUT] passed on to PLOT without comment
	title	[INPUT] passed on to PLOT without comment
	cthick	[INPUT] line thickness
		* default is 2, unless EPSROOT is set, when it is 5
	csize	[INPUT] character and symbol sizes
		* default is 2, unless EPSROOT is set, when it is 1.2

	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines

requires subroutines
	PEASECOLR
	MODALPOINT

history
	Vinay Kashyap (2015sep)
	bug fix with lower bound of whisker box not including mode; ensure clean quit
	  when NSIM is small (VK; 2015nov)

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_dem_whiskerplot.pro)


MCMC_PLOT

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procedure   mcmc_plot

       This procedure plots Monte Carlo Markov-Chain DEM
       reconstruction results. One sigma uncertanties are 
       shown as a grey scale (or otherwise specified) with a gradient
       determined by how the N simulated DEMs (which  ordain the one sigma
       confidence intervals) are distributed about the best-fit DEM. 
       Alternatively, the gradient may be determined by the p(D|M) of 
       each DEM.
 
       NOTE: ALL REQUIRED INPUTS ARE STANDARD MCMC_DEM() OUTPUTS

parameters
       logt    [INPUT; required] array which determines the mid-bin values 
               of the temperature grid on which DEM is defined
       simdem  [INPUT; required] two dimensional array [NT, NSIM+1]
               simulated arrays, the last of which is the best fit. 
       demerr  [INPUT; required] confidence bounds on MAP estimates of DEM
		* DEMERR(*,0) are lower bounds, DEMERR(*,1) are upper bounds
       simprb  [INPUT; required] the p(D|M) of each DEM            
       schme   [INPUT; optional] string designating plotting strategy. Can be:

                   'ERRBAR'      - Just plot error bars using DEMERR (default)
                   'DIFFERENCE'  - Colors are determined by
                                   difference of each DEM simulation
                                   bin value from the best fit DEM
                                   values. Colors are polyfilled
                                   between simulated values within
                                   each  logT bin. 
                   'INDEX'       - Colors are determined by the order in which
                                   they appear (starting from the best
                                   DEM outwards). Colors are polyfilled
                                   between simulated values within each
                                   logT bin. 
                   'SPLINE INDEX'- Colors are determined by the order in which
                                   they appear (starting from the best
                                   DEM outwards). Colors are polyfilled
                                   between simulated values within each
                                   logT bin. Spline interpolated
                                   curves are plotted in lieu of
                                   histogram style bins
                   'PROB'        - Colors are determined by the p(D|M)
                                   of each DEM. Values are oploted
                                   with thick bars between simulated
                                   values within each  logT bin.
                   'SPLINE'      - Simulated DEMS are spline
                                   interpolated and colors determined
                                   by the p(D|M) associated with
                                   each. Each spline is oploted onto
                                   a best-fit dem plot. 
                   'NICE'        - For each temperature bin, a median simulation
                                   value is calculated. The median values will be
                                   plotted (dotted line) together with the DEM
                                   simulation (solid line) that best fits them.
                                   Uncertainty will be displayed by plotting the MIN and
                                   MAX simulation values for each
                                   bin. (dashed lines) Use the SLECT and CLEV
                                   keywords to limit which simulations to include.
                   'NICE DIFFERENCE' - A combination of DIFFERENCE and NICE
                                   Colors are determined by
                                   difference of each DEM simulation
                                   bin value from the best fit DEM
                                   simulation to the median value as
                                   described in the 'NICE'
                                   definition.  Colors are polyfilled
                                   between simulated values within
                                   each  logT bin. 
                   'NICE INDEX'    - A combination of DIFFERENCE and NICE 
                                   Colors are determined by the order in 
                                   which they appear (starting from the 
                                   best fit simulation to the median value 
                                   as described in the 'NICE' definition. 
                                   Colors are plyfilled between simulated
                                   values within each logT value.                                 
                   'SUPPORT'       - Just plot upper and lower bounds of the 
                                   support in each bin given the set of 
                                   selected DEMs (see SLECT keyword) 

       storidx [INPUT ; optional]  from MCMC_DEM(), contains the indices of 
                                   of all the sampled parameters stored in
                                   STORPAR. If a temperature bin has not been 
                                   adequately sampled ( default threshold is
                                   nsim*0.10 ), then the bin is not
                                   plotted. Only bins at the ends of the Log
                                   T range are thrown out. (see SAMPCT keyword)
 
keywords
       slect    [INPUT]  choose which DEMS to include default=[2] 
            
                   1:ALL     -Include all simulations
                   2:CHI^2   -Limit simulations to best 50% p(D|M) DEMS
                              (default = 50, use CLEV keyword to toggle)
                   3:Errors  -Limit simulations to values in each bin that
                              lie  within the specified confidence bounds (demerr)
       clev     [INPUT]  To be used in conjunction with slect=2,
                         determines what percentage by which to limit
                         sims in p(D|M) 
       col_rng  [INPUT]  index range in the color table to cover. 
                         gradient will taper
                         off from 0 (darkest) to 
                         col_rng (brightest). (maximum is 255)
       col_tabl [INPUT]  color table on which to base the gradient       
       col_shft [INPUT]  number of color indices by which to shift
                         brighter(or darker if black background), col_rng will
                         be adjusted accordingly
       ps_fil   [I/O]    name of ps file to output. If not specified 
                         plot will be sent to current device
       demslope [I/O]    if set, linear fits are made to the simulated DEMs 
                         in a temperature range specefied by keyword SLOPEDT 
                         and DEMSLOPE will return the mean slope. The
                         distribution of slopes will be plotted
       slopesig [OUTPUT] if set, returns standard deviation slopes of
                            linear fits 
       slopedt  [INPUT]  temperature range specified in Log(T[K]) within which
                         to make linear fits to DEM 
                             * if 2-element array, then SLOPEDT =
                               [min(SLOPEDT),max(SLOPEDT)] 
                             * if 1-element array, then SLOPEDT = 
                               [SLOPEDT, logt(max(bestdem)))] or 
                               [SLOPEDT, logt(min(bestdem))]
                               if logt(max(bestdem)) eq SLOPEDT 
                             * if not set, then SLOPEDT = [min(logt),
                               logt(max(bestdem))] or [SLOPEDT,
                               logt(min(bestdem))] if logt(max(bestdem)) eq SLOPEDT
       sampct   [INPUT]  when STORIDX is input, set this to threshold for T
                         bin to be included. Expressed as percent of nsim. (default = 10) 
       goodt    [OUPUT]  if STORIDX is input, GOODT will containt the log T
                         range used to plot 
       tbuff    [INPUT]  if STORIDX is set, TBUFF can be set to the number of
                         bins to add on either side of the temperature range 
                         determined with STORIDX
       monochrom[INPUT] set this to a value between 0 and 255 to make 
                        all the plots in this color. 
restrictions
       The SPLINE and SPLINE INDEX plotting schemes may not be used with slect = 3
       NOT tested yet with positional parameters e.g. !P.POSITION

subroutines 
       mid2bound
       peasecolr
       stample
history
    
    (LL 6/03) 
    ADDED 'Nice' and 'Nice Difference' option for schme parameter (LL 2/04)
    ADDED call to STAMPLE (LL 2/04)
    ADDED call to PEASECOLR to restore settings after loadct (LL 2/04)
    ADDED recognition of weather plot background is black or white
          and and adjustment to col_shft accordingly (LL 2/04) 
    FIXED SPLINE INDEX schme so that it actually polyfills and doesn't just
          oplot i.e. no more 'speckled' look. Also added a NOERASE
          plot statement to prevent polyfills from hiding tickmarks (LL 2/04) 
    FIXED color schemes so that the background color recognition
          scheme would work with both psuedo color and true color (LL 2/04)
    REMOVED PEASECOLR because IDL dynamically updates the x windows
          display whith the current color table (LL 2/04) 
    BUGFIX variables CUPBND and CLOBND should be of size nT not nkpt (LL 3/04)
          if this affected you the routine would have crashed. 
    ADDED 'NICE INDEX' scheme. (LL 10/04) 
    CHANGED 'PROB' color schme so best-fit is plotted brightest for
        'x' and darkest for 'ps', order in which bars plotted matters! (LL 9/05)
    BUGFIX now compatible with multiple plots per page via !p.multi (LL 10/05)
    ADDED 'SUPPORT' scheme and keywords MONOCHROM and OUTMED (LL 11/05) 
    CHANGED col_tabl behavior, only loads col_tabl when set, so default is 
           now whatever is currently loaded and not B/W Linear (LL 11/05)
    ADDED keywords DEMSLOPE, SLOPSIG, SLOPEDT and parameter STORIDX (LL 1/06)
    CHANGED behavior of output to be not in color if COL_TABL is 0 (VK 8/07)

(See pro/fitting/mcmc_plot.pro)


MC_EROR[1]

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procedure mc_eror 

          simple procedure that calculates confidence bounds 
          about a given parameter value g given a certain number 
          of monte carlo simulations contained in array sims. 
          assumes the simulations are distributed normally about 
          the 'candidate' parameters.

          by default,set to find smallest possible bounds. can also
          be set to find confidence bounds by counting  upward 
          and downwards by required fraction.        

syntax
           mc_eror, g, sims, erru, errl, confidence=confidence 

parameters

         g     [input, required] parameter about which to estimate bounds
         sims  [input, required] array of monte carlo simulated g's 
                                 minimum 10 simulations [though this 
                                 seems a ridiculous number]
         bndu  [output]          upper confidence bound
         bndl  [output]          lower confidence bound 
 
keywords 
 
         confidence [default = 0.68269] confidence limit at which bounds
                                    are desired. 
         alas                    find confidence bounds by counting  upward 
                                 and downwards by required
                                 fraction. may also be set 
                                 to find smallest possible bounds.               

history 
         LL Jan03  

(See pro/stat/mc_eror.pro)


MC_EROR[2]

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure mc_eror 

          simple procedure that calculates confidence bounds 
          about a given parameter value g given a certain number 
          of monte carlo simulations contained in array sims. 
          assumes the simulations are distributed normally about 
          the 'candidate' parameters.

          by default,set to find smallest possible bounds. can also
          be set to find confidence bounds by counting  upward 
          and downwards by required fraction.        

syntax
           mc_eror, g, sims, erru, errl, confidence=confidence 

parameters

         g     [input, required] parameter about which to estimate bounds
         sims  [input, required] array of monte carlo simulated g's 
                                 minimum 10 simulations [though this 
                                 seems a ridiculous number]
         bndu  [output]          upper confidence bound
         bndl  [output]          lower confidence bound 
 
keywords 
 
         confidence [default = 0.68269] confidence limit at which bounds
                                    are desired. 
         alas                    find confidence bounds by counting  upward 
                                 and downwards by required
                                 fraction. may also be set 
                                 to find smallest possible bounds.               

history 
         LL Jan03  

(See pro/util/mc_eror.pro)


MDLPOLY

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function	mdlpoly
	compute and return the minimum description length statistic obtained
	by fitting polynomials of different orders

syntax
	mdl=mdlpoly(ydat,xdat,yfit=yfit,kord=kord,pfit=pfit,$
	kmin=kmin,kmax=kmax,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	ydat	[INPUT; required] data to be fit
	xdat	[INPUT] abscissae for YDAT
		* if not given, assumeed to be lindgen(n_elements(YDAT))

keywords
	yfit	[OUTPUT] best-fit function corresponding to KORD and PFIT
	kord	[OUTPUT] polynomial order at which minimum MDL is achieved
	pfit	[OUTPUT] parameters for the best-fit function
	kmin	[INPUT] minimum polynomial order to consider
		* default is 0, corresponding to a constant
	kmax	[INPUT] maximum polynomial order to consider
		* default is the smaller of 10 or half the number of data points
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (2014sep)

(See pro/stat/mdlpoly.pro)


MID2BOUND

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function	mid2bound
	given mid-bin values, make an intelligent determination of
	the bin boundaries and return said boundaries.  given input
	array of N elements, returns array of N+1 elements.

	(actually, it's not all that intelligent.  uses spline interpolation)

syntax
	dm=mid2bound(m,/halfit,eps=eps,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	m	[INPUT; required] the mid-bin values from which to
		expand out

keywords
	halfit	[INPUT] if set, does the simpleminded thing, i.e.,
		puts the bin half-way between 2 points, and extrapolates
		by repeating previous bins
	eps	[INPUT] a small number, default is 1e-6
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (OctMM)
	added keyword HALFIT (VK; Jul01)
	default EPS had not been defined (VK; Jan05)

(See pro/util/mid2bound.pro)


MIXIE

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function mixie

      MIXIE() computes correction factors for line blends given a set of
      intersting lines (LSTR) and a set of contaminants (SSTR). 
      LSTR and SSTR should both be RD_LIST() style structures, which 
      contain necessary line information (emissivity, wvl, z, etc.) 
 
      MIXIE()  will identify which lines in SSTR are possible contaminants
      for each line in LSTR.  SSTR lines must meet two criteria to be
      included in the correction fraction computation of each LSTR line: 

      1) The SSTR line lies within 2*NSIG*LWDT on either side of the LSTR line 
      2) The total contribution of the line is  greather than a 
         user-defined threshold: LTHR * INTENSITY OF LINE (LTHR is 
         keyword input while intensity of the interesting line is
         computed internally.)
 
      Correction factors are estimated by computing complimentary 
      error functions with an IDL native routine ERRORF() for each 
      contaminant (i.e. gaussian  profiles are assumed). If an
      OGIP-compliant rmf is fed via the RMFSTR keyword, the rmf 
      will be used to estimate correction factors rather than
      ERRORF() <<RMFSTR NOT IMPLEMENTED YET>>.
      The correction factor is defined as follows: 
 
        CORRECTION FACTOR = INT / (INT + total contributions from blends)
        where INT = intensity of interesting line

      If set, the MIXSTR keyword can return a structure containing the
      identification, emissivities, and wavelengths of each contaminant
      line, together with LSTR and SSTR indices which match contaminated line 
      to contaminant (VICTIM and CULPRIT respectively). Also to be contained in
      the structure are the fractional contributions CONTAMFRAC and intensity of
      of the contaminant CONTAMINT (i.e. the total contribution of the contaminant is
      CONTAMINT*CONTAMFRAC). The fields in the output structure will be the
      the following (see KEYWORDS for individual descriptions):

      {CONTAMFRAC,CONTAMINT,VICTIM,CULPRIT,WVL,IDTAG}

 
syntax 
      x=mixie(lstr,sstr,lwdt=lwdt,nsig=nsig,lthr=lthr,rmfstr=rmfstr,mixstr=mixstr,$
           contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,$
           idtag=idtag,vint=vint,mproxy=mproxy,mplet=mplet,_extra=e)

parameters
      lstr   [INPUT;required] Line (and/or conitnuum) structure of
                      RD_LIST() format containing info (wvl,emis,z) on 
                      lines (and/or continuum) for which possible contaminants will be identified 
                      and for which correction factors  will be
                      calculated. Assumes that ion equilibria are
                      included. (see RD_LIST() keyword INCIEQ)
      sstr   [I/O]    Line structure of RD_LIST() format 
                      containing user specified line contaminant suspect
                      info (wvl, emis, z).  Assumes that ion equilibria are
                      included. (see RD_LIST() keyword INCIEQ). If SSTR is
                      ommitted or undefined on input, the emissivity database will
                      read with RD_LIST() in the neccessary wavelength range
                      and including all species to create a list of  suspects.
                      If undefined on input, will contain RD_LIST() structure
                      on output.                
                     
keywords 
      lwdt   [INPUT]  Std. deviation to be used as an estimate for 
                      line broadening. Only contamination candidate profiles (sstr) 
                      within 2*lwdt*nsig of the line in question will
                      be considered. May be single value or an array
                      with values for each element in LSTR. (must
                      match number of lines+continuum specified in LSTR)
                      default = 0.2 pixels
      nsig   [INPUT]  number of standard deviations from line of interest that
                      defines wavelength range within which to consider contamination.
                      If not set, the default is determined by LTHR.  
                      May be single value or an array of values for
                      each element in lstr. If array, must match the
                      number of lines+continuum specified in LSTR.
                      
                      So the range within which to consider
                      contamination for each line is defined as: 

                         WRANGE = [LSTR.WVL(x)-LWDT*NSIG,LSTR.WVL(x)+LWDT*NSIG]                     

                      or if LWDT and NSIG are arrays: 

                         WRANGE = [LSTR.WVL(x)-LWDT(x)*NSIG(x),LSTR.WVL(x)+LWDT(x)*NSIG(x)]
 
                      NOTE: To handle continuum measurements, 
                      choose an NSIG which adequatly covers your
                      continuum measurement wavelength range.        
         
            
      lthr   [INPUT]  fraction of intensity of the line of interest to
                      use as cut-off intensity value for contaminant
                      candidate fractional flux  contributions. default = 1e-4  
                      i.e. cutoff = (intnsity of line of interest)/100
      rmfstr [INPUT]  <<NOT IMPLEMENTED YET>> structure containing OGIP compliant RMF. see
                      RD_OGIP_RMF(). If set, contamination will be
                      estimated by analyzing RMF instead of using ERRORF()
      mixstr [OUTPUT] Structure containing detailed information for
                      each pair of blends. The structure fields are
                      the following: 

                      {CONTAMFRAC,CONTAMINT,VINT,VICTIM,CULPRIT,WVL,IDTAG}

                      Each field can also be returned individually:

      contamfrac [OUTPUT] array containting contribution fractions for
                      each culpable line
      contamint [OUTPUT] the contaminant line intensities         
      vint [OUTPUT] the victim line intensities 
      victim [OUTPUT] lstr index of intersting line being contaminated 
      culprit[OUTPUT] sstr index of indices of contaminant lines
      idtag  [OUTPUT] string containing derscription of each culprit.
                      the description is as follows:

                      SPECIES, WVL, DATABASE, DESCRIPTION
                      
                      SPECIES gives atomic symbol and ionic
                      state. WVL gives Wavelength. DATABASE gives 
                      the name of the DATABASE used. And DESCRIPTION 
                      gives the level designations and electron
                      configurations of the transition. e.g.
 
                      MgXII 8.41920 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2p) 2P_3/2 
                      OVIII 18.9726 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2p) 2P_1/2 

      vidtag [OUPUT]  string containing description of each victim
                      and of same format as idtag 
      mproxy [INPUT] If a correction factor is needed for  a
                       multiplet measured using a single profile,
                       then MPROXY will specify the
                       multiplet components on input, and contain
                       the multiplet correction factor on output.
 
                       One component of the multiplet is to stand
                       proxy for the group, and must be specified in 
                       LSTR. 
                       
                         MPROXY is defined  as follows: 
                     
                         mproxy = strarr(2,N) or 
                         mproxy = intarr(2,N)
                      
                         N is the number of component-proxy
                         relationships. Each component-proxy
                         relationship  is expressed as a two
                         element string array. The first element should
                         contain the LSTR index of the proxy. The
                         second element should contain either the LSTR index of the
                         component if it is included in LSTR, or a
                         string description of the component in IDTAG format. 
                         One may optionally leave out:

                            o the DESCRIPTION field (e.g. just use SPECIES, WVL,DATABASE). 
                            o the DATABASE and WVL fields (e.g. just use
                              SPECIES, DATABASE)
 
                       On output, one correction factor will be given 
                       for each multiplet. The index of this
                       correction factor in the output correction
                       factor array is determined by the position of
                       the proxy in LSTR. (See examples below)
                                                 
      mplet  [INPUT] If blending between one or
                       more multiplet components is already accounted
                       for (e.g. a multiplet is modelled with
                       serveral profiles)  then MPLET can
                       specify which multiplet component to leave 
                       out of the correction factor calculation of 
                       another component. 
 
                         MPLET is defined as follows: 
 
                         mplet = strarr(2,N)
                         mplet = intarr(2,N)
          
                         N is the number of component-component 
                         relationships. Each component-component 
                         relationship is expressed as a two element 
                         string array. The first element should
                         contain  the LSTR index of the component 
                         whose correction factor is needed. 
                         The second element should contain either the
                         LSTR index of the component to leave out, or
                         a string description of the component to
                         leave out in IDTAG format. 
                         One may optionally leave out:

                            o the DESCRIPTION field (e.g. just use SPECIES, WVL,DATABASE). 
                            o the DATABASE or WVL fields (e.g. just use
                              SPECIES, DATABASE)

                      Correction factors will not be calculated for 
                      lines specified to be left out of another
                      lines' correction factor calculation. See
                      examples below.
      brnstr [I/O]    if mixie is to be run multiple times
                      (e.g. using MCMC_DEM() ) the brnstr keyword can 
                      be set so that MIXIE() creates a sturcture
                      containing internally calculated and recycle-able information, to be fed
                      to subsequent MIXIE() calls. The structure is
                      of the form: 

                      {FRACS,NDX,INTNDX,NSS,NNSS,PRXBSE,MULTSTR} 

                      where: 

                      FRACS   = float array contribution fractions of all non-exempt lines
                      NDX     = long array  sstr index of each of thes lines 
                      INTNDX  = float array ndx and fracs index intervals corresponding to each victim
                      NSS     = float array lstr index of each victim  
                      NNSS    = long array  number of actual victims i.e. n_elements(nss) 
                      PRXBSE  = long array  lstr index of the proxy in each proxy relation. 
                      MULTSTR = STRUCT      rd_line structure of proxee in each relation 

                      When fed as input, BRNSTR allows MIXIE to avoid
                      explicit contribution factor calculations for
                      each suspect and cumbersome MPROXY and
                      MPLET sting parsing. 
      DEM    [INPUT]  differential emission measure  at each T [cm^-5/logK]
                      * default is a constant=1e14!!
                      * if defined, DLOGT must also be specified
                      * if LSTR and SSTR emissivity temperature grids do not
                        match  DLOGT then they are rebinned and
                        resampled so that they do 
      DLOGT  [INPUT   logarithmic temperature grid at which DEM is defined
                      * default is 4.0 to 8.0 in steps of 0.05
      ABUND  [I/O]  abudnanaces relative to H abund(0) = 1
      	               * abund(Z-1) contains the abundance for element Z
                      * default: Grevesse & Sauval(1998)
      ABNDUPDT [INPUT] If set, then abundnaces will be updated on
                      output. Abundances are calculated after taking 
                      into account the correction factors 
      OBSFLX [INPUT]  Obseved fluxes used to calculate abundnaces,
                      must match the number of correction factors
                      calculated                         
      OFSIG  [INPUT]  errors for OBSFLX
      MULTIPLET [INPUT] temporary, same as MPLET
      MULTPLET [INPUT]  temporary, same as MPLET 
      MULTPROXY [INPUT] temporary, same as MPROXY
      MULTIPROXY[INPUT] temporary, same as MPROXY
      verbose[INPUT]  set verbosity 
      _extra [INPUT]  pass defined keywords to
	               LINEFLX (DEM, ABUND, EFFAR, WVLAR, TEMP, NOPH, IKEV, REGRID)
                      RD_LIST (DBDIR,LOGP,PRES,N_E,EQFILE)
      
subroutines
      LINEFLX
      RD_LIST
      INICON
      CAT_LN
      REBINX
      MCMC_ABUND
      MCMC_EROR 
      IS_KEYWORD_SET

restrictoins
      Is is suggested that LSTR and SSTR be read from a common
      database to avoid accidentally identifying a line as 'self blending' 
      MIXIE() will NOT compute correct correction factors for DR lines. 

usage examples

      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI'
        Ne9   = rd_list('Ne9|[13.44,13.45]',/incieq,sep='|')
        cand  = rd_list('ALL|[12.44,15.45]',/incieq,sep='|')
        factor = mixie(Ne9,Cand,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.02,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                      culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag, mixst=mixstr)
        for j = 0,n_elements(culprit)-1 do print,mixstr.idtag(j), mixstr.contamint(j)* mixstr.contamfrac(j)

      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI'
        Ne9    = rd_list('Ne9|[13.44,13.45]',/incieq,sep='|')
        factor = mixie(Ne9,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.02,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                 culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag, mixst=mixstr)
        for j = 0,n_elements(culprit)-1 do print,mixstr.idtag(j), mixstr.contamint(j)* mixstr.contamfrac(j)

      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI'
        T_components  = [6.6,6.9,7.4]           ; log(T[K]) components in the EM
        EM_components = [3.05,3.05,3.55]*1d11   ; Emission Measure [cm^-3]
        !DEM=mk_dem('delta', logT = !LOGT, pardem=T_components, indem=EM_components)
        Ne9   = rd_list('Ne9|[13.44,13.45]',/incieq,sep='|')
        factor = mixie(Ne9,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.02,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                      culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag, mixst=mixstr,DEM=!DEM, DLOGT=!LOGT)
        for j = 0,n_elements(culprit)-1 do print,mixstr.idtag(j),mixstr.contamint(j)* mixstr.contamfrac(j)
 
      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI' 
        N7  = rd_list('N7|[24.77,24.79]',/incieq,sep='|'); this list specifies a triplet
        mproxy = [ [2,1], [2,0] ]  ; We use one triplet component as proxy       
        factor = mixie(N7,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.008,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                 culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag,mproxy=mproxy,$
                 mixstr=mixstr)

      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI' 
        N7 = rd_list('N7|[24.7846,24.7847]',/incieq,sep='|'); this list contains one N7 triplet component 
        ; use MPROXY to specify N7 triplet components the one component are to stand proxy for
        mproxy = [['0','NVII 24.7793 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2p) 2P_3/2'], $ 
                  ['0','NVII 24.7844 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2s) 2S_1/2']]  
        factor = mixie(N7,njk,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.008,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                       culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag,$
                       mixst=mixstr,mproxy=mproxy )

      * !LDBDIR = '$CHIANTI' 
        N7 = rd_list('NVII|24.7847|$CHIANTI|(1s) 2S_1/2 (2p) 2P_1/2',sep='|',/incieq)
        ; use MPROXY to specify multiplet components the N7 at 24.7847 is to stand proxy for
        mproxy = [['0','NVII 24.7793 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2p) 2P_3/2'], $ 
                  ['0','NVII 24.7844 $CHIANTI (1s) 2S_1/2 (2s) 2S_1/2']]  
        factor = mixie(N7,j,lwdt=0.008,nsig=5,lthr=0.008,contamfrac=contamfrac,victim=victim,$
                       culprit=culprit,contamint=contamint,idtag=idtag,$
                       mixst=mixstr,mproxy=mproxy)
                 
history
                INTENDED as an improvement on bland() (LL:Jul'03)
                NEW documentation new default nsig 
                  output now correction factor and not mixstr (LL:Aug'03)
                BUG FIX: 1/SQRT(2) factor needed for arguement of ERRORF so
                  lwdt is actually standard deviation
                now prints message when no blends are found
                now robust to theoretical lines (designated by
                negative wavelengths)                      
                BUG FIX correction factor calculations for multiple
                victim list was incorrect (LL/DG:Sep'03) 
                ADDED keyword COMPOSITE to handle doublets (LL:Sep'03) 
                REPLACED keyword COMPOSITE with MUTLPROXY which now handles
                  multiplets. ADDED related keyword MULTIPLET. (LL:Oct'03)
                ADDED correction for 'over correction' i.e. a CULPRIT now
                  cannot 'overdistribute' its flux when contaminating
                  several VICTIMS at once. (LL:Oct'03)  
                CHANGED LTHR and NSIG so that they can handle arrays
                  so correction factors for continuum measurements
                  are possible (LL:Oct'03) 
                CHANGED default RD_LIST() call so that makes
                  intelligent efficient wrange decision (LL:Oct'03) 
                ADDED BRNSTR keyword so that doesn't bog down
                  MCMC_DEM(). ALSO included explicit intensity
                  calculations so to avoid being slowed by LINEFLX(). (LL:Oct'03) 
                ADD ABNDUPDT keyword to toggle ABUND updating on
                  output (LL:Jan'04) 
                CHANGED location of ABUNDANCE calculation so that it
                  abundances get updated after contamination
                  correction. ADDED keyword OFSIG (LL:Jan'04) 
                CHANGED MULTIPLET KEYWORD to MPLET and MULTPROXY to
                  MPROXY (LL/DG:Jan'04) 
		 changed default of LTHR to 1e-4 (VK;Jan'04)
                ADDED new MPLET and MPROXY format (LL:Feb'04) 
                BUG FIX over correction mechanism (i.e. considering
                  situations of one culprit and two victims) was not
                  working properly, leading to correction factors >
                  1. (LL/DG:Feb'04) 
                BUG FIX total(contamfrac) gt 1 changed to
                  n_elements(culprit) gt 1  (LL:Feb'04) 
                BUG FIX keywords idtag and mixstr were failing 
                  because need to handle with keyword_set()  not
                  arg_present() (LL:Mar'04) 
                VARIOUS BUG FIXES 
                  sstr enteed as dummy argument = crash 
                  mixstr and idtag fix (LL:Mar'05)  
		 replaced direct reference to !LOGT with calls to
		   defsysv and setsysval (VK; Apr'05)
                BUG FIX if sstr is one component only it was 
                  ignored. (LL:Apr'05) 
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/mixie.pro)


MK_3MODEL

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function	mk_3model
	generate and return a compound model using the supplied
	parameters of components made up of 3-parameter functions

syntax
	model=mk_3model(x,p,w,h,pder,group=group,delp=delp,type=type,/asis,$
	/allcomp,/fwhm,/normflx,missing=missing,betap=betap,vrot=vrot)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points where model is computed
	p	[INPUT; required] positions of components
	w	[INPUT; required] widths of components
	h	[INPUT; required] heights of components
	pder	[OUTPUT] contains 2D array (NX,3*NPAR) of partial derivatives
		of each component wrt parameters

keywords
	group	[INPUT] grouping index of gaussians
	delp	[INPUT] offsets from first position value in group
		NOTE: GROUP and DELP are ignored if ASIS is set
		NOTE: if GROUP and DELP are not given, ASIS is set
	type	[INPUT; default='G*aussian'] what type of curve to generate
		for the model.  other possibilities are
			L*orentzian
			B*eta-profile (set "Beta=<value>")
			SL*ant (set "slant=<angle>,<beta>")
			R*otation-convolved Gaussian (set "rot=<velocity>")
			P*ower-law (set "pw=<break>" or "pe=<break>")
			I*dentity
			U*ser_defined (not yet implemented), etc.
			SI*nusoid (set "sin=<phase>")
		* if not defined, uses "Gauss"
		* if insufficiently defined, uses last defined as default
		  for the rest
	asis	[INPUT] the default action is to verify that the p are
		consistent with GROUP and DELP and to correct as necessary.
		if ASIS is set, this is not done.
	allcomp	[INPUT] if set, returns the sum of components and also each
		component in a separate column of a 2D array of size
		(N_ELEMENTS(P)+1,N_ELEMENTS(X))
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined variables to subroutine:-
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORMFLX
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORMFLX
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING, NORMFLX
		MK_ROGAUSS: VROT, MISSING, FWHM, NORMFLX
		MK_IDENT: GIGO
		MK_SINUSOID: PHASE, MISSING

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* returns composite model by adding up components
	* input component parameters as sequence of arrays of
	  positions, widths, and heights
	* input grouping info by 2 additional arrays
	* specify type of model with keyword TYPE
	* partial derivatives are computed only if ALL 5 parameters are
	  supplied in call
	* example TYPEs:
	  'Gauss', 'gaussian', 'gau', 'g'
	  'Lorentz', 'lorentz', 'lorentzian', 'lor', 'l'
	  'beta=1.8', 'BETA=2.4', 'B=2', 'b 1.8', 'b:1.8', 'b	1.8'
	  'slant=45,1.8','SLANT=89,2.4', 's=10','s=,2', 's:3,2'
	  'rotational velocity=1e-4', 'rot=30', 'r:30e5', 'R 1e-4'
	  'pe=1', 'pw=12.3985', 'pw@12.4'
	  'sin', 'sin=90'
			
subroutines
	MK_GAUSS
	MK_LORENTZ
	MK_SLANT
	MK_ROGAUSS
	MK_POWLAM
	MK_SINUSOID
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)
	added parameter to return partial derivatives (VK; Nov96)
	added _EXTRA, added call to MK_LORENTZ (VK; Oct98)
	allowed setting BETAP for MK_LORENTZ via TYPE definition (VK; Dec98)
	added MK_SLANT calls (VK; MarMM)
	added MK_ROGAUSS, MK_POWLAM calls (VK; JunMM)
	changed name from MK_MODEL to MK_3MODEL (VK; Aug01)
	converted array notation to IDL 5; added MK_IDENT (VK; Apr02)
	changed keyword NORM to NORMFLX (VK; Oct02)
	added call to MK_SINUSOID (VK; Sep04)

(See pro/fitting/mk_3model.pro)


MK_ABSORB

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function	mk_absorb
	returns a multiplicative transmission factor for ISM absorption

syntax
	ismcorr=mk_absorb(x,NH,pder, fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/Fano,/ikev,$
	/wam,/bam,/mam,/noHeH,abund=abund,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where the function must be computed
	NH	[INPUT; default: 1e18] H column
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameter
		at each X; calculated only if 3 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		ISMTAU: FH2, HE1, HEII, FANO, IKEV, WAM, BAM, MAM, NOHEH, ABUND

description
	wrapper to ISMTAU

subroutines
	ISMTAU

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul08)

(See pro/fitting/mk_absorb.pro)


MK_BBANG

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function	mk_bbang
	returns the Planck function B(lam) [ph/s/cm^2/Ang] as a
	function of lam [Ang] at a given temperature T.

	In general,
	B(nu)d(nu) = (R/d)^2*(2*pi/c^2) * d(nu)*nu^2/(exp(h*nu/kT)-1)
	for lam=c/nu,
	B(lam)d(lam) = (R/d)^2 * (2*pi*c) * d(lam) * (1/lam^4)/(exp(hc/lam/k/T)-1)
		== A * (lam^-4/(exp(hc/lam/k/T)-1)) * d(lam)

syntax
	b=mk_bbang(x,norm,temperature,pder,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where B(X) must be computed
	norm	[INPUT; required] normalization for B(X)
	temp	[INPUT; required] temperature in [K]
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 4 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

usage summary
	* call as a function

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug08; based loosely on 1993 blackbody.pro)

(See pro/fitting/mk_bbang.pro)


MK_BBKEV

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function	mk_bbkev
	returns the Planck function B(E) [ph/s/cm^2/keV] as a
	function of E [keV] at a given temperature T.

	In general,
	B(nu)d(nu) = (R/d)^2*(2*pi/c^2) * d(nu)*nu^2/(exp(h*nu/kT)-1)
	for E=h*nu,
	B(E)dE	= (R/d)^2 * (2*pi/c^2/h^3) * dE*E^2/(exp(E/kT)-1)
		== A * (E^2/(exp(E/kT)-1)) * dE

syntax
	b=mk_bbkev(x,norm,temp,pder,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where B(X) must be computed
	norm	[INPUT; required] normalization for B(X)
	temp	[INPUT; required] temperature in [K]
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 4 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

usage summary
	* call as a function

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug08; based loosely on 1993 blackbody.pro)

(See pro/fitting/mk_bbkev.pro)


MK_BKNPOWER

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	mk_bknpower
	returns a broken Power-law function,
	  p(X)	= NORM*(X/Xo)^gamma1 {X.le.PBREAK}
		= NORM*(PBREAK/Xo)^(gamma1-gamma2)*(X/Xo)^gamma2 {X.ge.PBREAK}

syntax
	p=mk_bknpower(x,norm,gamma1,gamma2,pbreak,pder,Xo=Xo,/nobreak,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	X	[INPUT; required] where p(X) must be computed
	norm	[INPUT; required] normalization
	gamma1	[INPUT; required] power-law index 1 (valid for 0<X<PBREAK)
	gamma2	[INPUT; necessary] power-law index 2 (valid for X>PBREAK)
	pbreak	[INPUT; necessary] break point
		* GAMMA2 and PBREAK are ignored if NOBREAK is set
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 6 parameters are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt NORM, GAMMA1, GAMMA2, and PBREAK respectively
		* to have it return PDER as [N(X),2] for a non-broken power-law
		  distribution, set NOBREAK (must have GAMMA2 and PBREAK in the
		  call, but they will be ignored)

keywords
	Xo	[INPUT] X-value at which which normalization is defined
		* default is 1.0
	nobreak	[INPUT] if set, ignores GAMMA2 and PBREAK, essentially assuming
		that PBREAK=$\infty$
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	x=(findgen(100)+1)/10. & p=mk_bknpower(x,1.,-1,-3,1.5) & plot,x,p,/xl,/yl
	p2=mk_bknpower(x,1.,-1,-3,1.5,/nobreak) & oplot,x,p2,line=2,thick=2

history
	Vinay Kashyap (Apr2008)

(See pro/fitting/mk_bknpower.pro)


MK_DEM

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function	mk_dem
	returns DEM(T) [cm^-5]

syntax
	DEM=mk_dem(type,logT=logT,indem=indem,pardem=pardem,$
	sloop=sloop,xcur=xcur,ycur=ycur,loopy=loopy,lcomp=lcomp,$
	weight=weight,/gauss,verbose=verbose)

description
	this provides a way to generate DEMs quickly by various means.
	TYPE, a string variable, decides what sort of method to use to
	generate the DEM.  TYPE can be
		'help'
		'constant'	PARDEM = value
		'chebyshev'	PARDEM = coefficients
		'cursor'	PARDEM = max range in DEM
		'interpolate'	PARDEM = original logT
		'loop'   	PARDEM = original logT
		'rebin' 	PARDEM = rebinning scales
		'spline'	PARDEM = logT location of points
		'varsmooth'	PARDEM = smoothing scales
		'delta'		PARDEM = logT locations of EM components
	if a particular method requires an input DEM (e.g., 'interpolate'),
	feed that in via the keyword parameter INDEM.
	any parameters that the method requires go in via PARDEM (e.g., for
	'interpolate', PARDEM would be the temperature grid at which INDEM
	is defined).

parameters
	type	[INPUT; required] specifies what type of DEM.
		* if 'help', prints out available options

keywords
	logT	[INPUT; default=findgen(81)*0.05+4] log10(T [K]) at which
		to return DEM(T)
	pardem	[INPUT] parameters to be used to figure out the DEM.
		strictly case dependent.
	indem	[INPUT] for those cases that require an input/initial DEM
	xcur	[I/O] cursor X locations for the "cursor" option
	ycur	[I/O] cursor Y locations for the "cursor" option
	loopy	[INPUT] set to the maximum number of loop components
		that should be used for LOOP type DEMs
		* the top LOOPY EM values are kept as is, and the rest are
		  discarded
		* LCOMP lists the components that _must_ be kept
	lcomp	[INPUT] scalar or vector which contains the indices of
		the parameters that must be used to compute loops
		  -- if LCOMP exceeds LOOPY, only the largest of the
		     specified components that are within quota are kept
		  -- if LCOMP is less than LOOPY, the remaining slots are
		     filled in by the largest of the remaining components
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] allows setting defined keywords to subroutines
		-- VARSMOOTH (WEIGHT, GAUSS, STEPS)
		-- LOOPEM (SLOOP, VERBOSE)

subroutines
	CHEBYSHEV, VARSMOOTH, LOOPEM

history
	vlk (Jun98)
	added option to interpolate (VK; Dec98)
	added option for variable scale rebin (VK; 1999)
	added option to interactively specify DEM (VK; MMJul)
	rebin option now works (VK; AugMM)
	added keywords XCUR and YCUR (VK; JanMMI)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	added 'delta' option (VK; Mar03)
	now correctly converts EM to DEM for 'delta' (VK; Jun03)
	added keyword LOOPY; allows limiting the number of T components
	  for LOOP (VK; Mar05)
	added keyword LCOMP (VK; Jun05)
	button press status now stored in !MOUSE, not !ERR (VK; Apr09)

(See pro/mk_dem.pro)


MK_EFOLD

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function	mk_efold
	returns an exponential, NORM*exp(-x*SCALE)+YOFF

syntax
	f=mk_efold(x,norm,scale,yoff,pder,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where F(X) must be computed
	norm	[INPUT; required] normalization for exponential
	scale	[INPUT; required] reciprocal of e-folding decay scale
	yoff	[INPUT; required] offset from Y=0
		* NORM,SCALE,YOFF must be scalars or single-element
		  vectors -- extra elements, if present, are silently
		  ignored
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if supplied in the calling sequence.

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

example
	x=findgen(100) & plot,x,mk_efold(x,100.,0.05,20.)

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug08)

(See pro/mk_efold.pro)


MK_GAUSS

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function	mk_gauss
	returns a gaussian G(X)

syntax
	g=mk_gauss(x,mean,sig,peak,pder,/fwhm,/normflx,missing=missing,/widebin)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	mean	[INPUT; default: mid_point(X)] position of peak
	sig	[INPUT; default: 0.1*range(X)] std. deviation
	peak	[INPUT; default: 1] max(G)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	fwhm	[INPUT] if set, the std.deviation is SIG/2.355
	normflx	[INPUT] if set, the *normalization* is set to PEAK
	missing	[INPUT] 3 element array to populate missing values of
		MEAN, SIG, and PEAK
	widebin	[INPUT] if set, assumes that the bins are wide compared
		to the width of the Gaussian and returns the integral
		over the bins rather than just the value at each X
		* this part requires a call to MID2BOUND()
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent program from crashing

description
    if NORMFLX == 0 && FWHM == 0:
	G(X)=PEAK*exp((X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)
    if NORMFLX != 0 && FWHM == 0:
	G(X)=(PEAK/SIGMA/sqrt(2*!PI))*exp((X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)
    if NORMFLX == 0 && FWHM != 0:
	G(X)=PEAK*exp(2.355^2*(X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)
    if NORMFLX != 0 && FWHM != 0:
	G(X)=(2.355*PEAK/SIGMA/sqrt(2*!PI))*exp(2.355^2*(X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates gaussian model only at specified points X
	* needs MEAN, SIG, PEAK for complete specification

subroutines
	MID2BOUND

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)
	added PDER (VK; Nov96)
	added _EXTRA, changed SIGMA to SIG (VK; Oct98)
	big correction, if MEAN,SIG,PEAK are undefined on input (VK; JunMM)
	now works even if X are integers (VK; Jul01)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	check to see if X is defined (VK; Sep02)
	changed keyword NORM to NORMFLX (VK; Oct02)
	added keyword WIDEBIN and call to MID2BOUND (VK; Apr11)

(See pro/fitting/mk_gauss.pro)


MK_IDENT

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function	mk_ident
	returns the input as the output (hence the name)
	it is useful as an "identity translator" to make
	a model out of whatever input array.

syntax
	gy=mk_ident(x,y0,x0,m0,pder,gigo=gigo,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] the points at which the output is
		computed.
	y0	[INPUT] the normalization of the output function
		* if not given, assumed to be 1.0
	x0	[INPUT] the zero-point of the output, i.e., how much to shift
		the input
		* if not given, assumed to be 0.0
	m0	[INPUT] a stretching factor
		* if not given, assumed to be 1.0
		* if Y0, X0, or M0 are arrays, only the first element is used
		* NOTE: for X0.NE.0 and M0.NE.1, the new functions are simply
		  interpolated from GIGO
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	gigo	[INPUT] the array which goes into the output
		* if not given, assumed to be 0.*X+1.
		* if size does not match X, truncated or filled out with
		  1st element
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

usage summary
	* call as a function

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr02)

(See pro/fitting/mk_ident.pro)


MK_LCECLIPSE

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function	mk_lceclipse
	returns the light curve of a hard eclipse of an almost point source

syntax
	lc=mk_lceclipse(x,midpt,hwidth,depth,pder,angfall=angfall,angrise=angrise,$
	ybase=ybase,yoff=yoff,/steep)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where LC(X) must be computed
	midpt	[INPUT; default: mid_point(X)] position of central point of eclipse
	hwidth	[INPUT; default: 0.1*range(X)] half-width of eclipse
	depth	[INPUT; default: 1] depth of eclipse
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),7], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt MIDPT,WIDTH,DEPTH,ANGFALL,ANGRISE,YBASE,YOFF

keywords
	angfall	[INPUT; default=3*!pi/2] angle of lightcurve descent in radians
	angrise	[INPUT; default=!pi/2] angle of lightcurve ascent in radians
		* NOTE: if STEEP is set, ANGFALL and ANGRISE are assumed to be slopes
		  and the default values are set to -1000 and +1000 respectively
	steep	[INPUT] if set, assumes that ANGFALL and ANGRISE are given as slopes
	ybase	[INPUT; default=0] baseline emission
	yoff	[INPUT; default=0] offset on the other side of eclipse
	eps	[INPUT; default=1e-6] a small number
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

description
	The eclipse curve is:
	slp1=tan(ANGFALL) & slp2=tan(ANGRISE)
	LC(X)	= YBASE+DEPTH	for X < MIDPT-HWIDTH+DEPTH/slp1
		= slp1*X+(YBASE-slp1*MIDPT+slp1*HWIDTH)
			for MIDPT-HWIDTH-DEPTH/slp1 .LE. X .LE. MIDPT-HWIDTH
		= YBASE	for MIDPT-HWIDTH < X < MIDPT+HWIDTH
		= slp2*X+(YBASE-slp2*MIDPT-slp2*HWIDTH)
			for MIDPT+HWIDTH .LE. X .LE. MIDPT+HWIDTH+(DEPTH+YOFF)/slp2
		= YBASE+DEPTH+YOFF	for X > MIDPT+HWIDTH+(DEPTH+YOFF)/slp2
	
usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates hard eclipse light curve at specified points

subroutines
	NONE

example
	x=findgen(100)
	y=mk_lceclipse(x,60,20,0.77,pder,ybase=0.4,yoff=0.11,$
	angfall=178*!pi/180.,angrise=10.*!pi/180.) & plot,x,y

history
	vinay kashyap (MayMMVII; based on MK_LORENTZ)
	added keyword STEEP, also corrected bug of pderiv wrt ANG (VK; AugMMVII)

(See pro/fitting/mk_lceclipse.pro)


MK_LCOOL_APED

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
script	MK_LCOOL_APED.PRO
	IDL program to set up the call to EXAPED and write out the
	emissivities from the linelist.fits file

usage
	wmn=0. & wmx=3000.
	atomdb='/data/fubar/SCAR/atomdb/atomdb_v2.0.2/'	;path to ATOMDB
	apeddir='/data/fubar/SCAR/emissivity/apedD'	;output directory
	.run mk_lcool_aped

vinay kashyap (Jul02)

(See pro/scrypt/mk_lcool_aped.pro)


MK_LCOOL_CHIANTI

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script	MK_LCOOL_CHIANTI
	IDL program to call WRT_LN_CHIANTI repeatedly for various pressures
	and densities to generate a database of line intensities for all
	available CHIANTI ions

usage
	set the variables WMN and WMX to fix wavelength range in [Ang]
	set the variables NE_MIN, NE_MAX, D_NE [log10[cm^-3]] to set
	range of densities, and P_MIN, P_MAX, D_P [log10[cm^3 K]] to
	set range of pressures at which to compute the emissivities
	set CHIDIR as the path to the CHIANTI installation
	set OUTDIR as the path to where the outputs should be stored

	if initale has been run, CHIDIR is set to !CHIDIR, and OUTDIR
	is set to !TOPDIR/emissivity/chianti

	invoke as
	.run mk_lcool_chianti
	

vinay kashyap (Dec96)
  updated to make it more robust to other people's setups (VK; Jul13)

(See pro/scrypt/mk_lcool_chianti.pro)


MK_LINSTR

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function	mk_linstr
	create a standard emissivity structure by putting together
	the various inputs.  this emissivity structure can then be
	used in PINTofALE exactly as though it had been read in via
	RD_LINE().

syntax
	linstr=mk_linstr(emis,logT=logT,wvl=wvl,Z=Z,ion=ion,jon=jon,$
	desig=desig,econf=econf,src=src,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	emis	[INPUT; required] emissivities
		* if 2D, assumed to be an array of size (NLOGT,NWVL)
		* if 1D, makes a semi-intelligent guess as to whether
		  it is an array corresponding to LOGT or WVL
		  -- first checks with LOGT and if size matches, that's it
		  -- else checks with WVL and
		  -- if that doesn't match then quits with an error

keywords
	logT	[INPUT] log10(Temperatures [K])
		* default is a regular grid going from 4..8
		* if any of the values are > 100, then it is assumed
		  that the input is in [K] and the log10 is taken
		* if size does not match first dimension of 2D EMIS,
		  then ignored and default is used
	wvl	[INPUT] wavelengths [Angstroms]
		* if size does not match 2nd dimension of EMIS, then
		  quits with an error
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers of elements generating given WVL
		* missing values will be set to 1
	ion	[INPUT] ionic state of element generating given WVL
		* missing values are set to 1
	jon	[INPUT] the ionic state that matters as far as ion-balance
		is concerned
		* missing values are set to ION
	src	[INPUT] reference to source of line info
		* e.g., 1=SPEX, 2=CHIANTI, 3=APED
		* if not set, assumed to be -99
		* if given but in insufficient numbers, the value of the
		  first element is extrapolated out
	desig	[INPUT] level designations for lower & upper level
	econf	[INPUT] e-configurations for lower & upper level
		* DESIG and ECONF are expected to be array of size (2,NWVL)
		  and are filled out with blank strings if parts are missing
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore -- here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun02)

(See pro/mkemis/mk_linstr.pro)


MK_LORENTZ

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function	mk_lorentz
	returns a modified Lorentzian, Lb(X)

syntax
	l=mk_lorentz(x,mean,core,peak,pder,/betap,/normflx,missing=m,/fwhm)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	mean	[INPUT; default: mid_point(X)] position of peak
	core	[INPUT; default: 0.1*range(X)] core width
	peak	[INPUT; default: 1] value of Lb(X=MEAN)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt
		parameters at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters
		are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt MEAN, CORE, PEAK, and BETAP respectively

keywords
	betap	[INPUT; default=1] the index of the beta-profile.  default
		is regular Lorentzian.
		* if NORMFLX is set and BETAP.le.0.5, the default is used
	normflx	[INPUT] if set, {\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dX Lb(X) = PEAK}
	missing	[INPUT] 3 element array to populate missing values of
		MEAN, CORE, and PEAK
	fwhm	[INPUT] if set, assumes that the input CORE is actually
		given as full-width at half-max, and converts to the true
		core width prior to calculation, and then converts back to
		full-width at half-max post-calc.
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

description
	The Lorentzian is
		L(X) = PEAK / ( 1 + ((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2 )
	The modified Lorentzian is
		Lb(X) = PEAK / ( 1 + ((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2 ) ^ BETAP

	When integrated over the real axis (Gradshteyn & Ryzhik, 3.251,2),
		\int dX Lb = PEAK*CORE*B(1/2, BETAP-1/2),
	where B(x,y) is the Beta-function, with BETAP > 1/2

	hence, if NORMFLX is set,
		Lb(X) = (PEAK/CORE/B(1/2,beta-1/2))/(1+((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2)^BETAP

	The hwhm is defined as that value of X=W such that
		Lb(W)=0.5*Lb(X=MEAN)
	i.e.,	Lb(W)=(stuff)/(1+((W-MEAN)/CORE)^2)^(BETAP)=0.5*(stuff)
	hence,	hwhm = W-MEAN = CORE*sqrt(2^(1/BETAP)-1)
	or,	fwhm = CORE*2*sqrt(2^(1/BETAP)-1)

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates modified Lorentzian model only at specified points X
	* needs MEAN, CORE, PEAK for complete specification

examples
	x=findgen(1000)*0.01 & peasecolr & b=2.5
	L1=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1) & L2=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1,/fwhm)
	Lb1=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1,betap=b) & Lb2=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1,betap=b,/fwhm)
	Lf1=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1,/normflx) & Lf2=mk_lorentz(x,5,1,1,betap=b,/norm)
	plot,x,L1 & oplot,x,L2,col=2
	oplot,x,Lb1,thick=2 & oplot,x,Lb2,thick=2,col=2
	oplot,x,Lf1,thick=2,line=1 & oplot,x,Lf2,thick=2,col=3,line=1

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	changed keyword BETA to BETAP; corrected normalization (VK; Dec98)
	recomputed partial derivatives (VK; MarMM)
	now works even if X are integers (VK; Jul01)
	what if PEAK=0? (VK; Apr02)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	added partial derivative wrt BETAP to PDER output array (VK; Jun02)
	changed keyword NORM to NORMFLX (VK; Oct02)
	added keyword FWHM (VK; Apr03)

(See pro/fitting/mk_lorentz.pro)


MK_MODEL

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function	mk_model
	generate and return a compound model using the supplied
	parameters of components made up of 3-parameter functions

syntax
	model=mk_model(x,p,w,h,pder,group=group,delp=delp,type=type,/asis,$
	/allcomp,/fwhm,/norm,missing=missing,betap=betap,vrot=vrot)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points where model is computed
	p	[INPUT; required] positions of components
	w	[INPUT; required] widths of components
	h	[INPUT; required] heights of components
	pder	[OUTPUT] contains 2D array (NX,3*NPAR) of partial derivatives
		of each component wrt parameters

keywords
	group	[INPUT] grouping index of gaussians
	delp	[INPUT] offsets from first position value in group
		NOTE: GROUP and DELP are ignored if ASIS is set
		NOTE: if GROUP and DELP are not given, ASIS is set
	type	[INPUT; default='G*aussian'] what type of curve to generate
		for the model.  other possibilities are
			L*orentzian
			B*eta-profile (set "Beta=<value>")
			S*lant (set "slant=<angle>,<beta>")
			R*otation-convolved Gaussian (set "rot=<velocity>")
			P*ower-law (set "pw=<break>" or "pe=<break>")
			U*ser_defined (not yet implemented), etc.
		* if not defined, uses "Gauss"
		* if insufficiently defined, uses last defined as default
		  for the rest
	asis	[INPUT] the default action is to verify that the p are
		consistent with GROUP and DELP and to correct as necessary.
		if ASIS is set, this is not done.
	allcomp	[INPUT] if set, returns the sum of components and also each
		component in a separate column of a 2D array of size
		(N_ELEMENTS(P)+1,N_ELEMENTS(X))
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined variables to subroutine:-
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_ROGAUSS: VROT, MISSING, FWHM, NORM

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* returns composite model by adding up components
	* input component parameters as sequence of arrays of
	  positions, widths, and heights
	* input grouping info by 2 additional arrays
	* specify type of model with keyword TYPE
	* partial derivatives are computed only if ALL 5 parameters are
	  supplied in call
	* example TYPEs:
	  'Gauss', 'gaussian', 'gau', 'g'
	  'Lorentz', 'lorentz', 'lorentzian', 'lor', 'l'
	  'beta=1.8', 'BETA=2.4', 'B=2', 'b 1.8', 'b:1.8', 'b	1.8'
	  'slant=45,1.8','SLANT=89,2.4', 's=10','s=,2', 's:3,2'
	  'rotational velocity=1e-4', 'rot=30', 'r:30e5', 'R 1e-4'
	  'pe=1', 'pw=12.3985', 'pw@12.4'
			
subroutines
	MK_GAUSS
	MK_LORENTZ
	MK_SLANT
	MK_ROGAUSS
	MK_POWLAM
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)
	added parameter to return partial derivatives (VK; Nov96)
	added _EXTRA, added call to MK_LORENTZ (VK; Oct98)
	allowed setting BETAP for MK_LORENTZ via TYPE definition (VK; Dec98)
	added MK_SLANT calls (VK; MarMM)
	added MK_ROGAUSS, MK_POWLAM calls (VK; JunMM)

(See pro/fitting/mk_model.pro)


MK_POLY1D

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function	mk_poly1d
	returns a polynomial, \Sum_{i=0}^{N} a_i (x-x0)^i

syntax
	py=mk_poly1d(x,aa,pder,x0=x0,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	aa	[INPUT; required] array of coefficients for the polynomial
		* the degree of the polynomial that is returned is N(AA)-1
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 4 parameters are supplied in call.

keywords
	x0	[INPUT; default=0] zero-point of function
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

usage summary
	* call as a function

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug01)
	converted array notation to IDL 5; summation of powers now kosher;
	  corrected sign of partial wrt X0 (VK; Apr02)

(See pro/fitting/mk_poly1d.pro)


MK_POWLAM

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function	mk_powlam
	returns a power-law in WAVELENGTH G(X)

syntax
	g=mk_powlam(x,gamma1,gamma2,normE,pder,Xo=Xo,pbreak=pbreak,$
	NH=NH,wvlar=wvlar,effar=effar,exptime=exptime,dellam=dellam)

parameters
	X	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	gamma1	[INPUT; required] power-law index 1
	gamma2	[INPUT; required] broken power-law index 2
	normE	[INPUT; required] power-law normalization 
		* as appropriate for an _energy [keV]_ scale
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt GAMMA1, GAMMA2, NORME, and PBREAK respectively

keywords
	Xo	[INPUT] Wavelength for which normalization 
		is defined 1.0; default is 1.0 Angstroms 
	pbreak	[INPUT] Wavelength at which power-law "breaks"
	NH	[INPUT] Hydrogen column density for computing ISM absorption
	wvlar	[INPUT array] wavelength grid of 
		Chandra/HRC-S/LETG effective area
	effar	[INPUT array] Chandra/HRC-S/LETG effective area
	exptime	[INPUT] exposure time
	dellam	[INPUT] wavelength binsize for computing COUNTS spectrum
	_extra	[JUNK] 

description

  for X <= pbreak,
  G(X)=exp(-tau)*norm*(X/Xo)^(gamma1-2)*effar*exptime*dellam

  for X > pbreak,
  G(X)=exp(-tau)*norm*(pbreak/Xo)^(gamma1-gamma2)*(X/Xo)^(gamma2-2)
	*effar*exptime*dellam

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates model only at specified points X
	* needs for complete specification

subroutines
	ISMTAU

history
	Deron Pease (June 2000)
	call ISMTAU only if NH is defined (VK; MMJul)
	bug correction: if NH not defined, etau must be set to 1 (VK; Jun01)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	added partial derivatives wrt PBREAK (VK; Jun02)
	pushed partial derivatives wrt PBREAK inside if..then (VK; Nov02)

(See pro/fitting/mk_powlam.pro)


MK_RECIPROCALPOW

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function	mk_reciprocalpow
	returns a reciprocal double Power-law function,
	  p(X)	= 1/(A1*X^GAMMA1 + A2*X^GAMMA2),
	  with A1*J^GAMMA1 = A2*J^GAMMA2, so A2 == A1*J^(GAMMA1-GAMMA2)
	  and A1 == NORM
	  for X>0

syntax
	p=mk_reciprocalpow(x,norm,gamma1,gamma2,pjoin,pder,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	X	[INPUT; required] where p(X) must be computed
	norm	[INPUT; required] normalization
	gamma1	[INPUT; required] power-law index 1
	gamma2	[INPUT; required] power-law index 2
	pjoin	[INPUT; required] the joining point where the two
		power-law components are equal
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 6 parameters are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt NORM, GAMMA1, GAMMA2, and PJOIN respectively

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	x=(findgen(100)+1)/10. & p=mk_reciprocalpow(x,1.,1.5,0.2,2) & plot,x,p,/xl,/yl
	contrast with: oplot,x,mk_bknpower(x,0.3,-1/1.5,-5,2),line=2

history
	Vinay Kashyap (Sep2008)

(See pro/fitting/mk_reciprocalpow.pro)


MK_ROGAUSS

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function	mk_rogauss
	convolves a gaussian line profile with a rotational broadening function
	and returns the broadened profile.

syntax
	rg=mk_rogauss(x,mean,sig,peak,pder,vrot=vrot,/fwhm,/normflx,$
	missing=missing)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where rG(X) must be computed
		* generally in a wavelength grid
	mean	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to MK_GAUSS
	sig	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to MK_GAUSS
	peak	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to MK_GAUSS
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt
		parameters at each X
		* calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.
		* numerically computed because of intractable convolution
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt MEAN, SIG, PEAK, and VROT respectively

keywords
	vrot	[INPUT; default=0] the rotational velocity, as a fraction
		of light speed
		* if > 1 and < 3e5, assumed to be in [km/s]
		* if > 3e5 and < 3e10, assumed to be in [cm/s]
		* if -ve, then convolves with a fixed rotation profile
		  whose width is defined with reference to MEAN
	_extra	[JUNK] pass defined keywords to MK_GAUSS
		FWHM, NORMFLX, MISSING

description
	NORMFLX=0 && FWHM=0:
	  G(X)=PEAK*exp((X-MEAN)^2/SIGMA^2)
	NORMFLX=1 && FWHM=0:
	  G(X)=(PEAK/SIGMA/sqrt(2*!PI))*exp((X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)
	NORMFLX=0 && FWHM=1:
	  G(X)=PEAK*exp(2.355^2*(X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)
	NORMFLX=1 && FWHM=1:
	  G(X)=(2.355*PEAK/SIGMA/sqrt(2*!PI))*exp(2.355^2*(X-MEAN)^2/2/SIGMA^2)

	G(X) is then convolved with
	  V(X';X)=(2/!PI/HW)*sqrt(1.-((X'-X)/HW)^2), where HW=VROT*X
	(note that V(X';X) *changes* across the range of X)
	
usage summary
	* call as a function
	* needs MEAN, SIG, PEAK for complete specification

subroutines
	MK_GAUSS
	also makes recursive call to itself if PDER is required

history
	vinay kashyap (JunMM, based on MK_SLANT)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	added partial wrt VROT to PDER (VK; Jun02)
	changed keyword NORM to NORMFLX (VK; Oct02)

(See pro/fitting/mk_rogauss.pro)


MK_SINUSOID

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function	mk_sinusoid
	returns a sinusoid, A*sin(f*X+p)+c

syntax
	s=mk_sinusoid(x,ampl,freq,offset,pder,phase=phase,/normflx,$
	missing=missing)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	ampl	[INPUT; default: 1] amplitude of the sinusoid
	freq	[INPUT; default: 2*!pi/range(X)] frequency of sinusoid
	offset	[INPUT; default: 1] constant offset for sinusoid
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt
		parameters at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters
		are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),4], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt AMPL, FREQ, OFFSET, and PHASE respectively

keywords
	phase	[INPUT; default=0] the phase of the sinusoid in [deg]
	normflx	[INPUT] not used yet
	missing	[INPUT] 3 element array to populate missing values of
		AMPL, FREQ, and OFFSET
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

description
	The sinusoid is
		S(X) = AMPL * sin(FREQ*X+PHASE) + OFFSET

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates sinusoid values only at specified points X
	* needs AMPL, FREQ, OFFSET, and PHASE for complete specification

examples

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (Sep04)

(See pro/fitting/mk_sinusoid.pro)


MK_SLANT

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function	mk_slant
	returns the product of a slanted line with a modified
	Lorentzian, Lb(X)

	the idea is to model the asymmetrical line profiles seen in
	CXO grating data.

syntax
	Lbs=mk_slant(x,mean,core,peak,pder,angle=angle,betap=betap,$
	/normflx,missing=missing)

parameters
	x	[INPUT array; required] where G(X) must be computed
	mean	[INPUT; default: mid_point(X)] position of peak
	core	[INPUT; default: 0.1*range(X)] core width
	peak	[INPUT; default: 1] value of Lb(X=MEAN)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives of model wrt parameters
		at each X; calculated only if 5 parameters are supplied in call.
		* array of size [N(X),5], with columns containing the partial
		  derivatives wrt MEAN, CORE, PEAK, BETAP, and ANGLE respectively

keywords
	angle	[INPUT; default=0] the atan(slope) of the straight line
		that makes the Lorentzian asymmetric
	betap	[INPUT; default=1] the index of the beta-profile.  default
		is regular Lorentzian.
		* if NORMFLX is set and BETAP.le.0.5, the default is used
	normflx	[INPUT] if set, {\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dX Lbs(X) = PEAK}
	missing	[INPUT] 3 element array to populate missing values of
		MEAN, CORE, and PEAK
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing

description
	The Lorentzian is
		L(X) = PEAK / ( 1 + ((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2 )
	The modified Lorentzian is
		Lb(X) = PEAK / ( 1 + ((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2 ) ^ BETAP
	The asymmetric modified Lorentzian is
		Lbs(X) = (PEAK + PEAK*SLOPE*(X-MEAN)) / $
			 ( 1 + ((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2 ) ^ BETAP
	
	When integrated over the real axis (Gradshteyn & Ryzhik, 3.251,2),
	the second terms drops out and the integral is identical to that
	of the modified Lorentzian itself, i.e.,
		\int dX Lbs = CORE*PEAK*B(1/2,BETAP-1/2)
	where B(x,y) is the Beta-function, with BETAP > 1/2
	
	if NORMFLX is set,
		Lbs(X) = ((PEAK+PEAK*SLOPE*(X-MEAN))/CORE/B(1/2,beta-1/2)) / $
			 (1+((X-MEAN)/CORE)^2)^BETAP

usage summary
	* call as a function
	* generates modified Lorentzian model only at specified points X
	* needs MEAN, CORE, PEAK for complete specification

subroutines
	NONE

history
	vinay kashyap (MarMM, based on MK_LORENTZ)
	now works even if X are integers (VK; Jul01)
	converted array notation to IDL 5 (VK; Apr02)
	accounted for case PEAK=0, added partial derivatives of BETAP and
	  ANGLE to PDER (VK; Jun02)
	changed keyword NORM to NORMFLX (VK; Oct02)

(See pro/fitting/mk_slant.pro)


MODALPOINT

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function modalpoint
	returns the mode of distribution defined by set of unbinned array values

syntax
	arraymode=modalpoint(array,eps=eps,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	array	[INPUT; required] array of values for which mode must be found

keywords
	eps	[INPUT; default=1e-6] a small number
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	sort the array, divide into two sets around midpoint of range,
	choose the set that contains more elements, and repeat until
	the range is sufficiently small, and declare the midpoint of
	the range to be the mode

warning
	may fail for multimodal distributions

example
	for i=0,20 do print,i,modalpoint(randomn(seed,10000L)+i)

history
	translated to IDL by Vinay Kashyap from C code written for BEHR
	  by Taeyoung Park c.2003 (MarMMVI)
	now correctly handles case when input is quantized (VK; SepMMVI)

(See pro/stat/modalpoint.pro)


MORFO_CIRCOLARE

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function        morfo_circolare
	returns an image that is morphologically manipulated with a
	rotated, annular arclike structure element
 
	if MOPEN is set then an opening operation is applied
	if MCLOSE is set then a closing operation is applied

syntax
       result=morfo_circolare(image,arc,rzero,rstep,nstep,gray=gray,$
       /mopen,/mclose,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	image	[INPUT; required] the image you want to smooth
		* must be a 2-D array
	arc	[INPUT; required] the angular size of the arc to be used
		as a structuring element [degree]
		* the full circle is completed by moving the arc by ARC/2
		  and combining the results
	rzero	[INPUT; required] radius of the innermost annulus to consider
	rstep	[INPUT; required] the annular width of structure elements [pix]
	nstep	[INPUT] number of annuli to use
		* if not given, carries on until the outer radius equals
		  the larger of the image width or height

keywords
	gray	[INPUT] explicitly set to 0 to carry out the morphological
		operations in binary rather than grayscale; default is to
		use grayscale
       mopen	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_open()
       mclose	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_close()
		* NOTE: if more than one of MOPEN,MCLOSE
		  are set, the operations will be daisy-chained in that
		  particular order
	readd	[INPUT] if set, adds up the output from the morphological
		operations at one annular arc to the output from another
		* the default is to record, at any pixel, the largest
		  response obtained from all the bits
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (july 06; based on morfo_rottangoli)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; may 07)

(See pro/util/morfo_circolare.pro)


MORFO_POTARE

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function	morfo_potare
	prunes the little tributaries from a morphological skeleton
	of an image and returns a cleaner image of the skeleton.

	this pruning works as follows: first, branch points in the
	skeleton are identified, and they and their neighboring points
	are extracted and set aside; next, the remaining points are
	segmented into distinct and separate lines and then all segments
	which are smaller than some threshold are discarded; and finally
	the branch points and their neighborhoods are added back on.

	this is not the standard algorithm for pruning, as far as I know.

syntax
	pruned_skeleton=morfo_potare(skel,minpix,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	skel	[INPUT; required] the input 2D bitmap image that
		contains a morphological skeleton
		* NOTE: input _must_ be a skeleton, otherwise the
		  program will fail miserably
	minpix	[INPUT] minimum number of pixels that must exist
		in a given branch for it to be kept on
		* default is 4

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	MORFO_SEGMENTO

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul2006)
	added _EXTRA keyword; changed call from MORFO_FILTRI to
	  MORFO_SEGMENTO (VK; May2007)

(See pro/util/morfo_potare.pro)


MORFO_ROTTANGOLI

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function        morfo_rottangoli
	an image that is morphologically manipulated with a
	rotated, rectangular structure element
 
	if MGRAD is set then a gradien operation is applied
	if MTOP is set then a tophat operation is applied
	if MOPEN is set then an opening operation is applied
	if MCLOSE is set then a closing operation is applied
	if MTHIN is set then a thinning operation is applied

syntax
       result=morfo_rottangoli(image,xsize,ysize,angle,gray=gray,$
       /mgrad,/mtop,/mopen,/mclose,/mthin,/readd,/reuse,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	image	[INPUT; required] the image you want to smooth
		* must be a 2-D array
	xsize	[INPUT; required] the width of the structure element in pixels
	ysize	[INPUT; required] the height of the structure element in pixels
	angle	[INPUT; default=0] the angle in degrees by which to rotate the
		rectangular structure element defined by (XSIZE,YSIZE)
		* if a vector, the output will be the summed images
		  from the application of the rectangular structure
		  element at each of the angles

keywords
	gray	[INPUT] explicitly set to 0 to carry out the morphological
		operations in binary rather than grayscale; default is to
		use grayscale
       mgrad	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_grad()
       mtop	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_tophat()
       mopen	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_open()
       mclose	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_close()
       mthin	[INPUT] if set, runs the IDL function morph_thin()
		* NOTE: if more than one of MGRAD,MTOP,MOPEN,MCLOSE,MTHIN
		  are set, the operations will be daisy-chained in that
		  particular order
	readd	[INPUT] if set, adds up the output from the morphological
		operations at one ANGLE to the output from another ANGLE
		* the default is to record, at any pixel, the largest
		  response obtained from all the ANGLEs
	reuse	[INPUT] if set, uses the output from the morphological
		operations at one ANGLE as the input for the next ANGLE
		* overrides both default and READD
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	julia sandell (july 06)
	tightened up and made bulletproof and changed name from morph_rot
	  to morfo_rottangoli; morphological analysis with rotating rectangles;
	  added keywords GRAY, READD, REUSE, VERBOSE (Vinay Kashyap; july 06)
	added _EXTRA keyword (VK; may 07)

(See pro/util/morfo_rottangoli.pro)


MORFO_SCHELETRO

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function	morfo_scheletro
	compute and return the skeleton representation of an
	image A using a circular structuring element B.
	a skeleton is defined as the union of the sets
		Erosion(A,k*B) - Opening(Erosion(A,k*B),B)
	for k=0,..K where K is the largest value of k before
	the sets become empty.

syntax
	skel=morfo_scheletro(image,rmin,thresh=thresh,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	image	[INPUT; required] image whose skeleton must be
		obtained.
		* must be a 2-D array
	rmin	[INPUT] radius of the circle that
		acts as a structuring element
		* if not given, the default is to use a 3x3 array
		* if given, uses DIST() to define the array
		  -- minimum possible radius is hardcoded as 1pix

keywords
	thresh	[INPUT; default=0] filter IMAGE such that only
		values greater than THRESH are considered.
		* if size matches that of IMAGE, a pixel-by-pixel
		  filtering is carried out
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul2006)

(See pro/util/morfo_scheletro.pro)


MORFO_SEGMENTO

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function	morfo_segmento
	percolates along adjacent connected pixels in a bitmap
	until all the pixels that are connected to each other get
	grouped into contiguous regions and are so labeled; an image
	containing the region numbers for each pixel is returned

syntax
	oimg=morfo_segmento(img,areas,thresh=thresh,arclev=arclev,$
	subidx=subidx,/hardcut,deepimg=deepimg,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	image	[INPUT; required] 2D image in which to separate
		out the connected blobs
		* the blobs are defined as any pixel with intensity>0
		  unless keyword THRESH is set
	areas	[OUTPUT] number of pixels in each labeled region
		* remember the IDL index shift! AREAS[0] is the number
		  of pixels in the background, and AREAS[SOURCE] gives
		  the number of pixels that constitute the blob SOURCE

keywords
	thresh	[INPUT] the threshold value at which to convert
		the input image into a bitmap
		* if not set, assumed to be 0
	arclev	[INPUT] fraction of the maximum area size to keep
		in the output -- all regions of size smaller than
		this are zeroed out
		* default is 0, i.e., no filtering is done
		* if .le. -1, taken to be an absolute value cut
		  if .gt. -1 && .lt. 0, absolute value is choosen
		  if .ge. 1 && .lt. 100, assumed to be percentage
		  if .ge. 100, assumed to be 1-1/ARCLEV
	subidx	[INPUT] index array defining a subset of IMAGE
		to which one must confine attention
		* if not set, assumed to be LINDGEN(N_ELEMENTS(IMAGE))
	hardcut	[INPUT] if set, places a hard cut at the boundaries
		defined by SUBIDX -- the default is to track the region
		out of SUBIDX if any part of it overlaps
	deepimg	[OUTPUT] an image that depicts the depth at which a
		particular pixel was added to a blob
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	this is an updated version of morfo_filtri(), and is much faster
	because it uses a few algorithmic and IDL tricks to speed things
	up.  for example, rather than do a linear search going through
	every pixel once, it does array operations.  each pixel is initially
	assigned a unique number, and at each iteration, the numbers of
	each adjacent pixels are compared and the smallest of the numbers
	is assigned to all of them.  thus, all the pixels that belong to
	each blob end up having the same number.  these numbers are then
	recast into a gap-free sequence thereafter.
	note: there will be no significant improvements in speed in some
	special cases, such as if there is a very large connected region;
	this is never *slower* than morfo_filtri() however.

subroutines
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Sep2006; based on morfo_filtri.pro)
	added keywords ARCLEV and _EXTRA (VK; May2007)
	was failing when there was only one blob (VK; Jun2007)

(See pro/util/morfo_segmento.pro)


MORFO_SOGLIA

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function	morfo_soglia
	threshold the image based on some cut derived from applying some
	kind of filter, and return the image, ideally with the interesting
	features enhanced

syntax
	fimg=morfo_soglia(img,gamma=gamma,nsigma=nsigma,centrale=centrale,$
	bitlev=bitlev,/zeromin,mimg=mimg,thresh=thresh,verbose=verbose)

parametes
	img	[INPUT; required] input image to be filtered
		* must be 2D

keywords
	snr	[INPUT] if given, computes a threshold based
		on a S/N criterion
		* if set, IMG is _not_ converted to a byte scale
	gamma	[INPUT] if given and is +ve, calls GMASCL()
		to transform the image first according to
		the power-law scaling transformation
	nsigma	[INPUT] if given, sets the threshold at
		mean+NSIGMA*stddev
		* default is 1
		* if mean+NSIGMA*stddev < 0, this is not applied
	centrale [INPUT] if set, carries out a local median
		filtering with a box of size 2*fix(CENTRALE>1)+1
		* NSIGMA thresholding is ignored unless NSIGMA
		  is explicitly set
		* the filtered pixels are zero'd out unless the keyword
		  ZEROMIN is explicitly set to 0
	bitlev	[INPUT] if set, carries out a bit-level filtering
		down to level BITLEV, with 1=most significant and
		7 or more=least significant
		* both CENTRALE and NSIGMA are ignored
	zeromin	[INPUT] if set, sets all pixels that do not pass
		the threshold to 0; otherwise will be set to the
		threshold value
	mimg	[OUTPUT] the median image, constructed if CENTRALE is set
	thresh	[OUTPUT] the threshold value used, if histogram-threshold
		is applied
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	requires David Fanning's GMASCL() function

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul2006)
	added _EXTRA keyword; bugfix when NSIGMA was very small (VK; May2007)

(See pro/util/morfo_soglia.pro)


MUNGE_LIST

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procedure	munge_list
	chomps through ascii file containing observed wavelengths/fluxes
	and possible matches to them, then generates the appropriate
	line database and ID structures (see RD_LINE and LINEID)

syntax
	munge_list,list,idstr,lnstr,wvl,flux,fluxerr,dbdir=dbdir,$
	sep=sep,prefix=prefix,comment=comment, mapping=mapping,pres=pres,$
	logp=logp,n_e=n_e,desig=desig,econf=econf,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,$
	eqfile=eqfile,DEM=DEM,abund=abund,/noph,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar

parameters
	list	[INPUT; required] file containing wavelengths, fluxes, and
		matches.
		* see format below
	idstr	[OUTPUT] LINEID type structure
	lnstr	[OUTPUT] RD_LINE type structure
	wvl	[OUTPUT] all the observed wavelengths
	flux	[OUTPUT] all the measured wavelengths
	fluxerr	[OUTPUT] errors on FLUX

keywords
	dbdir	[I/O] directory in which to look for files
		* will be used ONLY if not given in LNLIST
		* if not specified, *default* will be set at run-time to
		  whatever was used last
		* on output, will contain complete list of line database
		  directories used
	sep	[INPUT; default=<tab>] separator used to delineate fields
		in LNLIST
	prefix	[INPUT; default='*'] any line beginning with this letter
		is considered a comment
		* this is in addition to "%", "#", ";", "/"
	comment	[OUTPUT] any commented lines are returned in this variable
		as a string array
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to
		-- RD_LIST (MAPPING)
		-- RD_LINE (PRES,LOGP,N_E,DESIG,ECONF,VERBOSE)
		-- FOLD_IONEQ (CHIFIL,CHIDIR,EQFILE,VERBOSE)
		-- LINEFLX (DEM,ABUND,NOPH,EFFAR,WVLAR)

input file format
	* one entry per line
	* each observed wavelength and related IDs must be in a block
	  of the form
	  	/{ <sep> WVL <sep> FLUX <sep> FLUXERR
	  	ELEM1 ION1 <sep> WAVE1 <sep> SOURCE1 <sep> DESCRIPTION1
	  	ELEM2 ION2 <sep> WAVE2 <sep> SOURCE2 <sep> DESCRIPTION2
	  	...
	  	ELEMn IONn <sep> WAVEn <sep> SOURCEn <sep> DESCRIPTIONn
		// human readable comments
	  	/}
	* the beginning and ending "/{" and "/}" are REQUIRED
	* WVL, FLUX, and FLUXERR are optional, and will be guessed at from
	  the IDs:
	  WVL is set to 0 or the WAVE of the strongest line;
	  FLUX is the total of the peak emissivities of the IDs;
	  FLUXERR is 1% of FLUX (if non-zero), or 1 otherwise.
	* obviously, WVL is required if FLUX is given, and WVL and FLUX
	  are required if FLUXERR is given.
	* of the IDs, ELEM is required, ION is useful, WAVE and SOURCE are
	  optional (obviously, WAVE is required if SOURCE is given, and
	  WAVE and SOURCE are required if DESCRIPTION is given.)
	* due to a shortcoming in ZION2SYMB, it is best if "ELEM ION" is
	  given as "ELEMENT ION", e.g., "Fe XII" or "FeXII" or "Fe 12"
	  and not "26 12" or "26_12"
	* <SEP> is a separator, usually a <tab>, but had better not be any
	  of "," "+-" "-" and "?"
	* WAVE may be (any combination of):-
	  exact match		-- "WVL"
	  inexact match		-- "WVL +- dW" or "WVL ? dW"
	  range			-- "WMIN,WMAX" or "WMIN-WMAX"
	  enclosed in brackets	-- "()" "[]" "{}"
	* lines prefixed by PREFIX, "%", "#", ";" and "/" are ignored
	  (except for "/{", "/}", and "//" -- the last is treated as
	  scribbles to go into the NOTES field of the ID)
	* if no IDs are found, WVL is flagged as "UNKNOWN"
	* emissivities of IDs not attached to any WVL are returned in LNSTR

subroutines
	RD_LIST
	  RD_LINE
	    SYMB2ZION
	      LAT2ARAB
	  FOLD_IONEQ
	    RD_IONEQ
	      READ_IONEQ
	  CAT_LN
	LINEFLX
	  GETABUND
	  WHEE
	IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	updated to include FLUXERR in IDSTR (VK; Dec98?)
	updated to include NOTES in IDSTR (VK; Mar99)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)
	corrected bug where LNSTR was being concatenated if defined
	  on input; now input is ignored (VK; Jul2008)
	corrected bug where LNSTR was not being output (VK; Jan2015)

(See pro/munge_list.pro)


NARY2DEC

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procedure	nary2dec
	converts num from n-ary base to decimal

syntax
	nary2dec,num,dec,/binary,/octal,/hex

parameters
	num	[INPUT] n-ary number or string
	dec	[OUTPUT] corresponding decimal number

keywords
	binary	[INPUT] if set, NUM taken to be in binary notation
	octal	[INPUT] if set, NUM taken to be in octal notation
	hex	[INPUT] if set, NUM taken to be in hexadecimal notation
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (1996?)

(See pro/util/nary2dec.pro)


NENH

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function 	nenH
	calculate the ratio N(e)/N(H) (or N(e)/N(p) -- see keyword
	NPROTON below) in a plasma of specified temperature

syntax
	r=nenh(logT,abund=abund,eqfile=eqfile,chidir=chidir,elem=elem,$
	xelem=xelem,/nproton)

parameters
	logT	[INPUT; required] temperature(s) (log_10(T [K])) at which
		to compute ratio.

keywords
	abund	[I/O] abundances of elements.  default is Allen abundances.
	eqfile	[INPUT] pathname, relative to CHIDIR, of file containing
		ionization equilibrium values, passed w/o comment to RD_IONEQ
	chidir	[INPUT] path name to the CHIANTI installation, passed w/o
		comment to RD_IONEQ
	elem	[INPUT] return data for only these elements (default: all)
	xelem	[INPUT] exclude these elements (overrides ELEM)
		* default: none
		  (note that older CHIANTI ion balance files do not have
		  Cu, Zn, so originally XELEM was set by default to [29,30])
	nproton	[INPUT] if set, returns the ratio N(e)/N(p)
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore -- here only to prevent crashing program

subroutines
	GETABUND [RDABUND]
	RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ (a CHIANTI routine)]
	SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]
	KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (Sep97)
	modified to have just one call to RD_IONEQ instead of one for
	  each Z, changed default of XELEM to none (VK; Jun02)

(See pro/nenh.pro)


NOISMOOTH

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function	noismooth
	return the input function boxcar smoothed at varying
	scales such that the value at any point is determined
	at a sufficiently high S/N.

	beware that this will NOT conserve flux, and the adjacent
	points (or errors) of the smoothed function will no longer
	be statistically independent.

syntax
	ys=noismooth(y,ysig=ysig,snrthr=thresh,snrout=snr,xsiz=xsiz,$
	sdepth=sdepth,verbose=v)

parameters
	y	[INPUT; required] array that must be smoothed
		* note that integer count arrays are returned as
		  integers, which may not necessarily be what is
		  optimal.  to return floats instead, simply input
		  (y*1.0)

keywords
	ysig	[INPUT] errors on Y -- S/N on smoothed function will
		be calculated by square-adding
		* if not given, Gehrel's approximation to Poisson,
		  sqrt(abs(Y)+0.75)+1 will be assumed
		* if single-element, then assumed to be
		  -- additive constant if <0 (i.e., abs(YSIG[0]), or else
		  -- fractional if <1, or else
		  -- percentage if <100, and
		  -- additive constant otherwise
	snrthr	[INPUT] S/N threshold -- try to make every point lie
		above this S/N
		* default is 3
	snrout	[OUTPUT] final S/N at each point
	xsiz	[OUTPUT] final smoothing scale at each point
	sdepth	[INPUT] maximum smoothing scale to consider
		* default is n_elements(Y)/2-1, which is also the
		  hardcoded maximum
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	akin to Harald Ebeling's adaptive smoothing of 2-D images
	(encoded in CIAO CSMOOTH), this program boxcar smooths the
	input 1-D array over a number of scales and at each bin
	keeps the result from the smallest scale which puts it
	over the specified S/N threshold.

examples
	peasecolr & y=randomu(seed,1000,poisson=1) & y[400:499]=randomu(seed,100,poisson=5)
	plot,y & oplot,smooth(y,5),col=2,thick=3 & oplot,smooth(y,100),col=29,thick=3
	ys=noismooth(y,ysig=ysig,snrthr=10,snrout=snr,xsiz=xsiz)
	plot,y & oplot,ys,col=2,thick=3 & oplot,snr,col=3
	ys=noismooth(y,ysig=ysig,snrthr=3,snrout=snr,xsiz=xsiz,verbose=10)
	oplot,ys,col=25,thick=3 & oplot,snr,col=35
	ys=noismooth(y,ysig=ysig,snrthr=13,snrout=snr,xsiz=xsiz)
	oplot,ys,col=29,thick=3 & oplot,snr,col=39

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (OctMM)
	modified YSIG behavior to handle YSIG[0]>1 (VK; Nov'02)

(See pro/util/noismooth.pro)


NRG2CHAN

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procedure	nrg2chan
	convolves input energy spectrum with an OGIP-style response matrix

syntax
	nrg2chan,nrg,flx,chan,spec,rmstr,effar=effar,nrgar=nrgar

parameters
	nrg	[INPUT; required] bin boundary values at which input FLX is
		defined.
		* usually [keV], depends on RMF file
	flx	[INPUT; required] fluxes in [ph/bin/(s/cm^2/sr/...)]
	chan	[OUTPUT; required] bin boundary values at which output SPEC
		is defined
		* same units as NRG
	spec	[OUTPUT; required] output, convolved spectrum
	rmstr	[INPUT; required] structure containing all the relevant
		data (e.g., see output of RD_OGIP_RMF):
		{NNRG,ELO,EHI,NCHAN,EMN,EMX,N_GRP,F_CHAN,N_CHAN,MATRIX}
		* ELO and EHI refer to range of photon energies at which
		  response is valid
		* EMN and EMX refer to bin boundaries for each channel
		* N_GRP, F_CHAN, and N_CHAN refers to number of groups
		  of non-zero data, beginning channel, and number of
		  channels in each group

keywords
	effar	[INPUT] effective areas [cm^2]
	nrgar	[INPUT] energies at which EFFAR are defined
		* same units as NRG
		* sizes of EFFAR and NRGAR must match
		* range of NRGAR must overlap NRG
		* if EFFAR and NRGAR are legal, FLX is multiplied by
		  EFFAR (over intersection of NRGAR and NRG; zeroed
		  elsewhere) before convolving with response matrix
		* of course, this multiplication makes sense only if
		  units on FLX are [ph/bin/cm^2/...]
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore - here only to prevent crashing

restrictions
	requires subroutine BINERSP
	requires output of RD_OGIP_RMF

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr99; based on CONV_RMF)

(See pro/util/nrg2chan.pro)


NUM2STR

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FUNCTION	num2str
	given an array of integers, prepends the appropriate number
	of zeros to make all the strings of the same length, equal
	to the maximum length needed.

SYNTAX
	sss=num2str(nnn,len=len,nmax=nmax)

PARAMETERS
	num	[INPUT; required] array of integers

KEYWORDS
	len	[INPUT] if set, final string length = LEN.
		* if LEN < maximum length, defaults to maximum
		* if LEN < 0, overrides above setting
	nmax	[INPUT] the maximum possible value of NUM
		* if set, computes LEN on the fly based on NUM
		* if both LEN and NMAX are set, LEN takes precedence
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

EXAMPLE
	print, num2str(findgen(10),len=-4)

HISTORY
	written by vinay kashyap (1996?)
	added keyword NMAX (VK; Jan2000)
	now takes advantage of the In.n format (VK; Jul2005)

(See pro/util/num2str.pro)


OGIPZIP

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procedure	ogipzip
	compress a numerical array to return only those elements
	which are above some threshold, and the means to reconstruct
	the full fledged array.  basically this is how OGIP RMF matrix
	values are compressed and stored.

syntax
	ogipzip,arr,carr,ngrp,fchan,nchan,eps=eps,chan0=chan0,cchan=cchan

parameters
	arr	[INPUT; required] input 1D array to be compressed
	carr	[OUTPUT; required] compressed array
	ngrp	[OUTPUT; required] number of groups into which ARR is broken
	fchan	[OUTPUT; required] indices of first elements of each group
	nchan	[OUTPUT; required] number of elements in each group

keywords
	eps	[INPUT] a small number, below which to ignore all values
		* default is 1e-6
	chan0	[INPUT] index number of first channel, to determine
		whether FCHAN should be 0-based or 1-based
		* default is 1-based, because it appears that that is
		  how Chandra RMFs are being made.  set CHAN0 explicitly
		  to 0 to make it 0-based.
	cchan	[OUTPUT] channels corresponding to CARR
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov2001)

(See pro/util/ogipzip.pro)


OS_FAMILY

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 Project     :	SOHO - CDS

 Name        :	OS_FAMILY()

 Purpose     :	Return current operating system as in !VERSION.OS_FAMILY

 Category    :	Utilities, Operating_system

 Explanation :	Return the current operating system as in !VERSION.OS_FAMILY

	OS_FAMILY is assumed to be 'unix' if !VERSION.OS is not 'windows',
		'MacOS' or 'vms'

	To make procedures from IDL V4.0 and later compatibile with earlier
	versions of IDL, replace calls to !VERSION.OS_FAMILY with OS_FAMILY().

	Can also be used to replace calls to !VERSION.OS if care is taken with
	the change of case between 'Windows', which is what this routine
	returns, and 'windows' which is what !VERSION.OS returned in versions
	of IDL prior to 4.0.

 Syntax      :	Result = OS_FAMILY()

 Examples    :	IF OS_FAMILY() EQ 'vms' THEN ...

 Inputs      :	None.

 Outputs     :	The result of the function is a scalar string containing one of
		the four values 'Windows','MacOS','vms' or 'unix'

 Opt. Outputs:	None.

 Keywords    :	LOWER - set to return lowercase strings
               NAME - return OS_NAME (if available)

 Prev. Hist. :	Written,  W. Landsman

 History     :	Version 1, 29-Aug-1995, William Thompson, GSFC
			Incorporated into CDS library
               Version 2, 15 May 2000, Zarro (SM&A/GSFC) - added /LOWER
         
               Version 3, 22-Dec-2002, Zarro (EER/GSFC) - saved result in
                        common block for speed
               Modifed, 2-June-2006, Zarro (L-3Com/GSFC) - removed
                        COMMON and added NAME keyword

 Contact     :	WTHOMPSON

(See pro/external/os_family.pro)


PEASECOLR

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procedure	peasecolr
	set up a color table by loading in some nice colors

syntax
	peasecolr,/white,/brewer,verbose=verbose,/help,$
	oldr=oldr,oldg=oldg,oldb=oldb, XYOUTS keywords

parameters	NONE

keywords
	white	[INPUT] if set, chooses colors appropriate for a
		white background, as is the case for a postscript
		device
		* mind you, setting this does NOT force the background
		  color to be white.  it is just that colors appropriate
		  for a white background are loaded in.
		* if not set, will get automatically set if the device
		  is postscript
	brewer	[INPUT] if set, uses single-hue 9-class color sequences
		from Color Brewer to fill in the 11-19, 21-29, 31-39,
		51-59, 81-89, slots
		(Cynthia Brewer et al., http://colorbrewer2.org)
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out the calling sequence
		and notes which color is loaded into which index
		* automatically set if VERBOSE > 50
	oldr	[OUTPUT] old R colors
	oldg	[OUTPUT] old G colors
	oldb	[OUTPUT] old B colors
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords such as CHARTHICK,
		CHARSIZE, and ALIGN to XYOUTS
		* matters only if VERBOSE.ge.10, when a plot
		  showing all the colors and names is displayed.

description
	this is based on Deron Pease's scheme of assigning specific
	colors to color table indices and more to the point, being
	able to remember which color goes where.  Deron's idea is
	to have 1=BLUE, 2=RED, 3=GREEN and then have 10's to be
	different shades of blue, 20's to be shades of red, and 30's
	to be shades of greens, etc.  Further, within each dex, the
	colors run as: X0=base, X1=dark, X9=light.
	
	This basic scheme has been enhanced as follows:
	-- added 4=YELLOW, 5=PINK, 6=CYAN, 7=BROWN, 8=SAFFRON, 9=GREY
	-- the shades are optimised for different backgrounds
	-- if WHITE is set, then
	   X1=light and X9=dark, and
	   (4) <-> (7)
	To obtain the complete set of color shades used, set the
	keyword HELP in conjunction with VERBOSE>5
	
	color indices 100+ are not touched, but all else is
	overwritten.

example
	peasecolr,verbose=10
	peasecolr,/help,charthick=3
	peasecolr,verbose=10,/white,/help & setkolor,'white',0

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul02)
	returns to caller on display error (VK; Sep02)
	!D.N_COLORS is useless on VNC? (VK; May04)
	added saffron (VK; May05)
	added grey (VK; Aug12)
	added keyword BREWER (VK; Sep15)

(See pro/util/peasecolr.pro)


PICKRANGE

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function	pickrange
	interactively select intervals in data -- returns a long-integer
	array of position indices of selected bins

syntax
	oo=pickrange(x,y,sigmay=sigmay,xsize=xsize,ysize=ysize,wid=wid,$
	/help,dynrng=dynrng,markx=markx,marky=marky,markp=markp,markc=markc,$
	marks=marks,marko=marko,markl=markl,/legg,verbose=verbose,$
	xo=xo,yo=yo,oxr=oxr,oyr=oyr,xtitle=xtitle,ytitle=ytitle,$
	title=title,opx=opx,opy=opy,opc=opc,$
	/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,$
	stasiz=stasiz,stathk=stathk)
		
parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points where "reference curve" is defined
	y	[INPUT] the reference curve (usually data)
		* if not given, X is taken to be Y, and the indices of X are
		  taken to be X!

keywords
	sigmay	[INPUT] if given, plots error bars on Y
	xsize	[INPUT] width of window to display curve in
		* ignored if WID is not set
	ysize	[INPUT] height of window to display curve in
		* ignored if WID is not set
	wid	[INPUT] window ID
		* use current/default window if -ve/0
	help	[INPUT] prints out usage summary
	dynrng	[INPUT; default: 3 dex] maximum dynamic range in log scale
	markx	[INPUT] mark these x-coordinate points
	marky	[INPUT] mark at these y-coordinate positions
		* ignored if incompatible with MARKX
		* if not given, labels and marks will be placed 2/3 of
		  the way up the plot.
	markp	[INPUT: default: 1] PSYMs for each (MARKX,MARKY) pair
	markc	[INPUT: default: 222] COLOR for each (MARKX,MARKY) pair
	marks	[INPUT: default: 1] SYMSIZE for each (MARKX,MARKY) pair
	marko	[INPUT; default: 90 deg] ORIENTATION for MARKL
		* MARK[P,C,S,O]($) overrides the hardcoded defaults
	markl	[INPUT] label for each (MARKX,MARKY) pair
		* marked only if given, unless there's only one element,
		  in which case it is accepted as default
	legg	[INPUT] if set, drops a leg to the X-axis
	xo	[I/O] returns the x-position of last cursor click
	yo	[I/O] returns the y-position of last cursor click
	oxr	[I/O] 2-element array containing the final XRANGE
	oyr	[I/O] 2-element array containing the final YRANGE
	xtitle	[INPUT] passed to PLOT w/o checking
	ytitle	[INPUT] passed to PLOT w/o checking
	title	[INPUT] passed to PLOT w/o checking
	opx	[INPUT] X-coords of a curve to be overplotted
	opy	[INPUT] the curve to be overplotted
		* OPX and OPY may be 2-D, in which case the 1st dimension
		  defines the number of curves to be overplotted
		* sizes of OPX and OPY >must< match
	opc	[INPUT] color for the overplotting
		* default is 222
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
		* replaces QUIET

	_ref_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to
		STAMPLE: NUTHIN,NODAY,NOTIME,NOUSER,NOPACK,STACOL,STASIZ,STATHK

restrictions
	* works only under X

usage summary
	see variable USAGE below

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct96)
	added keyword SIGMA; changed to return only position indices of
	  selected bins; modified click/drag behavior (VK; Dec96)
	added keyword MARKX (VK; Feb97)
	added keywords MARKY, MARKP, MARKC, MARKS, MARKL, MARKO, LEGG, QUIET,
	  XO, YO, OXR, OYR; modified behavior of LEFT CLICK; added keyboard
	  control via LEFT CLICK (VK; Aug98)
	allowed XO,YO,OXR,OYR to be I/O (VK; Sep98)
	now MARKL(0) does not act as default, XYOUTS forced to CLIP (VK; Nov98)
	now zoom is remembered if OXR or OYR are set on input; made XR,YR
	  double precision; MARKY bug corrected; renamed keyword SIGMA as
	  SIGMAY; changed _EXTRA to _REF_EXTRA (VK; Dec98)
	bug correction: reversed X-axis was preventing zoom (VK; Apr99)
	added keywords OPX,OPY,OPC (VK; Oct99)
	cursor changes shape when mouse button is pressed (VK; FebMM)
	undid cursor shape changes (VK; AprMM)
	MARKC can now be I*4; added extra keyboard options; added call to
	  STAMPLE (VK; DecMM)
	changed MARKY default from 0.5 to 0.67 (VK; JanMMI)
	added keyword TITLE; improved color-scale setting for 24-bit
	  consoles (VK; FebMMI)
	streamlined X,Y input behavior (VK; May02)
	handle color tables in 24-bit displays (VK; Jun02)
	replaced keyword QUIET with VERBOSE, changed color defaults
	  (VK; Jul02)
	speeded up marker plots if no variations exist (VK; Dec02)
	button press status now stored in !MOUSE, not !ERR (VK; Apr09)

(See pro/util/pickrange.pro)


PLOTEM

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procedure	plotem
	plots emission measures derived from the output of POTEM_TOOL
	(or other means)

syntax
	plotem,logT,EM,idstr=idstr,markmin=markmin,multid=multid,lcol=lcol,$
	lsiz=lsiz,tlog=tlog,wdth=wdth,xtitle=xtitle,ytitle=ytitle,title=title,$
	xrange=xrange,yrange=yrange,xstyle=xstyle,ystyle=ystyle,/xlog,/ylog,$
	/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,stasiz=stasiz,$
	stathk=stathk

parameters
	logT	[INPUT] temperatures at which to plot the emission measure
		estimates
	EM	[INPUT] array of emission measures at the various temperatures
		for each line
		* if EM is not given, it is assumed that EM <- "LOGT" and
		  LOGT = default
		* EM is an array of the form EM(LOGT,WVL); if the size of
		  the first dimension does not match input LOGT, the plots
		  are interpolated

keywords
	idstr	[INPUT] ID structure, essentially to figure out labels for
		the curves.
		* if size does not match that of EM, cest la vie.
	markmin	[INPUT] if set, plots only a single point for each curve,
		corresponding to the minimum in EM
		* the actual value of MARKMIN sets the PSYM for the points
	multid	[INPUT] an integer array saying how many IDs there are
		to each component of the ID structure (comes in handy
		if IDSTR has all the emissivities collapsed into one)
	lcol	[INPUT; default=200] color for the labels
	lsiz	[INPUT; default=0.4] size of the labels
	tlog	[I/O] if LOGT does not match size of EM, >and< EM does
		not match the size of the temperature grid in emissivities
		in ID being considered, then look for TLOG to supply the
		actual temperature grid. (this latter feature is not yet
		implemented)
		* default is to go from log(T)=4..8 in as equidistant steps
		* beware -- this will get overwritten if incorrect!!
	wdth	[INPUT] the widths of each of the EM curves, from POTTASCH(),
		via POTEM_TOOL()
		* the size of this array must match the 2nd dimension of
		  EM, or else it will be ignored

	xtitle	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT
	ytitle	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT
	title	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT
	xrange	[INPUT] overrides locally determined XRANGE
	yrange	[INPUT] overrides locally determined YRANGE
	xstyle	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT
	ystyle	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT
	xlog	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT, but default is 0
	ylog	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to PLOT, but default is 1
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		STAMPLE: NUTHIN,NODAY,NOTIME,NOUSER,NOPACK,STACOL,STASIZ,STATHK

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added keyword MULTID (VK; Dec98)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	added call to STAMPLE (VK; JanMMI)
	improved color-scale setting for 24-bit consoles (VK; FebMMI)
	added keyword WDTH (VK; SepMMVII)

(See pro/plotem.pro)


PLOTFIT

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procedure	plotfit
	takes the output of FITLINES and makes a nice plot of it
	with the data and the model(s) and everything.

syntax
	plotfit,x,y,fitstr,ymod,ysig=ysig,conlev=conlev,consig=consig,$
	funcs=funcs,intens=intens,scol=scol,ecol=ecol,ccol=ccol,mcol=mcol,$
	ncol=ncol,imcol=imcol,clin=clin,mlin=mlin,nlin=nlin,$
	missing=missing,fwhm=fwhm,betap=betap,angle=angle,submodel=submodel,$
	/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol,stasiz=stasiz,$
	stathk=stathk,$
	PLOT_KEYWORDS

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] absissa, e.g., wavelength or energy
	y	[INPUT; required] count spectrum Y(X)
		* size of Y must match that of X
	fitstr	[INPUT] output of FITLINES
	ymod	[OUTPUT] model function

keywords
	ysig	[INPUT] errors on Y
		* default is 0.
		* plotted if supplied, otherwise not.
	funcs	[INPUT] name of user defined function that takes as input
		X and A (the model parameters), and returns Y(X;A) and
		the partial derivatives dY/dA
		* default is set to X3MODEL
	intens	[INPUT] if set, Y(X) is assumed to be intensity, i.e.,
		(counts|ergs|.../bin_unit/...)
		* default is to take Y(X) to be (counts|ergs|.../bin/...)
		* passed straight to FITLINES_EVENT
		* WARNING: this has >not< been road-tested!
	conlev	[INPUT] the continuum that was taken out of the spectrum
		* CONLEV must match the size of X and Y else ignored
		* if ignored, interpolated from FITSTR.CONLEV
	consig	[INPUT] error on CONLEV
		* default for CONSIG is sqrt(abs(CONLEV)+0.75)+1.
		* currently not implemented.  i.e., it's not plotted even
		  if given.
	scol	[INPUT; default=6] color of spectrum plot
	ecol	[INPUT; default=SCOL] color of error-bars
	ccol	[INPUT; default=1] color of continuum
	mcol	[INPUT; default=2] color of best-fit model+continuum
	ncol	[INPUT; default=3] color of best-fit model alone
	imcol	[INPUT; default=4] color to plot model components
		* individual model components are not plotted unless
		  IMCOL is defined and non-zero
	clin	[INPUT; default=1] line style of continuum
	mlin	[INPUT; default=0] line style of model+continuum
	nlin	[INPUT; default=2] line style of model alone

	missing	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to FUNCS
	fwhm	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to FUNCS
	betap	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to FUNCS
	angle	[INPUT] passed w/o comment to FUNCS
	submodel[OUTPUT] the model function for each component,
		returned as a (NCOMP,NX) sized array
		* calculated iff IMCOL is set

	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to
		PLOT and STAMPLE

restrictions
	requires subroutines
		FUNCS (X3MODEL [MK_3MODEL, [MK_GAUSS, MK_LORENTZ]])
	PLOT cannot handle any keyword that is either strange or undefined

known bugs
	cannot handle spectra with varying bin sizes
	INTENS has not been tested

history
	vinay kashyap (MarMM)
	added call to STAMPLE (VK; FebMMI)
	bug correction; changed default colors; added keyword IMCOL
	  (VK; May'03)
	added keyword SUBMODEL (VK; NovMMVI)

(See pro/fitting/plotfit.pro)


POAINTSYM

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procedure	poaintsym
	Define useful plotting symbols not in the standard !PSYM
	definitions.  After symbol has been defined with this
	routine, a plotting command should follow with either
	PSYM = 8 or !P.PSYM = 8 (see USERSYM).

syntax
	poaintsym,symb,psize=psize,pthick=pthick,/pfill,color=color,$
	pie=pie,/halftri,npoint=npoint,aspect=aspect,angle=angle,adent=adent,$
	verbose=verbose

parameters
	symb	[INPUT; required] string describing the type of
		symbol to define.  The following are accepted:
		  'circle'
		  'dash'
		  'star' 'starfish' 'asterisk'
		  'mercury' 'venus' 'earth' 'moon' 'mars'
		  'jupiter' 'saturn' 'uranus' 'neptune' 'pluto'
		  'square' 'diamond' 'box' 'spoke'
		  'triangle' 'down triangle' 'right triangle' 'left triangle'
		  'down arrow' 'up arrow' 'left arrow' 'right arrow'
		  'upper limit' 'lower limit'
		  'tilde ANGLE OVERFLOW'
		* if something unknown is specified, the program
		  prints a list of accepted options and quits
		  without making a change
		* special cases:
		  -- STARFISH: is 5-pointed
		  -- ASTERISK: is (NPOINT/2)-pointed and uses keyword
		     ADENT to figure out indentation
		  -- EARTH: forces PFILL=0
		  -- MOON: use ADENT to pull the horns out, and PHASE to
		     control thickness
		  -- URANUS: forces PFILL=0
		  -- PLUTO: forces PFILL=0
		  -- SPOKE: essentially DIAMOND with an aspect x:y::1:10
		  -- UPPER/LOWER LIMIT: synonyms for DOWN/UP ARROW respec.
		  -- TILDE: set ANGLE (default=0) to rotate the symbol,
		     and OVERFLOW (default=1) to pull the ends out a bit

keywords
	psize	[INPUT] size of the plotting symbol in
		multiples of the standard size (see SYMSIZE); does
		not need to be an integer
	pthick	[INPUT] thickness of symbol being drawn
	pfill	[INPUT] if set, fills the symbol
		* does not affect arrows or character symbols
	pie	[INPUT] range of angles in [degrees] to include while
		making a circle
		* if scalar, includes from PIE[0] to 360.
		* if vector, includes from PIE[0] to PIE[1]
	halftri	[INPUT] if set, lops off the triangle such that only the
		part that protrudes past the axes (above x-axis for up
		triangle, below x-axis for down triangle, etc.) is plotted
	npoint	[INPUT] number of vertices in the symbol
		* note that usersym maximum is 49
		* currently, only matters to TILDE
	aspect	[INPUT] changes the aspect ratio of the symbols
		by scaling the axes prior to rotation
		* if +ve, scales X-axis
		* if -ve, scales Y-axis
		* if array, only the first element is used
		* if 0, nothing is done
	rotate	[INPUT] angle by which to rotate the symbol [deg]
	adent	[INPUT] the magnitude of the indentation for STARFISH
		and ASTERISK and the extent of the horns for MOON
		* default is 0.4 for STARFISH and ASTERISK,
		  and 10 for MOON
	phase	[INPUT] controls thickness of moon
		* default is 0
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		USERSYM: COLOR

method
	Appropiate X,Y vectors are used to define the symbol and passed
	to USERSYM

examples
	Plot with filled stars as the symbol, twice the default size
	  POAINTSYM,'star',psize=2,/pfill & PLOT,findgen(10),PSYM=8
	Plot with open circle as the symbol
	  POAINTSYM,'circle' & PLOT,findgen(10),PSYM=8
	Plot filled color circles
	  POAINTSYM,'circle',/pfil,psize=3,col=2 & PLOT,findgen(10),PSYM=8
	Plot arrows all around
	  POAINTSYM,'left arrow',pthick=2,psize=2 & plot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'up arrow',pthick=3,psize=3 & oplot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'right arrow',pthick=4,psize=4 & oplot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'down arrow',pthick=5,psize=5 & oplot,findgen(11),psym=8
	Plot tildes
	  POAINTSYM,'tilde',pthick=5,psize=5 & plot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'tilda 90',pthick=5,psize=5 & plot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'tilda 90 3',pthick=5,psize=5 & plot,findgen(11),psym=8
	  POAINTSYM,'tilda 0 20',pthick=2,psize=5,npoint=49 & plot,findgen(11),psym=8

history
	modified from JDSYM (Jeremy Drake 2001; JJD added square and
	  diamond symbols to PLOTSYM [ASTROLib; Wayne Landsman 1992])
	  by Vinay Kashyap (Oct03)
	added option TILDE and keyword NPOINT (VK; Feb04)
	added keywords ASPECT, ROTATE, and ADENT; added options SPOKE,
	  MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MOON, MARS, JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS,
	  NEPTUNE, PLUTO (VK; Jun05)
	added keyword PIE (VK; Aug12)
	added option DASH (VK; Jul15)

(See pro/util/poaintsym.pro)


POA_CONSTRUCTOR

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script	PoA_constructor
	this is a "front-end" to the initialization script INITALE of
	PINTofALE, needed for older versions of IDL, for which system
	variables need to be defined before running ANY procedure which
	uses them.
	
	this script defines the system variables with default values
	and then calls INITALE.PRO to complete the initialization.

syntax
	@PoA_constructor

variables
	for a complete list of the PINTofALE system variables, see
	the description for INITALE.PRO .

calls subroutines
	INICON
	INITALE

restrictions
	it is assumed that this is called only once per session, and
	that it is called _first_

history
	Vinay Kashyap (FebMMI; based on suggestion by A.Maggio)
	added !ATOMDB and !APECDIR (VK; Jun02)

(See pro/scrypt/PoA_constructor.pro)


POPLEV

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	poplev
		returns the level populations at given temperature and
		pressure for a set of ions of a given element

usage
	pop=poplev(temp,pres,chianti,n_e=n_e)

parameters
	temp	[INPUT; required] Temperature [K]
	pres	[INPUT; required] pressure [cm^-3 K]
	chianti	[INPUT; required] structure that contains all the relevant
		information gleaned from the CHIANTI database (type
			DBHELP=RD_CHIANTI() & HELP,DBHELP,/STRUCTURE
		for a description of what this structure contains)

keywords
	n_e	[INPUT] electron density in cm^-3
		* if set, overrides PRES/TEMP

requires
	DESCALE2_UPS, a CHIANTI routine

history
	originally written as POPULATE.PRO, a CHIANTI routine,
		by Ken Dere (v2: Mar96)
	modified to eliminate common blocks, mesh with SCAR, and
	fltarr->dblarr (to remove the -ve population levels)
		by Vinay Kashyap (Nov96)

(See pro/mkemis/poplev.pro)


POPSOL

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	popsol
	returns the level populations at given temperature and
	pressure for a set of ions of a given element as an array
	of size [N(TEMP),N(PRES or DENSITY),N(N_LEVELS)]

usage
	pop=popsol(temp,pres,chianti,n_e=n_e,/delec,$
	radtemp=radtemp,dilute=dilute,pe_ratio=pe_ratio,$
	n_levels=n_levels,data_str=data_str)

parameters
	temp	[INPUT; required] Temperature [K]
	pres	[INPUT; required] pressure [cm^-3 K]
	chianti	[INPUT; required] structure that contains all the relevant
		information gleaned from the CHIANTI database (type
			DBHELP=RD_CHIANTI() & HELP,DBHELP,/STRUCTURE
		for a description of what this structure contains)

keywords
	n_e	[INPUT] electron density in cm^-3
		* if set, overrides PRES/TEMP
	delec	[INPUT] if set, assumes these are DR lines
	z	[INPUT] atomic number of element
	jon	[INPUT] ionic state of species
		* Z and JON are used only if DELEC is set
	radtemp	[INPUT] The blackbody radiation field temperature
		* default is 6000 K
	dilute	[INPUT] a dilution factor for photoionization, based
		on the distance above a star's surface -- see CHIANTI
		routine R2W()
		* if not set, assumed to be 0
	pe_ratio [INPUT] proton-to-electron ratio
		* if not given, assumed to be 1.0
	n_levels [INPUT] number of levels in the model
		* (from CHIANTI/idl/low_level/pop_solver.pro)
		This allows the number of levels in the model to be reduced.
		E.g., if the full model contains 100 levels, one could set
		N_LEVELS=50. This can be useful if one is interested in
		looking at the effects of cascading from higher levels.
	data_str [OUTPUT] some potentially useful data
		* (from CHIANTI/idl/low_level/pop_solver.pro)
		If POP_SOLVER is called for just 1 temperature and density,
		then the individual data arrays for each of the physical
		processes can be output through DATA_STR.  This allows the
		user to check for the dominant processes affecting the
		population of a given level. DATA_STR is a structure with
		the following tags:
			.aa	A-values
			.aax	Photoexcitation/stimulated emission
			.cc	Electron rate coefficients
			.ccp	Proton rate coefficients
		Each tag is a 2D array, and is such that, e.g.,
		aa[0,20] corresponds to an excitation, while aa[20,0]
		is a de-excitation.

A note about the default value of PE_RATIO:
	The original version of this program,
		CHIANTI/dbase/idl/low_level/pop_solver.pro,
	set the default to be 0.83, which is the limit for a high-T
	plasma with cosmic abundances.  Later versions include a
	calculated value passed in via a common block.  Here we
	exclude this factor because we want to store the emissivities
	without reference to their ion balance and abundance, on which
	this factor depends.  The intensity of a line transition from
	upper level j to lower level i is in general
		dI(lam_ij) = (1/4pi)(hc/lam_ij) N_j A_ji dV [ergs/s/sr]
	where lam_ij is the wavelength of the transition, A_ji is the
	Einstein coefficient (the spontaneous transition probability),
	dV is the emitting volume, and N_j is the number density of the
	ions in level j.  We can write N_j as the product
		N_j = (N_j/N_XIon) (N_XIon/N_X) (N_X/N_H) (N_H/N_e) N_e
	where N_XIon is the number density of the ions,
	N_j/N_XIon is the population fraction of the ions at level j,
	N_XIon/N_X is the ion fraction,
	N_X/N_H is the relative abundance of element X wrt H, and
	N_H/N_e is the H density relative to the free-electron density.

	In PINTofALE, we calculate and store the emissivities as
		e_ji = (hc/lam_ij) A_ji (1/N_e) (N_j/N_XIon)
	and write the line intensity as
		f(lam_ij) = e_ji (N_XIon/N_X) (N_X/N_H) EM (N_H/N_e)
	where EM = N_e^2 V is the emission measure, and the factor
	(1/4pi) is always ignored and the factor (hc/lam_ij) is usually
	taken out again.  This calculation is carried out in LINEFLX(),
	which provides for the inclusion of the ion balance, abundance,
	and the proton-to-electron ratio.  Hence the use of a default of
	1.0 for PE_RATIO here.

subroutines
	CHIANTI routine DESCALE_ALL
	NENH

history
	POP_SOLVER.PRO written by Peter Young
{..
..	Ver 1, PRY 29-Mar-99
..	Ver 2, PRY 30-Apr-99, added call to get_prot_rates
..	Ver 3, PRY 15-Dec-99, added deu to upsilon common block in order 
..		to be consistent with the main Chianti routines.
..	Ver 4, PRY 9-May-00, corrected problem with threshold when dealing 
..		with sparse matrices. Basically values less than 1.e-30 in 
..		the c-matrix were being set to zero and giving rise to 
..		NaN's in certain circumstances.
..       Ver.5, PRY 14-Jul-00, changed elvl common block to the elvlc common 
..               block which is now the Chianti standard. Also, when 
..               descaling upsilons, the routine now uses the Delta-E from 
..               the .splups file.
..       Ver.6, PRY 9-Aug-00, changed routine to deal better with the 
..               dielectronic recombination files
..       Ver.7, PRY 17-Aug-00, routine does not call LINBCG now if radtemp 
..               is non-zero.
..       Ver.8, PRY 29-Aug-00, the sparse matrix section has been disabled.
..       Ver.9, PRY 12-Nov-01, calls routine proton_dens() to calculate the 
..               proton to electron ratio.
..       Ver.10, PRY, 6-Dec-01, corrected bug when there are more levels 
..               in .splups file than in .elvlc file (ZnXXV).
..       Ver.11, PRY, 11-Jul-02, removed ION keyword
..       Ver.12, PRY, 9-Aug-02, within the equation solving section, I've set 
..               the population of the ground level (rather the n_level level) 
..               to 1, and this seems to stop negative populations appearing 
..               in extreme conditions.
..       Ver.12, PRY, 21-Aug-02, changed exp(-1/1/a) to exp(-a) in electron
..               excitation section which caused a hang-up in some 
..               circumstances. Also, the routine now uses vector ECMC 
..               (combined experimental and theoretical energies) in 
..               determining if a level lies above or below another level. 
..               Previously only used the observed energy vector. Also, the 
..               exponential in the electron excitation section now uses the 
..               (accurate) .elvlc energy separation rather than the .splups 
..               energy separation, which can cause significant (~20-30%) 
..               differences in level populations of high-lying levels at 
..               low temperatures.
..       Ver.13, PRY, 10-Sep-02, corrected bug for proton rates. The excitation 
..               and de-excitation rates were being swapped.
..
..       V. 14  4-Oct-2003  Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ).
..               -removed all COMMON blocks (note that only proton_dens.pro has
..                one: COMMON elements,abund,abund_ref,ioneq,ioneq_logt,ioneq_ref)
..               -only the essential information input is passed to the routine
..                via a new input structure.
..               -fixed a bug, that affected all the satellite lines, and was 
..                introduced in v.12,  included in  CHIANTI v.4.0.
..                basically the ionization potential was not subtracted when
..                calculating the Delta E in the exponential.
..
.. VERSION     : 14, 4-Oct-2003 
..}
	modified to eliminate common blocks and the call to SETUP_ION,
	  and altered the I/O interface to mesh with PINTofALE, changed
	  call to PROTON_DENS() to call NENH() and changed default PE_RATIO
	  to 1.0 (Vinay Kashyap, Apr03)
	modified to account for v14, for CHIANTI v4.2 (VK; Apr04)

(See pro/mkemis/popsol.pro)


POTEM_TOOL

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function	potem_tool
	return emission measures EM(LOGT,WVL) for all lines that have been ID'd
	(but see keyword OKMULT)

	for each temperature, assume a delta-function emission measure,
	compute line fluxes seen through some instrument, account for
	interstellar absorption, and scale to match the observed flux.
	
	in case of multiple IDs for a single observed line, the emissivities
	of the IDs are added together, and assumed for all practical purposes
	to be the strongest line modified by the other IDs.
	in case of IDs spanning different elements, the emissivities are
	added as before, but weighted with their relative abundances.

syntax
	EM=potem_tool(idstr,flux,logT=logT,abund=abund,ldir=ldir,$
	dwvl=dwvl,/okmult,/kettle,outid=outid,wdth=wdth, pres=pres,$
	logP=logP,n_e=n_e, chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,$
	NH=NH,/noph,defEM=defEM, thresh=thresh,/temp,/ikev,effar=effar,$
	wvlar=wvlar,fh2=fh2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/fano, level=level,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] the ID structure that comes out of LINEID
	flux	[INPUT] observed fluxes
		* if not given, taken from IDSTR.(*).FLUX
		  (if zero, forcibly set to 1 [(ph|erg)/s/cm^2])
		* size is forced to match IDSTR.WVL
		  if <, filled out with 1s
		  if >, extra elements are ignored

keywords
	logT	[INPUT] temperatures at which to compute the emission measures
		* default is findgen(81)*0.05+4.
	abund	[INPUT] abundances
		* default is to use Anders & Grevesse
	ldir	[INPUT] string array containing line database directory
		names, one for each ID.
		* if given, will NOT use the embedded emissivities in
		  IDSTR.EMIS (default is to use them)
		* if size < N(ALLMATCHES), the last element is replicated
		  as often as necessary
		* to selectively use IDSTR.(#).EMIS, set to '0' within a
		  string array (e.g., ['$CHIANTI','$SPEX','0','0','$SCAR']
		* if set to a number, assumes "$SCAR"
	dwvl	[INPUT; default=5e-3] search the line database for the
		wavelength of interest with this assumed roundoff error
	okmult	[INPUT] if set, then multiple IDs (if any) are >not<
		collapsed, and the output will be of the form EM(LOGT,ALLWVL)
		* automatically set if size of FLUX matches the total number
		  of matches
	kettle	[INPUT] if set, does NOT do Pottasch corrections
	outid	[OUTPUT] if defined on input, returns the IDs with new
		emissivities in an ID structure
		* multiple IDs are "collapsed" unless OKMULT is set
	multid	[OUTPUT] number of IDs for each observed line (this is
		of use in, e.g., PLOTEM)
	wdth	[OUTPUT] the full width in logT of the emissivity curve,
		as calculated by POTTASCH()
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use to pass defined keywords to subroutines:
		RD_LINE: PRES,LOGP,N_E,VERBOSE
		FOLD_IONEQ: CHIFIL,CHIDIR,EQFILE,VERBOSE
		FLUX_TO_EM: NH,NOPH,DEFEM,THRESH
		LINEFLX: TEMP,IKEV,EFFAR,WVLAR
		ISMTAU: FH2,HE1,HEII,FANO
		POTTASCH: LEVEL

subroutines
	INICON
	RD_LIST
	    RD_LINE
	    FOLD_IONEQ
	        READ_IONEQ
	            RD_IONEQ (CHIANTI routine)
	FLUX_TO_EM
	    LINEFLX
	    ISMTAU
	POTTASCH

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98; "concatenated" id_to_emis and flux_to_em)
	changed default behavior of FLUX; added keyword MULTID; changed
	  OUTID.().Z and OUTID.().ION to floats in case multiple IDs have
	  been collapsed to one emissivity (VK; Dec98)
	added field FLUXERR to output IDSTR (VK; Mar99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	no need to read in ion balance info in POTTASCH again (VK; JanMMI)
	added keyword WDTH to carry the emissivity width info outside
	  (VK; SepMMVII)

(See pro/potem_tool.pro)


POTTASCH

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function	pottasch
	returns the Pottasch factor that is a measure of the width of
	the ion emissivity in temperature space over which most of
	the line emission occurs.

	the Pottasch factor is the ratio
		{\int [EMIS*ION_BALANCE] dlogT}/{WDTH*max([EMIS*ION_BALANCE])}
	where WDTH is the range in logT where EMIS*ION_BALANCE drops to a
	set fraction of the maximum.

	output has as many elements as the 2nd dimension of EMIS, one point
	for each line.

syntax
	pot=pottasch(emis,logt,z=z,ion=ion,level=level,wdth=wdth,$
	trange=trange,chifil=chifil)

parameters
	emis	[INPUT; required] 1- or 2-D array of line intensities as
		a function of temperature
		* if 1D, assumed to be EMIS(Temperature)
		* if 2D, assumed to be EMIS(Temperature,{Z,ION,Wavelength})
		* if Z is not specified, assumed to be the product of
		  line emissivity and ion balance
	logt	[INPUT] 1D array of log10(T[K])
		* WARNING: if not given, or if size does not match 1st dim
		  of EMIS, makes a dumb guess

keywords
	Z	[INPUT] atomic numbers corresponding to the 2nd dimension
		* if not set, ION is ignored and FOLD_IONEQ is not called
		* if size does not match 2nd dim of EMIS,
		  >: ignore extra elements
		  <,>1: use as many as specified, take rest to be H (Z=1)
		  1: all are of same element
	ion	[INPUT; default: Z+1] ionic state
	level	[INPUT; default: 0.1] defines what WDTH means
	wdth	[OUTPUT] full width in logT at LEVEL*maximum
		* minimum value at any point is the resolution in LOGT at
		  that point.
	trange	[OUTPUT] 2-column array of the boundaries of logT that
		define WDTH
		* trange(0,*)=lower bound, trange(1,*)=upper bound
	_extra	[INPUT] use to pass defined keywords
		* currently, only CHIFIL to FOLD_IONEQ

subroutines
	FOLD_IONEQ [WHEE, RD_IONEQ [READ_IONEQ]]

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr97)
	changed temperature width calculation to account for bumpy
	  emissivities (VK; Oct98)

(See pro/pottasch.pro)


PPD_SRC

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function	ppd_src
	returns the posterior probability density for the source
	intensity, marginalized over background intensity, assuming
	gamma-function priors (see van Dyk et al., 2001, ApJ 548, 224)

	D:ns,nb ; I:asrc,abkg,f ; M:s,b ; p(M|DI)=p(M|I)*p(D|MI)/p(D|I)

	r = abkg/asrc & A = nb+alfa_B & B = f*(beta_B+r)

	p(b|I) = ((f*beta_B)^alfa_B/Gamma(alfa_B)) * b^(alfa_B-1) * exp(-b*beta_B*f)
	p(nb|b,I) = ((r*f*b)^nb/Gamma(nb+1)) * exp(-b*f*r)
	p(b|nb,I) = (B^A/Gamma(A)) * b^(A-1) * exp(-b*B)

	I_k = b^(ns+A-k-1) * s^(k+alfa_S-1) * exp(-s*f*(1+beta_S) -b*(f+B)) /
		(Gamma(k+1)*Gamma(ns-k+1))
	I_kb = (Gamma(ns+A-k)/Gamma(k+1)/Gamma(ns-k+1)) * (f+B)^(-(ns+A-k)) *
		s^(k+alfa_S-1) * exp(-s*f*(1+beta_S))
	I_kbs = (Gamma(ns+A-k)*Gamma(k+alfa_S)/Gamma(k+1)/Gamma(ns-k+1)) *
		(f+B)^(-(ns+A-k)) * (f*(1+beta_S))^(k+alfa_S)

	p(s|I) = ((f*beta_S)^alfa_S/Gamma(alfa_S)) * s^(alfa_S-1) * exp(-s*beta_S*f)
	p(ns|M,I) = (f*(s+b))^ns/Gamma(ns+1) * exp(-(s+b)*f)
	p(sb|D,I) = p(b|nb,I)*p(s|I)*p(ns|M,I) / p(ns|I)
		  = (Sum_{k=0}^{ns} I_k) / (Sum_{k=0}^{ns} I_kbs)

	p(ns|I) = f^ns * (B^A/Gamma(A)) * ((f*beta_S)^alfa_S/Gamma(alfa_S)) *
		Sum_{k=0}^{ns} I_kbs
	p(s|D,I) = (Sum_{k=0}^{ns} I_kb) / (Sum_{k=0}^{ns} I_kbs)

syntax
	ppd=ppd_src(ns,nb,sgrid,smap=smap,scred=scred,clev=clev,ppdstr=ppdstr,$
	funit=funit,asrc=asrc,abkg=abkg,agamma=agamma,bgamma=bgamma,$
	priorbg=priorbg,nsgrid=nsgrid,srcmin=srcmin,srcmax=srcmax,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	ns	[INPUT; required] observed counts in source region
	nb	[INPUT; required] observed counts in background region
		* NS and NB must be scalar -- if vector, adds up all the elements
	sgrid	[OUTPUT] the output grid over which the PPD is calculated
		* a regular grid that uses NSGRID, SRCMIN, and SRCMAX

keywords
	smap	[OUTPUT] the mode of the distribution, corresponding to the
		maximum a posteriori value of the PPD
	scred	[OUTPUT] a two-tailed credible range on the source intensity,
		defined to include CLEV/2 of the area under the PPD above
		and below SMAP
		* NOTE: what this means is, if the distribution is skewed,
		  then the total area under PPD as defined by SCRED is not
		  necessarily equal to CLEV
		* The one-tailed credible regions, that is, the range that
		  encloses an area CLEV under the PPD, are returned in the
		  structure PPDSTR.  these regions are determined such that
		  the mode is always _included_ within the region, but is not
		  necessarily at the center
	clev	[INPUT] a nominal level at which to determine bounds and
		get credible regions
		* default is 0.68
		* if < 0, abs(CLEV) is used
		* if > 1 and < 100, then assumed to be given as a percentage
		* if > 100, then 1-1/CLEV is used
	ppdstr	[OUTPUT] an anonymous structure containing the fields
		{
		  GRID : same as SGRID
		  MODE : mode, same as SMAP
		  MEAN : mean of the distribution
		  SIG : s.d. on the MEAN
		  MEDIAN : the median of the distribution
		  CLEV : the probability level defined by the keyword CLEV
		  HPD1 : the highest posterior density "1-sigma" credible range,
			 the interval that encloses 68% of the area and also
			 the highest values of the probability density
		  HPD2 : as HPD1, for "2-sigma", 95% of the area
		  HPD3 : as HPD1, for "3-sigma", 99.7% of the area
		  HPD0 : as HPD1, but corresponding to a fraction CLEV
		  CRED1 : the "1-sigma" credible range, corresponding to 68%
		  	  of the area under the PPD that _includes_ the MODE
		  CRED2 : as CRED1, for "2-sigma", 95% of the area
		  CRED3 : as CRED1, for "3-sigma", 99.7% of the area
		  CRED0 : as CRED1, but corresponding to a fraction CLEV of the
			  area under the PPD that includes the MODE
		  RNG1 : the two-tailed "1-sigma" range, corresponding to a
		  	 fractional area under the PPD of 0.34 above and below
		  	 the MODE
		  RNG2 : as for RNG1, but the "2-sigma" range, 0.475 of the area
		  RNG3 : as for RNG1, but the "3-sigma" range, 0.4985 of the area
		  RNG0 : as for RNG1, but CLEV/2 of the area, same as SCRED
		  lnpD : the log of the predictive probability, ALOG(p(ns|I))
		}
	funit	[INPUT] a factor to _divide_ the counts to convert to different units
		e.g., ph/cm^2/s
		* assumed to be the same for both source and background counts
		  (any differences in exposure times can be encoded in ASRC and ABKG)
		* default is 1.0
	asrc	[INPUT] area (or exposure time) for the background contaminated
		source observation, NS
		* default is 1.0
	abkg	[INPUT] area (or exposure time) for the background observation, NB
		* default is 1.0
	agamma	[INPUT] alpha parameter for the source intensity prior, assumed to
		be a gamma distribution (see PROB_GAMMADIST)
		* default is 1.0 (also the hardcoded minimum)
		* generally taken to be the number of *expected* source counts+1
	bgamma	[INPUT] beta parameter for the source intensity prior
		* default is 0.0 (also the hardcoded minimum)
		* generally the ratio of that area in which the AGAMMA-1 counts are
		  obtained in, to ASRC
		* note that the default values of AGAMMA and BGAMMA make for a
		  very non-informative, but improper, prior
	priorbg	[INPUT] the expected number of counts due to the background,
		a number that is known from prior information and NOT derived
		from NB itself.
		* a Gamma function prior is assumed on the background strength, with
		  alpha=priorbg+1; beta=abkg/asrc, but if priorbg=0, then beta=0
	nsgrid	[INPUT] number of points in output grid
		* default=101L
	srcmin	[INPUT] minimum in source intensity value to consider
	srcmax	[INPUT] maximum in source intensity value to consider
		* beware that setting [SRCMIN,SRCMAX] to too small a range will cause
		  it to act as a prior over and above the gamma prior.  this may not be
		  desirable.
		* the default range is the widest of:
		  -- NS +- 10*sqrt(NS)
		  -- (NS-(ASRC/ABKG)*NB) +- 10*sqrt(NS+(ASRC/ABKG)^2*NB) (if ABKG > 0)
		  -- (agamma/bgamma) +- 10*sqrt(agamma/bgamma^2) (if BGAMMA > 0)
		  as long as SRCMIN isn't -ve or SRCMAX is smaller than 20
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	PROB_GAMMADIST

history
	vinay kashyap (May02)
	added keyword FUNIT (VK; Oct03)
	added HPD1,HPD2,HPD3,HPD0 to the output (VK; Mar06)

(See pro/stat/ppd_src.pro)


PRED_FLX

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function	pred_flx
	return line fluxes for a given DEM and compare with observed fluxes.

syntax
	f=pred_flx(line,logT,wvl,DEM,Z=Z,NH=NH,fobs=fobs,fsigma=fsigma,$
	ulim=ulim,verbose=verbose,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,fH2=fH2,He1=He1,$
	HeII=HeII,/fano)

parameters
	line	[INPUT; required] line cooling emissivities (T,Wvl) in units
		of 1e-23 erg cm^3/s, including ion balance, but not abundances.
	logT	[INPUT; required] array of log10(Temperature [K]) at which
		emissivities are given.
	wvl	[INPUT; required] wavelength of matching spectral line(s) [Ang]
	DEM	[INPUT] Differential Emission Measure at each T [cm^-5/logK]
		* passed w/o change to LINEFLX

keywords
	Z	[INPUT] atomic number of element that generates each WVL
		* passed w/o change to LINEFLX
	NH	[INPUT] H column density [cm^-2]
	fobs	[INPUT] observed fluxes; if supplied, displays comparison
		plots of predicted v/s observed
	fsigma	[INPUT] errors on observed fluxes; if not supplied, assumed
		to be 1+sqrt(abs(FOBS)+0.75)
	ulim	[INPUT] flag to indicate whether a given FOBS is an upper
		limit (1: UL, 0: not)
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] allows setting defined keywords to
		LINEFLX [EFFAR, WVLAR, TEMP, ABUND, KEV, NOPH]
		ISMTAU [FH2,HE1,HEII,FANO]

restrictions
	* requires subroutines
	  GETABUND
	  LINEFLX [WHEE]
	  ISMTAU

history
	vinay kashyap (May97)
	changed keyword name SIGMA to FSIGMA (VK; MMaug)
	changed Fobs/Fpred from /ylog to plotting alog10() (VK; MMVsep)
	changed Observed v/s predicted to plot psym=4
	bug correction: matching up upper limit points (VK; MMVIapr)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; MMVIIjun)

(See pro/pred_flx.pro)


PROB_GAMMADIST

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function	prob_gammadist
	compute the gamma distribution, which is a continuous distribution
	on the real line with density function
		f(x) = b^a x^(a-1) exp(-bx) / Gamma(a)
	(see eqn 4 of van Dyk et al., 2001, ApJ 548, 224)
	this distribution has mean (a/b) and variance (a/b^2) for a,b>0

	This is equivalent to a Poisson distribution, and is often
	used as a prior function, with a and b representing our prior
	expectation that a-1 counts should be observed in an area
	b*src_area; a non-informative prior therefore has a=1 and b=0,
	corresponding to 0 counts in 0 area.

syntax
	g=prob_gammadist(x,agamma=agamma,bgamma=bgamma,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] array of abscissa values at which to
		compute the Gamma distribution
		* for x < 0, the function will return NaNs

keywords
	agamma	[INPUT; default=1] "alpha" parameter for the function
		* AGAMMA must be > 0, or else the function will return Infs
	bgamma	[INPUT; default=0] "beta" parameter for the function
		* BGAMMA should be .GE. 0, or else who knows what will happen
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug01)

(See pro/stat/prob_gammadist.pro)


PROPERMOTION_CORRECTOR

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procedure	propermotion_corrector
	computes proper motion and new coordinates

syntax
	propermotion_corrector.catra,catdec,pmra,pmdec,newra,newdec,$
	catyr=catyr,newyr=newyr,verbose=verbose,$
	/i24,/osxg,/hrs,/idnum,/idpre,/idform,/pm,/chop,/osep

parameters (all REQUIRED)
	catra	[INPUT] catalog RA
	catdec	[INPUT] catalog Dec
		* CATRA and CATDEC must have the same sizes
		* may be either float or string array
		* if float, assumed to be decimal degrees unless /I24 is set
		* if string, assumed to be decimal degrees unless ':' or ' '
		  are found
	pmra	[INPUT] proper motion in RA [mas/yr]
	pmdec	[INPUT] proper motion in Dec [mas/yr]
		* PMRA,PMDEC must be scalars,
		  or have the same size as CATRA,CATDEC
	newra	[OUTPUT] new RA
	newdec	[OUTPUT] new Dec
		* newRA, newDEC will have the same size as CATRA,CATDEC
		* default is to return decimal degrees
		* set keyword /OSXG to return the output in sexagesimal

keywords
	catyr	[INPUT] epoch of CATRA,CATDEC
		* default is 2000.0
	newyr	[INPUT] epoch for which to compute new coordinates
		* default is today
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	i24	[INPUT] caught and passed on to SKYPOS's first run
		* use iff input are _not_ in decimal degrees
	osxg	[INPUT] caught and passed on to SKYPOS's second run
		* use iff you want the output in sexagesimal
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		SKYPOS: HRS, IDNUM, IDPRE, IDFORM, PM, CHOP, OSEP

requires
	SKYPOS [DEG2HRS [STR_2_ARR, SYZE]]

history
	vinay kashyap (2014sep05)

(See pro/util/propermotion_corrector.pro)


RADPROJECT

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function	radproject
	Projects a ray originating from an arbitrary point on an arbitrarily
	oriented sphere onto plane at \infty.  Returns a structure containing
	the radial coordinate, and the corresponding x-coords, y-,z-offsets,
	the magnitude of the projection, the corresponding volume of the
	pillbox, as well as all the input values.

syntax
	rstr=radproject(lat,lon,inrad=inrad,maxrad=maxrad,rrng=rrng,rdel=rdel,$
	opaq=opaq,arcone=arcone,theta0=theta0,phi0=phi0,$
	xout=xout,yout=yout,zout=zout,rproj=rproj,rout=rout,volout=volout,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	lat	[INPUT; required] latitude on sphere at which ray is anchored
	lon	[INPUT; required] longitude on sphere at which ray is anchored
		* LAT,LON must be scalar
		* (LAT,LON)=(0,0) projects to (Y,Z)=(0,0)

keywords
	inrad	[INPUT; default=1] minimum r value of ray to consider
	maxrad	[INPUT; default=10] maximum r value of ray to consider
	rrng	[INPUT; default=[INRAD,MAXRAD]] filter the output by limiting
		the radii to consider
		* minmax(RRNG) is forced to not spill beyond [INRAD,MAXRAD]
		* use this only if you want everything outside this range to be
		  explicitly thrown away. discarded.  not zeroed, but removed
		  from the output.
	rdel	[INPUT; default=0.1] steps in r
	opaq	[INPUT; default=0] decides how to treat those portions of rays
		that are occluded by the sphere defined by radius INRAD
		- by default, this is assumed to be completely transparent
		- set OPAQ to negative number to set the opacity as exp(-OPAQ)
		- any value OPAQ>0 results in a completely opaque inner sphere
		  (so set /OPAQ to get an opaque inner sphere)
	arcone	[INPUT; default=1] area of the opening cone at radius=1 [deg^2]
	theta0	[INPUT; default=0] tilt of sphere [deg]
	phi0	[INPUT; default=0] twist of sphere [deg]
		* theta0 and phi0 are defined in a coordinate frame where the
		  projection plane is at x=\infty.
		* it is assumed that to get to the inclined sphere from the
		  observer's frame, you first apply THETA0 and then PHI0.
	rout	[OUTPUT] radii at which projections are computed
	xout	[OUTPUT] computed X
	yout	[OUTPUT] projected Y
	zout	[OUTPUT] projected Z
	rproj	[OUTPUT] projection of the radial unit vector towards the Y-Z
		plane, weighted by the opacity, at each ROUT
	volout	[OUTPUT] volume of the pillbox at each ROUT
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run radproject

history
	vinay kashyap (2012dec; supersedes pathrofile)
	added call to SPHTRIG_TRANSLB (VK; 2013feb)
	bug fixes (theta0,phi0=0) (VK; 2013mar)

(See pro/util/radproject.pro)


RANDOMPOW

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function	randompow
	return a sample drawn from a power-law distribution

	let the power-law be defined as
	  f(x)=N*x^(-A)
	the cumulative function,
	  F(X)= (N/(1-A))*(X^(1-A)-Xmin^(1-A))	if A.ne.1
	      = N*alog(X)-N*alog(Xmin) 		if A.eq.1
	which may be normalized to go from 0 to 1:
	  G(X)=(X^(1-A)-Xmin^(1-A))/(Xmax^(1-A)-Xmin^(1-A))	if A.ne.1
	      =(alog(X)-alog(Xmin))/(alog(Xmax)-alog(Xmin))	if A.eq.1
	given a random number 0<r==G(X)<1, solve for X:
	  X=(r*(Xmax^(1-A)-Xmin^(1-A))+Xmin^(1-A))^(1/(1-A))	if A.ne.1
	   =Xmin*exp(r*alog(Xmax/Xmin))				if A.eq.1

syntax
	x=randompow(seed,num,alpha=alpha,/cumul,/outpoi,Nerr=Nerr,$
	Xmin=Xmin,Xmax=Xmax,/help,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	seed	[INPUT; necessary] seed for random number generator
		* this parameter must be present, but there is no
		  need for it to be defined on input.
		* will be passed w/o modification to RANDOMU()
	num	[INPUT] this has a different meaning depending on
		whether the keyword CUMUL is set or not.
		* if CUMUL is not set, this is the number of random
		  samples that are returned, with a minimum of 1
		* if CUMUL is set, this is taken to be the sum of the
		  numbers sampled, with a default of max{1,XMIN}

keywords
	alpha	[INPUT] index of power-law
		* default is 1.8
	cumul	[INPUT] if set, generates random samples until the
		sum of the values matches NUM.  otherwise, the sum
		is irrelevant and NUM samples are extracted
	outpoi	[INPUT] if set, a Poisson deviate is obtained from
		the sample generated
		* if CUMUL is set, the Poisson deviates are what are
		  summed to match against NUM
	Nerr	[INPUT] error on NUM.  The actual SUM{X} matches a random
		realization of NCT
		* if given, assumed to be 1-sigma Gaussian error
		* if not given, is set to sqrt(NUM+0.75)+1
	Xmin	[I/O] minimum value in sample
		* default: 2
	Xmax	[I/O] maximum value in sample
		* default: max{Normal(NUM,NERR),XMIN}
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out usage and exits
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter

	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run randompow

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov09; based loosely on samplpl.pro)
	allowed XMIN,XMAX to be defined on return, modified example
	  calls to be self-consistent (VK; JanMMX)
	allowed large photon counts by using N(mu,sqrt(mu)) to take
	  over as Poisson (VK; JanMMXIII)

(See pro/stat/randompow.pro)


RDABUND

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function	rdabund
	return abundance values read from file

	disk file must have one entry per line, with either atomic symbol
	or atomic number denoting the element (or both), and the actual
	abundance also.  neither the order of the columns nor the order
	of the rows matter.  the fields must be separated by "SEP", usually
	a <tab>.  missing elements are filled out with values from Anders &
	Grevesse (see GETABUND).

syntax
	abund=rdabund(filnam,comment=comment,sep=sep,inorm=inorm,norm=norm)

parameters
	filnam	[INPUT; required] name of file containing the abundances

keywords
	comment	[OUTPUT] normally, any line prefixed by ";" "%" "#" or "/"
		are ignored.  these lines are stored as a string array and
		output via this variable
	sep	[INPUT] single-character field separator
		* if set to "." "+" "-" or any of the alphanumerics, is ignored
		* if not set, tries <sp>, <tab>, "," and ":" in sequence
	inorm	[INPUT] format of the abundances in the input file
		* see GETABUND for description
		* if INORM is defined, first converted to n(Z)/n(H), then
		  converted back to whatever NORM is set to
	norm	[INPUT] exactly as in GETABUND
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	GETABUND
	SYZE

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec98)

(See pro/util/rdabund.pro)


RDARF

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function	rdarf
	reads in the spectral response and associated axes from
	OGIP-compliant ancillary response file

syntax
	arf=rdarf(arffil,ostr,units=units)

parameters
	arffil	[INPUT; required] name of ARF
	ostr	[OUTPUT] structure containing the axes information for the
		response: {NNRG, ELO, EHI}
		* ELO and EHI refer to range of photon energies at which
		  the response is valid

keywords
	units	[OUTPUT] contains the units of ARF; typically 'cm**2'
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	requires IDLASTRO library routine MRDFITS

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul97)
	exits with 0 if ARFFIL not in fits format (VK; Apr05)

(See pro/util/rdarf.pro)


RDB

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function	rdb
	return a structure containing the output of ascii table
	in RDB format

	RDB format is assumed to be:
	a bunch of comments preceded by "#"s in first column
	a header stating the names of each column
	a format description specifying the type of the column
	(S for strings, N for numeric)
	and each column is separated by a "<tab>"

	some special things understood by this program are:
	-- blank lines are treated as comments
	-- different symbols (e.g., "%") may be used as comment characters
	-- output comes out as double or float or long depending on what is
	   in the first row
	-- double precision may be forced by prepending a ">" to "N"

syntax
	tab=rdb(filename,cols=cols,comm=comm,fldsep=fldsep,rdbdir=rdbdir,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	rdbfil	[INPUT; required] name of rdb file
		* the ".rdb" extension is not necessary
		* a trailing "." is removed, so if there's a file without
		  an extension, set RDBFIL to "filename."
		* and if there's a file named "filename.", set RDBFIL to
		  "filename.." and so on.

keywords
	cols	[INPUT] string or integer array of columns to extract
		* if string, column names must match *exactly*, but
		  case is not important
		* if integers, remember that this is IDL, so first column
		  is indexed as 0
		* if /COLS is set, returns all columns, so if you want
		  just the second column, remember to say COLS=[1] and
		  not COLS=1
	comm	[INPUT] comment character
		* default is a "#"
	fldsep	[INPUT] field separator
		* default is a <TAB>
	rdbdir	[INPUT] if given, prepends RDBFIL with this pathname
	verbose	[INPUT] if set, blabbers incoherently along the way
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	STR_2_ARR
	CREATE_STRUCT
	KILROY
	LEGALVAR

restrictions
	works only on UNIX

history
	vinay kashyap (MIM.XII)
	illegal column names are now checked for (VK; MM.I)
	bug: preceding spaces turned values into zeros; converted all
	  array subscripting to IDL5 (VK; JulMM)
	changed call to STR_2_ARR from STR2ARR (VK; MMV.IV)
	now looks at only the first character of format column field
	  to decide type (VK; MMXIII.VIII)
	now basically returns only long integer and doubles (VK; MMXIII.XII)

(See pro/util/rdb.pro)


RDPHA

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function	rdpha
	return a structure containing the variables in an XSPEC style
	PHA file.  (doesn't really have to be a PHA file.  any FITS
	table file will do.)

parameters
	infile	[INPUT; required] name of PHA file

keywords
	ext	[INPUT] if set, only reads in the specified extension
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

restrictions
	* requires the IDLASTRO library
	* empty extensions are treated as EOFs
	* can only decipher tables, not images
	* cannot handle Type II PHA files

history
	vinay kashyap (Jan MM)

(See pro/util/rdpha.pro)


RDRESP

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function	rdresp
	reads in an OGIP-compliant response matrix file and returns the
	full response matrix

syntax
	rsp=rdresp(rspfil,ostr,effar=effar,fchcol=fchcol,/shift1)

parameters
	rspfil	[INPUT; required] name of response file
	ostr	[OUTPUT] structure containing all the information for the
		response matrix: {NNRG, ELO, EHI, NCHAN, EMN, EMX, N_GRP,
		F_CHAN, N_CHAN, MATRIX, FIRSTCHAN}
		(see RD_OGIP_RMF() for description)
		* output response matrix is in the form RSP(NNRG,NCHAN)

keywords
	effar	[OUTPUT] returns the effective area as a function of ELO
		NOTE: if an RMF file is read instead of an RSP file,
		EFFAR are actually the efficiencies
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		RD_OGIP_RMF: FCHCOL,SHIFT1

restrictions
	requires IDLASTRO library routine MRDFITS
	requires RD_OGIP_RMF

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul97)
	added keyword SHIFT1 (VK; JanMMI)
	removed SHIFT1, added call to RD_OGIP_RMF, cleaned up (VK; Nov2001)

(See pro/util/rdresp.pro)


RD_APED

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function	rd_aped
	read in a line list from APED and return the 3D
	emissivities [WVLS,TEMPS,EDENS]

syntax
	emiss=rd_aped(apedfil,wvls,temps,edens,Zs,ions,levs,$
	apeddir=apeddir,xtnames=xtnames)

parameters
	apedfil	[INPUT; required] FITS file, output of APEC
		* assumed to be in following format --
		  [PARAMETERS][cols kT,EDensity,Nelement,Nline]
		  	where kT is in [keV], EDensity is in [cm^-3]
		  [L{logT}_{logNe}][cols Lambda,Lambda_Err,Epsilon,Epsilon_Err,Element,Ion,UpperLev,LowerLev]
		  	where {logT} and {logNe} are in '(f3.1)' or '(f4.1)',
		  	Lambda* are in [\AA], and Epsilon* are in [ph cm^3/s]
	wvls	[OUTPUT; required] all the wavelengths listed in APEDFIL [\AA]
	temps	[OUTPUT; required] all the temperatures in APEDFIL [log[K]]
	edens	[OUTPUT; required] all the e-densities in APEDFIL [cm^-3]
	Zs	[OUTPUT; required] atomic numbers corresponding to each WVLS
	ions	[OUTPUT; required] ionic state of each of ZS
	levs	[OUTPUT; required] level designations for each line [2,N(WVLS)]

keywords
	apeddir	[INPUT] directory containing APEDFIL
		* if not set, looks for APEDFIL in $cwd
	xtnames	[OUTPUT] all the extension names
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	for APED format as of Apr 2000 only
	subroutines: KILROY

history
	vinay kashyap (AprMM)

(See pro/mkemis/rd_aped.pro)


RD_CHANDRA_GEOM

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function	rd_chandra_geom
	reads in the entire geometry file from Chandra's CALDB
	into an IDL structure and spits it out

syntax
	geom=rd_chandra_geom(/help,caldb=caldb,version=version,verbose=verbose)

parameters	NONE

keywords
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out the usage help
	caldb	[INPUT] top level directory containing the Chandra CALDB
		* default is to look for environment variable CALDB
		* if $CALDB is not defined, then assumes /soft/ciao/CALDB/
	version	[INPUT] version number to use
		* default is 5
		* the geometry file is assumed to be at
		  $CALDB/data/chandra/tel/bcf/geom/telD1999-07-23geomN####.fits
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct04)
	changed default VERSION to 5 (VK; Jul05)

(See pro/rd_chandra_geom.pro)


RD_CHIANTI

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function	rd_chianti
	one stop function to read in all relevant atomic parameters from
	the CHIANTI v4 database and return them in a comprehensive structure
	(see structure variable CHELP for complete description).

usage
	line_database=rd_chianti(Z,ion,delec=delec,chidir=chidir)

parameters
	Z	[INPUT; required] atomic number
	ION	[INPUT] ionic state [if 0 or not given, assumes
		fully ionized, i.e., =Z]
		* Z and ION must be integer scalars

keywords
	delec	[INPUT] if set, look for the directory containing
		dielectronic recombination data (1/0)
	chidir	[INPUT] path to top directory of CHIANTI installation
		* default: !CHIDIR
		* hardcoded default: /data/fubar/SCAR/CHIANTI/dbase/
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- ignore

restrictions
	* requires procedure SETSYSVAL
	* requires CHIANTI v4 or something very similar
	* requires PoA subroutine INICON
	  and CHIANTI subroutines READ_WGFA2, READ_ELVLC, READ_SPLUPS, READ_IP

history
	written by vinay kashyap (Nov96), based on SYNTHETIC.PRO of CHIANTI
	added keyword DELEC, modified default behavior of ION (VK; OctMM)
	modified for CHIANTI v4, incompatible with earlier versions, added
	call to SETSYSVAL (VK; Jun02)
	force a "/" at the end of CHIDIR (VK/LwL; Sep02)
	added call to READ_IP and output ionization potentials via CHLINE,
	  corrected multiplicity for DR lines (VK; Apr04)

(See pro/mkemis/rd_chianti.pro)


RD_COCO

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
function	rd_coco
	reads in the ATOMDB continuum emissivities and returns it in
	an IDL structure

syntax
	cocostr=rd_coco(cocofil,wrange=wrange,nbin=nbin,abund=abund,$
	/noerg,/noang,cemis=cemis,wvl=wvl,wmid=wmid,logT=logT,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	cocofil	[INPUT; required] full path to the location of the
		continuum emissivities database file
		* if set to '$COCO', looks for /data/atomdb/apec_coco.fits
		* if set to '$oldAPED', looks for /data/fubar/SCAR/atomdb_1.3.1/apec_coco.fits
		* if set to '$APED', looks for /data/fubar/SCAR/atomdb_v2.0.0/apec_coco.fits

keywords
	wrange	[INPUT] 2-element array to define the range over which
		the continuum is extracted
		* default is [0.01,1300]
	nbin	[INPUT] number of bins in the output array
		* if -ve, the bins will be in log scale, with longer
		  widths at longer wavelengths
		* default is 2000
	abund	[INPUT] if supplied, replaces the hardcoded abundances
		with new ones
		* if not set, keeps it as Anders & Grevesse
	noerg	[INPUT] if set, refrains from converting the units
		from [ph ...] to [erg ...]
	noang	[INPUT] if set, refrains from converting the units
		from [... /keV] to [... /Ang]
	cemis	[OUTPUT] emissivity array of size (TEMPERATURE,WAVELENGTH)
		collated from all the various extensions in COCOFIL,
		interpolated onto a standard wavelength grid, and with
		PoA style units [1e23 ergs cm^3/s/Ang] (unless NOERG and
		NOANG are set)
	wvl	[OUTPUT] the standardized output wavelength grid
	wmid	[OUTPUT] the mid-bin values of the wavelength grid
	logT	[OUTPUT] the temperature grid over which CEMIS is defined
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr2009)
	changed default $APED to point to v2.0.0 (VK; May2011)

(See pro/mkemis/rd_coco.pro)


RD_CONT

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function	rd_cont
	routine to read in the output of WRT_CONT_* and return continuum
	emissivities [1e-23 erg cm^3/s/Ang] for specified criteria

syntax
	emis=rd_cont(root,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,wrange=wrange,$
	dbdir=dbdir,abund=abund,metal=metal,wvl=wvl,logT=logT,fcstr=fcstr,$
	chdwvl=chdwvl,/twoph,/noff,/nofb,cocofil=cocofil,/xlogT)

parameters
	root	[INPUT; required] prefix of files containing the emissivities
		* if set to 'chianti', will carry out a real-time computation
		  of the continua using CHIANTI routines FREEFREE, FREEBOUND,
		  and TWO_PHOTON
		* if set to 'apec', will read in the emissivities from the
		  APEC continuum database table, which includes both regular
		  continuum and the so-called pseudo-continuum
keywords
	pres	[INPUT; default: 1e15] pressure [cm^-3 K]
	logP	[INPUT; default: 15] log(pressure [cm^-3 K])
		* LOGP takes precedence over PRES
		* if no match is found, uses nearest available dataset
	n_e	[INPUT] electron density [cm^-3].  if set,
		* overrides LOGP
		* appends a "D" to DBDIR
	wrange	[INPUT; default: all] wavelength range
		* if 2-element array, wrange==[wmin,wmax]
		* if 1-element array or scalar, wrange==[wr(0),wr(0)]
	dbdir	[INPUT; default: "cont"] directory to look for files in
		* $<whatever> : look for environment variable.  if missing,
		  following special case is hardcoded --
		  -- $CONT : see variable CONT_DB
		* ignored when ROOT='chianti' or ROOT='apec'
	abund	[INPUT; default: anders & grevesse] abundances
	metal	[INPUT; default: 1] metallicity
		* assumes ABUND to be of metallicity 1
		* if set, scales abundances from ABUND appropriately
	wvl	[OUTPUT] bin beginning wavelengths and final ending
		wavelength [Angstroms]
	logT	[OUTPUT] log10(Temperatures [K])
	fcstr	[OUTPUT] if specified in call on input, will contain all
		the output variables
			{CONT_INT,LOGT,WVL,REH,TKEV,EKEV,MIDWVL}
		in that order in a structure.
	chdwvl	[INPUT] bin size to use for ROOT='chianti'
		* default is 0.005 Angstrom
       twoph	[INPUT] set this to _include_ two-photon continuum
       noff    [INPUT] set this to _exclude_ free-free continuum
       nofb    [INPUT] set this to _exclude_ free-bound continuum
		* TWOPH, NOFF, NOFB are ignored unless ROOT='chianti'
	cocofil	[INPUT] full path to the location of the APEC
		continuum emissivities file
		* default is to use '$APED', which points to
		  /data/atomdb/apec_coco.fits
		* used only if CEROOT points to APEC
	xlogT	[INPUT] if set, returns the emissivity in whatever
		native logT grid as is in the databases
		* the default is to rebin it with REBINX() and put
		  it on the grid logT=findgen(81)*0.05+4
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to RD_IONEQ(),
		FREE_FREE_CH, FREE_BOUND_CH, and TWO_PHOTON_CH.

restrictions
	* WRT_CONT_* must have been run first
	* cannot handle logT arrays that change from file to file
	* requires subroutines
	  INICON
	  GETABUND
	  SYMB2ZION [LAT2ARAB]
	  SETSYSVAL [LEGALVAR]
         RD_IONEQ
         FREE_FREE_CH  [ITOH_CH,SUTHERLAND_CH]
         FREE_BOUND_CH
         TWO_PHOTON_CH [RD_CHIANTI]
	  RD_COCO
	  GETPOADEF
	  from CHIANTI: READ_IONEQ, READ_GFFGU, BILINEAR, READ_IP,
	    READ_KLGFB, CONCAT_DIR, GET_IEQ, FREEBOUND_ION, ZION2FILENAME,
	    FILE_EXIST, DATATYPE, FILE_STAT, DATA_CHK, SINCE_VERSION,
	    READ_FBLVL, IS_DIR, EXIST, GET_DELIM, OS_FAMILY, TAG_EXIST,
	    IDL_RELEASE, VERNER_XS, KARZAS_XS
	  

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec97; modified from RD_LINE)
	allowed dbdir to be "$CONT" or something that may be read in
	  via an environmental variable (VK; Dec98)
	added missing file close statement (VK; 1999Feb)
	bug was preventing reading nearest available database (VK; Mar99)
	bug in last bug correction, wasn't reading element files (VK; Apr99)
	allowed FCSTR output if set in command line (VK; AugMM)
	changes suggested by Antonio Maggio: *_DB defaults (VK; NovMM)
	added byte-order check; added calls to SWAP_ENDIAN() as suggested
	  by Antonio Maggio; changed CONT_DB to CONT_CDB environment
	  variable; added call to SETSYSVAL; now deciphers default
	  emissivity directory location from where this file is located
	  (VK; FebMMI)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; Aug01)
	corrected bug where first bin was being chopped off (VK; Jan04)
	check to see whether input abundances are already ratios (VK; Apr04)
	added option to use chianti routines to compute continuum, added
	  TWO_PHOT keyword to toggle inclusion of two photon continuum when
	  calculating via CHIANTI to save time (LL; Feb05) 
	added NOFF and NOFB keywords to toggle inclusion of CHIANTI free-free
	  and free-bound continuum, allowed system variable !XUVTOP to be set
	  if not present (LL; Jun05) 
	changed keyword TWO_PHOT to TWOPH, added keyword CHDWVL, and
	  cleaned up interface and internals (VK; Jun05)
	bug fix: $CONT/cont was missing the "/" on some systems (VK; May06)
	added option to read in APEC_COCO files and added keyword XLOGT
	  (VK; Apr09)
	fixed complication with abund being input as ratio (VK; Nov13)
	added call to GETPOADEF (VK; Aug15)

(See pro/rd_cont.pro)


RD_IONEQ

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function	rd_ioneq
	return the values of the ionization equilibrium for ions
	of element Z at specified temperatures as ARRAY(NLOGT,NIONS,NZ).

	right now this is simply a wrapper to the CHIANTI routine
	READ_IONEQ.  someday other formats will be supported.

syntax
	ioneq=rd_ioneq(z,logt,eqfile=eqfile,chidir=chidir,zlost=zlost,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	z	[INPUT; required] atomic number
		* must be integers
	logt	[INPUT/OUTPUT] 1D array of log10(temperatures [K]) at which to
		provide ionization equilibrium values.  if not defined, returns
		the temperatures at which the values in EQFILE are given.

keywords
	eqfile	[INPUT] pathname, relative to CHIDIR, of file containing
		ionization equilibrium values
		* default: !IONEQF
		* hard-coded default: ioneq/chianti.ioneq
	chidir	[INPUT] path name to the CHIANTI installation
		* default: !CHIDIR
		* hard-coded default: /data/fubar/CHIANTI/dbase
	zlost	[OUTPUT] average number of lost electrons at each temperature
		* will be of size (NLOGT,NZ) or (NLOGT)
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to prevent program from crashing

description
	reads in ionization equilibrium values a la CHIANTI
	and interpolates to appropriate temperatures

	for example, the ionization fraction of Fe XVII would be
		(rd_ioneq(26,logT))[*,17-1]
	or for that matter,
		(rd_ioneq([8,26,10],logT))[*,17-1,1]

requires
	SETSYSVAL
	READ_IONEQ (from CHIANTI)
	GETPOADEF

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96; based on SYNTHETIC.PRO)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Dec96)
	interpolation in log to avoid stepped look (VK; Feb97)
	smooth after interpolation to avoid segmented look (VK; Apr97)
	bug: force maximum IONEQ to be 1, not 10^(1)! (VK; 99Sep)
	added keyword VERBOSE, now takes CHIDIR and EQFILE defaults
	  from !CHIDIR and !IONEQF if they are defined; added call to
	  SETSYSVAL (VK; Jul01)
	cleaned up the interface, and allowed Z to be an array
	  (VK; Jun02)
	added keyword ZLOST, converted "()" to "[]" (VK: Apr06)
	allowed EQFILE to be a plain filename; changed hardcoded
	  defaults of EQFILE and CHIDIR (VK; Jul13)
	changed default of EQFILE to ioneq/chianti.ioneq (VK; Aug13)
	added call to GETPOADEF (VK; Aug15)

(See pro/rd_ioneq.pro)


RD_LINE

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function	rd_line
	supremely flexible routine to read in the output of WRT_LINE
	and return line cooling emissivities [1e-23 erg cm^3/s] for
	specified criteria in an array of size [NLOGT,NWVL]

syntax
	emis=rd_line(atom,pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,wrange=wrange,$
	dbdir=dbdir,wvl=wvl,logT=logT,z=z,ion=ion,jon=jon,src=src,$
	desig=desig,econf=econf,fstr=fstr,/allah,/help,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	atom	[INPUT] element whose line intensities are to be read.
		* can specify ionic state (e.g., 'FeXX')
		* may be an array (e.g., ['He', 'c 5', 'N V', 's_8'])
		* default -- ALL

keywords
	pres	[INPUT; default: 1e15] pressure [cm^-3 K]
	logP	[INPUT; default: 15] log(pressure [cm^-3 K])
		* LOGP takes precedence over PRES
		* if no match is found, uses nearest available dataset
	n_e	[INPUT] electron density [cm^-3].  if set,
		* overrides LOGP
		* appends a "D" to DBDIR
		* NOTE: PRES, LOGP, and N_E are initalized in the
		  system variables !GASPR, !LOGPR and !EDENS.
		  HOWEVER, these system variables are *not* used as
		  the defaults; these keywords must be explicitly set
		  in order to take effect.
	wrange	[INPUT; default: all] wavelength range
		* if 2-element array, wrange==[wmin,wmax]
		* if 1-element array or scalar, wrange==[wr[0],wr[0]]
	dbdir	[INPUT; default: !LDBDIR; hard-coded default: "$CHIANTI"]
		line database directory
		* if an array, only the first element is used
		* WARNING: if N_E is set, a "D" is appended at the end (but
		  after stripping any pre-existing "D"s, mind!)
		* $<whatever> : look for environment variable.
		  some special cases are:
		  -- $SPEX : from environment variable SPEX_LDB
		  -- $CHIANTI : from environment variable CHIANTI_LDB
		  -- $APED : from environment variable APED_LDB
		  -- $SCAR : from environment variable SCAR_LDB
		  if the environmental variable is undefined, then some
		  special cases are hardcoded:
		  -- SPEX : TOPDIR/emissivity/spex
		  -- CHIANTI : TOPDIR/emissivity/chianti
		  -- APED : TOPDIR/emissivity/aped
		  -- SCAR : TOPDIR/emissivity/xinti
	wvl	[OUTPUT] wavelengths [Angstroms]
	logT	[OUTPUT] log10(Temperatures [K])
	z	[OUTPUT] atomic numbers of elements generating given WVL
	ion	[OUTPUT] ionic state of element generating given WVL
	jon	[OUTPUT] the ionic state that matters, as far as ion-balance
		is concerned
	src	[OUTPUT] reference to source of line info
		* 1: SPEX, 2: CHIANTI, 3: APED
	desig	[I/O] level designations for lower & upper level
		for each transition
		* read in only if DESIG is present in call
	econf	[I/O] e-configurations for lower & upper level
		* read in only if ECONF is present in call
	fstr	[OUTPUT] if present in the calling sequence, will contain all
		the output variables
			LINE_INT,LOGT,WVL,Z,ION,DESIG,ECONF,SRC,JON
		in that order in a structure.
	allah	[INPUT] if set, assumes all files are available in correct
		forms, and does no checking.
		* quicker, but UNFORGIVING
		* faith is not an option
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out the calling sequence and quits
	verbose	[INPUT] higher the number, greater the chatter
		* default is !VERBOSE
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to avoid crashing the program

restrictions
	* WRT_LINE must have been run first
	* requires subroutines
	  SYMB2ZION
	  LAT2ARAB
	  INICON
	  SETSYSVAL
	  IS_KEYWORD_SET
	  GETPOADEF
	* cannot (as yet) handle logT arrays that change from atom to atom

usage examples
	* f=rd_line(atom,pres=pres,logP=logP,wrange=wrange,dbdir=dbdir,$
	    wvl=wvl,logT=logT,z=z,ion=ion,/allah)
	* f=rd_line('He',logP=20,wr=[200.,500.],wvl=wvl,logT=logT,desig=desig,$
	  econf=econf,fstr=fstr,/allah)
	* f=rd_line(wr=16.776,wvl=wvl,logT=logT,z=z,ion=ion,desig=desig)
	* econf=1 & f=rd_line(wvl=wvl,logt=logt,z=z,ion=ion,econf=econf,/allah)
	  oo=sort(abs(wvl)) & surface,alog10(f[*,oo]+1),logt,abs(wvl[oo]),/ylog

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96)
	added keywords ECONF and FSTR, changed I/O (VK; Dec96)
	corrected bug in reading in SRC (VK; Jan96)
	added keyword N_E (VK; Jun97)
	corrected bug that was returning nonsense labels when Z+ION was
	  specified (VK; Jul97)
	now handles trailing "/"s and/or "D"s correctly; accepts "0"
	  as synonym for all atoms (VK; Jun98)
	accepts '$SPEX', '$CHIANTI', and '$SCAR' as hardcoded default
	  values for DBDIR (VK; Oct98)
	accepts DBDIR defined via environmental variable; trapped DBDIR
	  being input as vector; added keyword HELP (VK; Nov98)
	"All" is accepted as an atom (VK; Dec98)
	"_"s in DBDIR causing incorrect selections: corrected
	  added keyword JON, added read to ATOM_jon (VK; 1999May)
	added keyword VERBOSE, allowed input of the form "ALL ion" (VK; MarMM)
	added /SWAP_IF_LITTLE_ENDIAN to OPENR calls (VK; AprMM)
	added $APE to list of automatic *_DB (VK; AprMM)
	changed to full compatibility with IDL5+ ("()"->"[]"); allowed
	  read in of DESIG, ECONF and output of FSTR if present in call;
	  bug correction if ATOM goes past Zn (VK; AugMM)
	CHIANTI 3.0 has occassional NaNs in emissivity -- put in hack to
	  avoid them (VK; SepMM)
	changes suggested by A.Maggio: strmid params, *_DB defaults
	  (VK; NovMM)
	changed *_DB to *_LDB environment variables; if ALLAH was set,
	  DBDIR was not being prepended (VK; DecMM)
	added call to SETSYSVAL; now deciphers default emissivity directory
	  location from where this file is located; added byte-order
	  check; added calls to SWAP_ENDIAN() as suggested by Antonio Maggio
	  (VK; FebMMI)
	changed defaults for DBDIR, VERBOSE to read from !LDBDIR, !VERBOSE
	  (VK; Jul01)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)
	added call to GETPOADEF (VK; 05Aug2015)
	bug fix: compilation error (VK; 10Sep2015)

(See pro/rd_line.pro)


RD_LIST

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function	rd_list
	read in line emissivities for a list of specified lines and returns
	the database in a standard structure format (RD_LINE for details)

syntax
	lstr=rd_list(lnlist,/incieq,desig=desig,econf=econf,mapping=mapping,$
	dbdir=dbdir,brklst=brklst,sep=sep,prefix=prefix,comment=comment,$
	pres=pres,logP=logP,n_e=n_e,chifil=chifil,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile,$
	eps=eps,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	lnlist	[INPUT; required] line list
		* must be a string scalar or array
		* if a line contains a "/" or "./" or ".." in the first field,
		  assumed to be a filename unless the "/" is followed by
		  another "/" ("//") or a "*" ("/*"), in which case it is
		  assumed to be a comment.
		* any line prefixed by "%", "#", ";", "/*", "*/", "//",
		  and PREFIX are assumed to be comments
		* either the file or the direct input must describe the
		  line as:-
		 	"Z ION <sep> WAVE <sep> SOURCE <sep> DESCRIPTION"
		  where Z is the atomic symbol, ION is the ionic state,
		  WAVE is in [Ang], and SOURCE is DBDIR (see RD_LINE)
		* Z is required
		  ION is useful
		  WAVE, SOURCE, and DESCRIPTION are optional
		  but WAVE is required if SOURCE is given
		  and WAVE and SOURCE are required if DESCRIPTION is given
		* if multiple candidates are available, DESCRIPTION may be
		  used to choose from among them (see MAPPING)
		* <SEP> is a separator, usually a <tab>, but had better
		  not be any of "," "+-" "-" and "?"
		* WAVE may be (any combination of):-
		  exact match		-- "WVL"
		  inexact match		-- "WVL +- dW" or "WVL ? dW"
		  range			-- "WMIN,WMAX" or "WMIN-WMAX"
		  enclosed in brackets	-- "()" "[]" "{}"
		* DESCRIPTION is basically treated as a set of <SP>-separated
		  keywords, and if a given field is preceded by a "!" any
		  matches based on that field would be _excluded_ (e.g.,
		  "!DR" would not match any DR line)

keywords
	incieq	[INPUT] if set, output emissivities will include ion-balance
	mapping	[INPUT] this keyword controls what happens when an entry in
		LNLIST matches multiple instances of (Z,ION,WAVE) in the
		input database.
		* if not set, or set to 0, returns all the emissivities,
		  exactly as found, in separate rows,
		* but if not set and yet DESCRIPTION is set, then assumed
		  to be +ve
		* if set, and is +ve, then
		  -- looks through the DESCRIPTION field of LNLIST, and
		     finds the closest match in the database and returns
		     only that.
		  -- if "closest match" is ambiguous, then default is set
		     to the strongest of the closest matches, and the user
		     is asked to verify.
		  -- if DESCRIPTION is not set, or the given DESCRIPTION
		     succeeds in eliminating >all< the matches, then asks
		     which one (the default being the strongest line in
		     the set).
		* if set, and is -ve, then adds the emissivities of all
		  the extra lines to that of the strongest line in the
		  set.
		* NOTE: if "WVL?dW" is set, and multiple lines are found
		  in the database, MAPPING is overridden and the user is
		  asked to choose anyway.
	dbdir	[I/O] directory in which to look for files
		* will be used ONLY if not given in LNLIST
		* if not specified, *default* will be set at run-time to
		  whatever was used last
		* on output, will be a string array of the DBDIRs used
		  NOTE: this last feature will soon be eliminated -- use
		  keyword BRKLST instead
	sep	[INPUT] separator used to delineate fields in LNLIST
		* the default is to separate the fields with several blanks
		  (<tab>)
	prefix	[INPUT; default='*'] any line beginning with this letter
		is considered a comment
		* this is in addition to "%", "#", ";", "/"
	comment	[OUTPUT] any commented lines are returned in this variable
		as a string array
	brklst	[OUTPUT] structure containing a breakdown of all the
		fields in LNLIST, in the form
			{SPECIES, WMIN, WMAX, DBDIR, DESCRIPTION}
	eps	[INPUT; default=1e-5] a small number
		* used as a "round-off" error for wavelength precision
		  if the WAVE field does not specify a range
	verbose	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to
		-- RD_LINE:
		   N_E		electron density [cm^-3], default is 1e9
				_explicitly set to 0_ to use PRES/LOGP
		   PRES		pressure [cm^-3 K]
		   LOGP		alog10(pressure [cm^-3 K])
		   DESIG	to read in level designations, set by default
		   ECONF	to read in e configurations, set by default
		-- FOLD_IONEQ:
		   CHIFIL	to read in from CHIANTI style database
		   EQFILE	name of ion balance file
		-- RD_IONEQ:
		   CHIDIR	path to CHIANTI installation

restrictions
	syntax incompatible for IDL <5
	function calls incompatible for idl <5.3
	requires subroutines:
	  RD_LINE, SYMB2ZION, LAT2ARAB, FOLD_IONEQ, RD_IONEQ, READ_IONEQ,
	  CAT_LN, LINEFLX, GETABUND, RDABUND, SYZE, INICON, IS_KEYWORD_SET

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun98)
	added keyword COMMENT; changed behavior of SETASK (VK; Oct98)
	DBDIR now contains all directories on output (VK; Nov98)
	changed input to FOLD_IONEQ from ION to JON (VK; 99May)
	allowed unfound elements to be read in also, up to a point (VK; 99Jul)
	added keyword MAPPING, enhanced LNLIST, deleted SETASK, converted
	  to IDL5.3 (VK; MarMM)
	now quits if IDL v <5.3 (VK; DecMM)
	force MAPPING=1 if DESCRIPTION is set; added keyword BRKLST as
	  first step towards eliminating DBDIR as output; added keyword
	  VERBOSE and EPS; changed DESIG/ECONF behavior to be set by default
	  (VK; JanMMI)
	changed default behavior to read in from constant-density database
	  at N_E=1e9 if nothing is specified (VK; Jan'03)
	added ability to exclude fields via DESCRIPTION (VK; Apr'03)
	changed default SEP to "any series of one or more space or tab
	  characters" (VK; Feb'04)
	changed SEP back to <tab> (VK; Sep'05)
	updated for IDL5.6 keyword_set([0]) behavior change for vectors
	  (VK; 20Mar2006)

(See pro/rd_list.pro)


RD_OGIP_RMF

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function	rd_ogip_rmf
	reads in the response matrix and associated axes from OGIP-compliant
	response file and returns everything in a structure of the form:

	{NNRG, ELO, EHI, NCHAN, EMN, EMX, N_GRP, F_CHAN, N_CHAN, MATRIX, FIRSTCHAN}

	where ELO and EHI refer to range of photon energies at which the
	response is valid, EMN and EMX refer to bin boundaries for each
	channel, N_GRP refers to number of groups of non-zero data, F_CHAN
	refer to beginning indices of channels, N_CHAN are the number of
	channels in each group, and the output response MATRIX excludes
	zeros to save space.  The value of FIRSTCHAN indicates whether F_CHAN
	indices are 0-based or 1-based.

	http://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/caldb/docs/memos/cal_gen_92_002/cal_gen_92_002.html
	for a description of the format

	WARNING: the EBOUNDS extension of RMFs, which defines EMN and EMX,
	should never be used directly for scientific purposes.  They
	contain the nominal energy boundaries for the PHA, PI, or pixel
	bins that define the MATRIX.  They are never exact values, and
	are useful only for plotting purposes.  It is the detector bins
	and their indices that are the be-all and end-all of RMFs.

syntax
	rmstr=rd_ogip_rmf(rmfile,effar=effar,eqvar=eqvar,spcar=spcar,$
	rmfimg=rmfimg,fchcol=fchcol,/shift1,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	rmfile	[INPUT; required] response matrix file

keywords
	effar	[OUTPUT] returns the effective area as a function of ELO
		* if an RMF file is read instead of an RSP file, EFFAR are
		  uniformly 1, unless it is ASCA in which case it is the QEs
		* EFFAR are calculated ONLY if needed.  i.e., the keyword
		  must be present in call (IDL5+) or defined on input (IDL5-)
	eqvar	[OUTPUT] returns an equivalent effective area in each
		detector channel, measuring the contribution to that
		channel from all photon energies.
	spcar	[OUTPUT] a variation on EQVAR, the convolution of a really
		flat intensity spectrum [ph/.../keV] with the RSP.
		In other words, what a flat spectrum would look like.
		* BEWARE: EQVAR and SPCAR are _not_ true effective area.
		  EFFAR are in _energy_ bins.  EQVAR and SPCAR are in
		  _channel_ bins.
		* CAVEAT VSVATOR!
		* I will deny ever having said this, but if you _must_
		  use one of these fake effective areas, use SPCAR.
	rmfimg	[OUTPUT] returns the RMF matrix as an image of size
		N(CHANNEL) x N(ENERGY)
		* computed only if this keyword is present (must also
		  be defined to be non-zero in IDL versions prior to 5.0)
	shift1	[SEMI OBSOLETE] some RMFs have position indices that are
		0-based and some are 1-based.  this keyword used to specify
		which was what.  however, this information should be in the
		FITS header in the keyword TLMIN{FCHCOL}, and that is where
		the program takes its value from.
		* BEWARE: if SHIFT1 is set _and_ TLMIN{FCHCOL} comes out as 0
		  (usually if it is not defined, or perhaps it really is 0)
		  then FIRSTCHAN is taken to be 1, and vice versa.
		* in other words, if set, overrides whatever the file
		  itself is saying
	fchcol	[INPUT] column number of F_CHAN in RMFILE
		* default is 4
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	requires IDLASTRO library routine MRDFITS

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr99; modified from RDRESP.PRO)
	added keyword SHIFT1 (VK; JanMMI)
	slight modification in defining IDL version (VK; FebMMI)
	added keyword FCHCOL, overrode SHIFT1, added FIRSTCHAN to output
	  structure (VK; Nov2001)
	commented out the "L5_MATRIX" lines (VK; Dec2001)
	added keywords EQVAR, SPCAR, and VERBOSE (VK; Jul02)
	bug correction: rspfil variable changed to RMFILE (LL/VK;Aug04)
       added ability to handle non-OGIP Astro-E2 XIS rmf file (LL/VK:Aug04)
	tweaked to speed up calculation of effar (VK; Dec04)
	added keyword RMFIMG (VK; May06)

(See pro/util/rd_ogip_rmf.pro)


RD_PIMMS_FILE

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procedure	rd_pimms_file
	read in the effective area values from PIMMS file

syntax
	rd_pimms_file,pimmfl,effar,nrgar,ecol=ecol,acol=acol,/wave

parameters
	pimmfl	[INPUT; required] scalar string specifying the full
		pathname to PIMMS effective area file.
		* output of GET_PIMMS_FILE
	effar	[OUTPUT] effective areas, usually in [cm^2]
	nrgar	[OUTPUT] energies at which EFFAR are defined
		* assumed to be [keV]
		* if WAVE is set, converted to [Ang]

keywords
	acol	[INPUT; default=2] column number which contains EFFAR
	ecol	[INPUT; default=1] column number which contains NRGAR
	wave	[INPUT] if set, assumes that ECOL contains [keV] and
		converts to [Ang]
		* if columns are ALREADY in [Ang], DO NOT SET THIS KEYWORD
	_extra	[JUNK] ignore -- here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	STR_2_ARR, WC, STR_SEP, SYZE

history
	vinay kashyap (Mar99)
	changed call to STR_2_ARR from STR2ARR (VK; AprMMV)

(See pro/util/rd_pimms_file.pro)


READ_ELVLC

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       astrophysical emission line spectra.  It is a collaborative project
       involving Ken Dere (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC), 
       Brunella Monsignori-Fossi and Enrico Landi (Arcetri Observatory, 
       Florence), and Helen Mason and Peter Young (DAMTP, Cambridge Univ.).


 NAME:
	READ_ELVLC

 PURPOSE:

	to read files containing observed and theoretical energy levels

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_ELVLC, File, L1, Term, Conf, ss, ll, jj, Ecm, Eryd, Ecmth, Erydth, Ref


 INPUTS:

	File:	the name of the file 
               i.e., !xuvtop+'/si/si_12/si_12.elvlc' for Si XII

 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

	None:
	

 OUTPUTS:       L1      - level index
                Term    - configuration index
                Conf    - configuration description
                ss      - 2S+1
                ll      - L
                jj      - J
                Ecm     - observed energy (cm^-1)
                Eryd    - observed energy (Rydbergs)
                Ecmth   - theoretical energy (cm^-1)
                Erydth  - theoretical energy (Rydbergs)
                Ref     - reference
               
   note:  the theoretical energies are usually those used in the scattering
          calculation and are only useful for predicting approximate 
          wavelengths


 EXAMPLE:

             > file = !xuvtop+'/si/si_12/si_12.elvlc'
             > read_elvlc,file,l1,term,conf,ss,ll,jj,ecm,eryd,ref
             > 

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0

       Ver.2, 6-Dec-2001, Peter Young
          Modified the form of the "term" output. The J-value is now 
          represented by a fraction rather than a decimal.

(See pro/external/read_elvlc.pro)


READ_FBLVL

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 


 NAME:
	READ_FBLVL

 PURPOSE:

	To read files containing observed free-bound energy levels

 CATEGORY:

	Science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_FBLVL, File, L1, Conf, pqn, ll, spd, mult, Ecm, Ecmth, Ref


 INPUTS:

	File:	the name of the file 
               e.g., !xuvtop+'/si/si_12/si_12.fblvl' for Si XII

 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

	None:
	

 OUTPUTS:       L1    - level index
                CONF  - configuration description
                PQN   - principal quantum number of electron being ionized
                LL    - L-value of ionized electron
                SPD   - 'S', 'P', etc to denote L value
                MULT  - multiplicity  2J+1
                ECM   - energy (cm^-1)
                ECMTH - energy (cm^-1)
                REF   - reference
               
 EXAMPLE:

             > file = !xuvtop+'/si/si_12/si_12.elvlc'
             > read_fblvl,file,l1,conf,pqn,ll,mult,ecm,ecmth,ref
             > 

 HISTORY

      Ver.1, 31-Jul-2002, Peter Young

(See pro/external/read_fblvl.pro)


READ_GFFGU

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is 
       a collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).

 NAME:
       READ_GFFGU

 PURPOSE:

       Read gffgu.dat file containing free-free gaunt factors of 
             R. S. Sutherland, 1998, MNRAS, 300, 321
             note:  the file available from the web site are mislabelled


 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_GFFGU,g2,u,gff


 INPUTS:

       None    
       

 OUTPUTS:

       g2,u,gff defined in the paper by Sutherland



 COMMON BLOCKS:

       None



 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
       Written by:     Ken Dere
       April 2000:     Version 3.0
       October 2001:   Version 4 - Ken Dere -
                       corrected for the fact that the original
                       Sutherland file was mislabelled
       November 2001:  Corrected the address of the gffgu.dat file - Enrico Landi

(See pro/external/read_gffgu.pro)


READ_IONEQ

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 


 NAME:
	READ_IONEQ

 PURPOSE:

	to read files containing the ionization equilibrium values

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_IONEQ, File, T, Ioneq, Ref


 INPUTS:

	File:	for example, !xuvtop+'/ioneq/arnaud_rothenflug.ioneq'

 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

	None:
	

 OUTPUTS:

	T:  array of log10 temperatures
       Ioneq:  3-d array (T,element,ion) 
               of the fractional abundance of the ion in
              ionization equilibrium.
       Ref:  reference in the scientific literature


 EXAMPLE:

             > read_ioneq,!xuvtop+'/ioneq/arnaud_rothenflug.ioneq'
             > help,t,ioneq
             > T               FLOAT     = Array(41)
             > IONEQ           FLOAT     = Array(41, 28, 29)
             > print, minmax(t)
             >  4.00000      8.00000
             > print,t(20)
             >  6.0000
             > print,ioneq(20,25,9)
             >   0.269                  = fractional abundance of  Fe X in
                                          ionization equilibrium 

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere (KPD)
	March 1996:     Version 2.0
       March 1999:     KPD to read both number of temperature and number 
                       of elements

       25-Oct-2000     V. 4, Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ).
                       Corrected to interpret the '-1' as a reference only
                       if within the first 3 columns

       V.  5, 21-May-2002, Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ) 
                   generalized directory concatenation to work for
                   Unix, Windows  and VMS. 

       v.6, 25-Oct-2004, Peter Young
            modified format statement so that it will read any number of
            temperatures.

       V 7, 25-May-2005, GDZ 
                  corrected routine header.

 VERSION     :   7, 25-May-2005
	Aug2010:	Vinay Kashyap commented out reference to !xuvtop

(See pro/external/read_ioneq.pro)


READ_IP

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	READ_IP

 PURPOSE:

	to read values of ionization potentials 


 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_IP, File, IP, Ref


 INPUTS:

	File:  the name of the file containing the IP values, usually
               !xuvtop/ip/chianti.ip	


 OUTPUTS:

	IP:  Array values of ionization potential (cm^-1)
       Ref:  the reference to the IP values in the scientific literature





 EXAMPLE:

             > read_ip,!xuvtop+'/ip/chianti.ip',ip,ref
                  ip(2-1,2-1) give the ionization potential of He II  (Z=2, Ion=2)

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1998:     Version 1.0

(See pro/external/read_ip.pro)


READ_KLGFB

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	READ_KLGFB

 PURPOSE:

	to read CHIANTI files file containing the free-bound gaunt factors for n=1-6
       from Karzas and Latter, 1961, ApJSS, 6, 167

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_KLGFB,PE,GFB


 INPUTS:

	File:  none


	

 OUTPUTS:

	PE:   an array of natural log of 41 values of Photon Energy values relative to 
             the recombination edge i.e., at the recombination edge, PE=0.
       GFB:  an array containing the natural log of free-bound gaunt factors indexed 
             by energy, n and l



  PROCEDURE:  reads the file:  '!xuvtop/continuum/klgfb.dat'

   

 EXAMPLE:

             > read_klgfb,pe,klgfb
                  the free-bound gaunt factor vs. energy for recombination to a hydrogen 2p state
                  (n=2 and l=1) is given by klgfb(*,n-1,l-1)

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	July 2002:     Version 1.0
             Version 2, 8-Aug-02, GDZ
             corrected a typo.

 VERSION     :   V.2, 8-Aug-02

(See pro/external/read_klgfb.pro)


READ_MASTERLIST

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	READ_MASTERLIST

 PURPOSE:

	read the masterlist.ions types of file and output a list of ions

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_MASTERLIST,filename,mlist


 INPUTS:

	filename:   name of the masterlist file
	

	
 KEYWORD PARAMETERS:

	none

 OUTPUTS:

	mlist:  list of ions



 COMMON BLOCKS:

	none;


 EXAMPLE:

             > read_masterlist,'!xuvtop/masterlist.masterlist.ions',mlist

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	December 1998:  first version  

       Ver.2, 23-Sep-2010, Peter Young
         - renamed LIST to MLIST for compatibility with IDL 8

(See pro/external/read_masterlist.pro)


READ_SPLUPS

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It 
       is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	READ_SPLUPS

 PURPOSE:

	to read file containing spline fits to the Burgess-Tully scaled
       collision strengths

 CATEGORY:

	science.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_SPLUPS, File, Splstr, Splref


 INPUTS:

	File:	the name of the input file, i.e. !xuvtop/si/si_4/si_4.splups


 OUTPUTS:

       SPLSTR  Structure containing the data from the file. The tags are 
               as follows:

               .lvl1   lower level index
               .lvl2   upper level index
               .t_type transition type
               .gf     gf value
               .de     Delta-E for transition (rydbergs)
               .c_ups  the scaling parameter
               .nspl   
               .spl    Vector of length 9, containing spline points


 OPTIONAL OUTPUTS

       SPLREF  String array containing references.

 KEYWORDS

       PROT    Allows reading of .psplups files for proton rates.


 PROCEDURE:

	see Burgess and Tully, 1992, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 254, 436.

 EXAMPLE:

       > read_splups, !xuvtop+'/si/si_4/si_4.splups',splstr,splref

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

       This routine is marginally quicker (20-25%) reading the .splups 
       files than Ken's original routine. The improvement in speed is 
       through minimising the lines of code in the WHILE loop.

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0

       Ver.3, 23-Jan-01, Peter Young
                completely revised. Now reads into a structure and 
                handles 9 point spline fits.

       Ver.4, 26-Jan-01, Peter Young
                speeded up routine

       Ver.5, 22-Mar-01, Peter Young
                now checks if file exists

       Ver.6, 17-Jul-2012, Ken Dere
               can handle files with 5 through 9 spline points

(See pro/external/read_splups.pro)


READ_WGFA2

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]

 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).


 NAME:
	READ_WGFA2

 PURPOSE:

	read radiative data files
         a modified version of read_wgfa
         needed to take account of two types of transitions between the same 2 levels:
         for example, the M1 and the 2 photon E1 transition 1s-2s in hydrogenic ions


 CATEGORY:

	science

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       READ_WGFA2, File, Lvl1, Lvl2, Wvl, Gf, A_value, Ref


 INPUTS:

	File:  name of the file containing the radiative data
                i.e. !xuvtop/c/c_4/c_4.wgfa


 OUTPUTS:

	Lvl1:  1D array of indices of the lower level (starting at 1)
       Lvl2:  1D array of indices of the upper level (starting at 1)
       Wvl:   1D array of transition wavelengths in Angstroms
       Gf:    1D array of weighted oscillator strength gf
       A_value:  1D array of the total radiative transition probability (s^-1)
       Ref:   1D string array of references to the data in the scientific literature



 EXAMPLE:

             > read_wgfa2,!xuvtop+'/c/c_4/c_4.wgfa',lvl1,lvl2,wvl,gf,a,ref
             

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0

       V.3, 3-Nov-03, Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ)
        Modified size of input arrays. Now the routine can read a file up to
        30 000  lines.

       V.4, 26-May-09, Enrico Landi (EL)
        Modified size of input arrays. Now the routine can read a file up to
        100,000 lines.
        Modified definition of variable index (now index=0L).

       V.5, 26-May-09, Peter Young
        Modified the way references are read.

          
 VERSION     :  5, 26-May-09

(See pro/external/read_wgfa2.pro)


REBINW

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function	rebinw
	rebins the input array on a new grid and returns the output array.
	this routine is preferred over simple INTERPOL or SPLINE because
	this is guaranteed to e.g., conserve flux while rebinning spectra.

syntax
	ff=rebinw(f,x,y,/perbin,numbins=numbins,nbin=nbin,wrange=wrange,$
	/slowok,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	f	[INPUT; required] array values
	x	[INPUT; required] absissae for F
		1: if size matches that of F, assumed to be mid-bin values
		2: if size is size(F)+1, assumed to be bin boundaries
		   (i.e., all the bin-beginners and a final bin-ender)
		3: if neither of the above, this is assumed to be the
		   desired *output* grid, and the absissae of the input
		   are assumed to span the linear range 1..N(F)
		   * Y is ignored on input, but will be overwritten on output
	y	[I/O] the new absissa values, taken from NUMBINS if it is set.
		1: if scalar or 1-element vector on input, assumed to be
		   number of bins in output
		   * linear binning if +ve, log binning if -ve
		2: if >1-element vector on input, assumed to be the desired
		   output grid of bin boundaries, with the last element
		   defining the final bin-ending value.
		3: if not defined, takes value from NBIN
		NOTE: F extrapolates as zeros.

keywords
	perbin	[INPUT] if set, assumes that units of F(X) are [.../bin]
	nbin	[I/O] number of bins in output
		* overwritten if defined via X or Y
		* linear binning if +ve, log binning if -ve
		* default: 1
	numbins	[INPUT] same as NBINS, except that if set, it
		overrides NBIN _and_ Y
		* so, just to reiterate:
		  if NUMBINS is _not_ defined, then
		  -- if Y is a scalar, say = NN, then
			output will be rebinned to have NN elements, and
			Y will be overwritten to contain the new grid, and
			NBIN will be reset to NN
		  -- if Y is a vector, then
			output will be rebinned using Y as bin boundaries, and
			NBIN will be reset to N(Y)-1
		  -- if Y is not defined, but NBIN is defined, then
			output will be rebinned to have NBIN elements, and
			Y will on output contain the new grid
		  if NUMBINS is defined, then
		  -- output will be rebinned to have NUMBINS elements, and
		     Y will contain the new grid on output, and
		     NBIN will be reset to NUMBINS
	wrange	[INPUT] output grid range
		* ignored if defined via array Y (or X -- case 3)
		* overrides if determined via X and CASE 1 of Y
		* default: [1.,500.]
	slowok	[INPUT] if set, skips call to FINDEX and does it the
		slow IDL way
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	beware that if Y is not sorted in ascending order, on output
	it will be!
	requires external procedure FINDEX.PRO

history
	vinay kashyap (Jan98)
	forced x to be required inputs (Jun98)
	changed call to INTERPOL to combo call to INTERPOLATE/FINDEX (VK;99Jul)
	corrected long-standing "feature" of NBIN being useless, changed
	  default behavior of Y=UNDEFINED, NBIN, and X=/=F (VK; MarMM)
	added keyword SLOWOK (VK; Jul01)
	added keyword NUMBINS (VK; Dec'02)
	added keyword VERBOSE; now uses /CUMULATIVE in TOTAL() (VK; Feb'03)
	beware of /CUMULATIVE in TOTAL(), which returns an array of same
	  size as input, and does _not_ begin with 0 (VK; Apr'03)
	added warning if Y gets resorted (VK; Mar04)
	cleaned up behavior in the case of non-unique/non-monotonic inputs
	  (VK; Mar05)

(See pro/util/rebinw.pro)


REBINX

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function	rebinx
	returns the input array suitably reformatted (resampled, stretched,
	constricted, what have you) to the new range.

syntax
	f=rebinx(array,inX,outX,Xindex=Xindex,/absmin,/absmax,/norng,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	array	[INPUT; required] array to be reformatted
	inX	[INPUT; required] abscissa values defining the input grid
	outX	[INPUT] abscissa values defining the output grid
		* if not given, assumed to be FINDGEN(81)*0.05+4.

keywords
	Xindex	[INPUT] specifies which dimension of ARRAY corresponds to inX
		* if not given, picks that dimension that first matches to the
		  number of elements in inX
		* e.g., if ARRAY[1000,81] and inX[81], then Xindex=1
	absmin	[INPUT] if set, force oARRAY to be > ABSMIN
		* default is min(ARRAY)
	absmax	[INPUT] if set, force oARRAY to be < ABSMAX
		* default is max(ARRAY)
	norng	[INPUT] if set, ignores ABSMIN and ABSMAX
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	1. rebin DEM in range logT=5..7 in 11 steps to DEM in range
	   logT=4..8 in 81 steps:
		fullDEM=rebinx(DEM,findgen(11)*0.2+5,findgen(81)*0.05+4)
	2. resample emissivity from full range to smaller sample:
		subEMIS=rebinx(EMIS,logT,sublogT,Xindex=0)

restrictions
	* can only handle at most 2-D arrays

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	bug correction with Xindex, added keyword VERBOSE, converted
	  to IDL5 format (VK; Jul02)

(See pro/util/rebinx.pro)


REFITLINES

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
REFITLINES.PRO
	so you ran through FITLINES and got your fits.  and you are
	ready to publish.
	but wait, did you use the right model?  sigh.
	ok, let's have a go at it again.

	need the spectrum, of course.  should be in variables
	LAMBDA and SPECT[LAMBDA] and SPECTSIG[LAMBDA]

	need the old fit structure.  should be in variable
	OLDFITSTR

	new fit structure will be in variable, what else, NEWFITSTR

vinay kashyap (MMJul)
	included HISTERIX (VK; MMIVFeb)

(See pro/scrypt/refitlines.pro)


REGROUP

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function	regroup
	group an input array of counts such that each group has
	at least a minimum number of counts.  start accumulating
	from one end, and keep going until the threshold is
	exceeded, then start on the next group, etc.

syntax
	gct=regroup(counts,minct,grid,/newgrid,iout=iout,verbose=vv)

parameters
	counts	[INPUT; required] counts array to be regrouped
	minct	[INPUT; required] minimum total counts in each group
	grid	[I/O] bin indices indicating starting and ending index
		of each group, such that group K runs from index
		GRID[K] to GRID[K+1]-1
		* if given as an array that contains indices from 0
		  to N_ELEMENTS(COUNTS) on input, uses that gridding
		  and does not calculate a new grid, unless NEWGRID
		  is set
		* if not well-defined, or if NEWGRID is set, will be
		  overwritten on output

keywords
	newgrid	[INPUT] if set, ignores the input GRID and computes
		the grouping and the resulting new grid
		* if not set, and GRID is well-defined, GRID is used
		* if not set, and GRID is not well-defined, a new
		  GRID is computed and the input is overwritten
	iout	[OUTPUT] an integer index array designating which
		group each element of COUNTS has ended up in
		* this illustrates the essential non-destructive nature
		  of the regrouping -- it should always be possible to
		  go back to the original array and rearrange it.
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	y=randomu(seed,20) & gy=regroup(y,2.5,x,/newgrid,iout=iout)
	print,y,iout & print,gy,x
	for i=0,n_elements(gy)-1 do print,i,x[i],x[i+1]-1,$
	  gy[i],total(y[x[i]:x[i+1]-1]),total(y[where(iout eq i)])

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct09)

(See pro/util/regroup.pro)


REGROUP_RMF

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function   regroup_rmf
  
        Converts RMF structure created with  RD_OGIP_RMF() to a 
        one group per photon energy RMF structure. Done so to 
        maximize convolution efficiency with SCRMF() e.g. for 
        model fitting via RMFs in FITLINES(). Will return input
        if RMF is already optimal. If effective area is folded 
        into matrix and this is undesired, REGROUP_RMF is also 
        capable of returning an unfolded RMF via the NOEFFAR 
        keyword.

        If ENRG paramater is fed,  will be used to define the photon
        energy grid of the reconstructed RMF. 
 
        If a spectrum SPEC is fed together with ENRG, then 
        the photon energy range will be constructed so that
        bin-density is highest at energy ranges with largest 
        signal. 

        If NB is set, will be used as the total number of bins 
        for resulting photon energy grid.

syntax  nrmfstr = regroup_rmf(rmfstr,enrg,spec,nb,/noeffar)

parameters 
        rmfstr  [INPUT;required] structure containing info of 
                response matrix, the output of RD_OGIP_RMF()      
        enrg    [INPUT] desired energy grid
        spec    [INPUT] spectrum of interest.  if given, should
		 be on the same grid as ENRG, and is used to tweak
		 the energy grid in the output such that the
		 bin-density is correlated with SPEC.
		 * overrides ENRG except that the energy range in
		   the output is taken from ENRG.
        nb      [INPUT] total number of photon energy bins desired.
		 * is used only when SPEC is defined, and by default
		   is set to N(ENRG) if not given

keywords 
        noeffar [INPUT] if set, the LSF corresponding to each 
                photon energy will be normalized to 1 i.e. 
                effective area is unfolded.
		 WARNING: Because photons are _lost_ at the edges
		 of applicability of the RMFs, the renormalization
		 will not necessarily be correct in these regions.
history 
        liwei lin (Aug 03) 
               ADDED option to regrid rmf in enrgy space via 
                enrg, spec, and nb (LL Sep03) 
               BUG FIX CF handling/interpolation re-worked to avoid 
                shifting of grid (LL Sep03)  
               BUG FIX now robust to zero vavlues for N_GRP. 
                thanks Jan-Uwe (LL Jun06)
		BUG FIX changed condition for when regroup is done
		 thanks Jan-Uwe (VK Dec07)

(See pro/util/regroup_rmf.pro)


RENORMOD

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function	renormod
	given model values and data, find a normalization factor for
	the model that makes it a better fit to the data and return
	this new value.

syntax
	norm=renormod(data,model,err,/uchisq,/uabsdev,/umaxdev,/ureldev,$
	statval=statval,dstep=dstep,eps=eps,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	data	[INPUT; required] data values
	model	[INPUT; required] model values
		* size must match DATA
	err	[INPUT; optional] errors to use to determine the goodness
		of fit statistic.  if not given, assumed to be the Gehrels
		approximation to Poisson, sqrt(abs(DATA+0.75)+1)
		* size must match DATA, or must be 1-element
		* if 1-element and +ve, constant value errors are assumed
		* if 1-element and -ve, a constant fractional value for
		  the errors, DATA*abs(ERR) are assumed
		* WARNING: data points with ERR=0 are ignored when it
		  is necessary to divide by the errors

keywords
	uchisq	[INPUT] if set, use the chi-square statistic as the
		measure of goodness of fit
		* this is the default
	uabsdev	[INPUT] if set, use abs(DATA-MODEL) as statistic
	umaxdev	[INPUT] if set, use min(abs(DATA-MODEL)) as statistic
	ureldev	[INPUT] if set, use total(abs(DATA-MODEL)/ERR) as statistic
		* priority: UCHISQ > UABSDEV > UMAXDEV > URELDEV
	statval	[OUTPUT] "best-fit" value of the statistic
	dstep	[INPUT] value of the first step
		* default is 10% of initial value
	eps	[INPUT] a small number
		* default is 1e-6
	maxstep	[INPUT] maximum number of iterations
		* default is 100
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun2001)

(See pro/fitting/renormod.pro)


ROI_SELEZIONI

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function	roi_selezioni
	simple tool to pick out a set of pixels defining a region of
	interest in a 2D image;	returns selection as 1D index array

syntax
	iroi=roi_selezioni(image,iseed,thresh=thresh,jitter=jitter,$
	hadrian=hadrian,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	image	[INPUT; required] image from which to select region of interest
	iseed	[INPUT] pixel indices to act as a seed selection
		* if given, will use these points as the selected
		  pixels and work in batch processing mode, i.e.,
		  will NOT be interactive

keywords
	thresh	[INPUT] if given, then filters the input image such
		that IMAGE > THRESH
		* if not given, assumed to be 0
	jitter	[INPUT] sensitivity in distinguishing between click and drag
		* default is 1.5 pixels
	hadrian	[INPUT] thus far and no further.  if set, places a fixed
		boundary around the area selected with the cursor, i.e.,
		connected regions are not followed out of this area.  set
		this to pick out individual pixels, for instance.
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Aug06)
	added parameter ISEED and keywords THRESH, HADRIAN _EXTRA;
	  allowed selection extending outside cursor selected areas;
	  changed name from pickoutroi to roi_selezioni (VK; May07)

(See pro/util/roi_selezioni.pro)


ROOFN

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function	roofn
	returns the smallest number greater than a specified number
	that is a power of the specified base.

	output will be of same type as BASE.

syntax
	nroof=roofn(num,base,floor=floor,pwr=pwr)

parameters
	num	[INPUT; required] number to "round up"
	base	[INPUT; default=2] base

keywords
	floor	[INPUT] if set, returns the largest integer LESS THAN M
		that is a power of N.
	pwr	[OUTPUT] the appropriate index [N^(PWR)]
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (April 1995)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Mar99)
	cleaned up a bit (VK; Apr99)
	cleaned up some more (VK; Dec07)
	completely rewritten to be more flexible and faster (VK; Jan13)

(See pro/util/roofn.pro)


RUNDENS

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function	rundens
	compute and return the running density of a set of measurements.

syntax
	yrun=rundens(xpt,hwidth,/usex,/optwdt,outhwdt=outhwdt,$
	yerr=yerr,xerr=xerr,nsim=nsim,ysim=ysim,yesim=yesim,xtol=xtol,$
	wts=wts,dwts=dwts,lbound=lbound,rbound=rbound,cvmse=cvmse,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	xpt	[INPUT; required] array of points for which the running density
		must be calculated
		* a running density is calculated at each value of XPT
	hwidth	[INPUT] the half-width on either side of a point to include in
		the density
		* this is assumed to be the number of array indices
		  unless USEX is set
		* default is to use 5% of n_elements(XPT)
		  or 5% of the range of XPT if USEX is set
		* if OPTWDT is set, computes the optimum width to use
		  and treats this as just a default
		* actual value used is returned via keyword OUTHWDT

keywords
	usex	[INPUT] if set, assumes HWIDTH is in same units as XPT
	optwdt	[INPUT] if set, figures out the optimum HWIDTH to use by
		comparing the width of the distribution of the running
		density estimates to the expected statistical stddev for
		a flat density
		* if this is set, HWIDTH will be overridden
		* the optimum HWIDTH is calculated based on the array
		  indices -- i.e., USEX is ignored during the calculation,
		  but if set, is used afterwards to scale the optimum
		  HWIDTH to the units in XPT.  So beware that it may not
		  really be the optimum in this case.
		* if this module fails, the smallest width checked will
		  be returned
	outhwdt	[OUTPUT] will contain the value of HWIDTH actually used in
		the calculation
	yerr	[OUTPUT] error bar on the density at each point
		* WARNING: adjacent values of YERR are not independent.
		  while the error estimate at each point is fine, to
		  get a truly independent estimate, one has to skip by
		  2*HWIDTH
	xerr	[INPUT] error bars on XPT
		* used to compute a Monte Carlo uncertainty band on the
		  output running density
	nsim	[INPUT] number of simulations to carry out
		* default is none
	ysim	[OUTPUT] a NSIMxN(XPT) array to contain the running
		density for each simulation
	yesim	[OUTPUT] point-wise stddev based on YSIM
	xtol	[INPUT] the tolerance for considering two points to be
		identical
		* essentially, if any two adjacent points are found to
		  be identical, then all points are jittered by +-0.5*XTOL
	wts	[INPUT] if given, computes the total of the WTS and returns
		that rather than the running density
		* MUST match the size of XPT, otherwise ignored
	dwts	[INPUT] same as WTS, but the total is computed and placed
		in the denominator 
		* MUST match the size of XPT, otherwise ignored
		* if both WTS and DWTS are given, the ratio of the totals
		  is computed, not the average of the ratios
	lbound	[OUTPUT] array indices of leftside bounds for all XPT
	rbound	[OUTPUT] array indices of rightside bounds for all XPT
	cvmse	[OUTPUT] cross-validation mean square error between estimate
		and leave-one-out estimate.  the extra calculations are
		performed only if this keyword is present and are not done
		for the simulated data.
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	RUNDENS_OPTWDT (included here)
	CURVESECT
	EQT_INTERVAL

history
	vinay kashyap (MMXI.VII)
	added keywords WTS and DWTS and corrected bug (VK; MMXI.VIII)
	added keywords LBOUND, RBOUND, and CVMSE (VK; MMXII.V)
	added keyword OPTWDT, added function RUNDENS_OPTWDT, and added
	  calls to RUNDENS_OPTWDT(), CURVESECT(), and EQT_INTERVAL()
	  (VK; MMXII.XII)

(See pro/util/rundens.pro)


SCALE_VECTOR

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 NAME:
       SCALE_VECTOR

 PURPOSE:

       This is a utility routine to scale the points of a vector
       (or an array) into a given data range. The minimum value of
       the vector (or array) is set equal to the minimum data range. And
       the maximum value of the vector (or array) is set equal to the
       maximum data range.

 AUTHOR:

       FANNING SOFTWARE CONSULTING
       David Fanning, Ph.D.
       1645 Sheely Drive
       Fort Collins, CO 80526 USA
       Phone: 970-221-0438
       E-mail: davidf@dfanning.com
       Coyote's Guide to IDL Programming: http://www.dfanning.com

 CATEGORY:

       Utilities

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       scaledVector = SCALE_VECTOR(vector, minRange, maxRange)

 INPUT POSITIONAL PARAMETERS:

       vector:   The vector (or array) to be scaled.
       minRange: The minimum value of the scaled vector. Set to 0 by default.
       maxRange: The maximum value of the scaled vector. Set to 1 by default.

 INPUT KEYWORD PARAMETERS:

       DOUBLE:        Set this keyword to perform scaling in double precision.
                      Otherwise, scaling is done in floating point precision.

       MAXVALUE:      Any value in the input vector greater than this value is
                      set to this value before scaling.

       MINVALUE:      Any value in the input vector less than this value is
                      set to this value before scaling.

       NAN:           Set this keyword to enable not-a-number checking. NANs
                      in vector will be ignored.

       PRESERVE_TYPE: Set this keyword to preserve the input data type in the output.

 RETURN VALUE:

       scaledVector: The vector (or array) values scaled into the data range.

 COMMON BLOCKS:
       None.

 EXAMPLE:

       x = [3, 5, 0, 10]
       xscaled = SCALE_VECTOR(x, -50, 50)
       Print, xscaled
          -20.0000     0.000000     -50.0000      50.0000

 RESTRICTIONS:

     Requires the following programs from the Coyote Library:

        http://www.dfanning.com/programs/convert_to_type.pro
        http://www.dfanning.com/programs/fpufix.pro

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:

       Written by:  David W. Fanning, 12 Dec 1998.
       Added MAXVALUE and MINVALUE keywords. 5 Dec 1999. DWF.
       Added NAN keyword. 18 Sept 2000. DWF.
       Removed check that made minRange less than maxRange to allow ranges to be
          reversed on axes, etc. 28 Dec 2003. DWF.
       Added PRESERVE_TYPE and DOUBLE keywords. 19 February 2006. DWF.
       Added FPUFIX to cut down on floating underflow errors. 11 March 2006. DWF.

(See pro/external/scale_vector.pro)


SCRMF

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procedure	scrmf 
	Convolves input energy spectrum with the response matrix
       
       SCRMF is a version of CONV_RMF optimized for speed. 
       It maximized speed at the expense of memory. 
       A faster version of CONV_RMF was necessary for  
       use with e.g., FITLINES() because the convolution procedure is
       called literally tens of thousands of times. 
 
       On input, the RMF is required to be an RMF structure created
       by RD_OGIP_RMF() from an OGIP-compliant FITS file AND
       optimized with REGROUP_RMF(). 

       NOTE: If the RMF is not optimized prior to
       the SCRMF call, REGROUP_RMF() will be called 
       internally, and SCRMF will be slowed to a crawl. 
                      
syntax
	scrmf,nrg,flx,chan,spec,rmf,effar=effar,nrgar=nrgar,$
	rmfstr=rmfstr,fchcol=fchcol,/shift1

parameters
	nrg	[INPUT; required] mid-bin values at which input FLX is defined.
               * preferably NRG is identical to RMF channel energy grid 
		* depends on the RMF, but is invariably [keV]
		* if size = N(FLX)+1, assumed to be bin-boundaries
	flx	[INPUT; required] fluxes in [ph/bin/(s/sr/...)]
		* note that this assumes that the effective areas are
		  already folded in.  this assumption is made in order
		  to speed up the calculation some more
		* the input should also be integrated over the bin width,
		  i.e., do not give [ph/keV/...] or [ph/Ang/...] as input
		* also note, the units should not be [erg/...] -- be sure
		  to divide the input energy spectrum by the energy of
		  the photons corresponding to that bin before calling
		  the program
	chan	[OUTPUT; required] bin boundary values at which output SPEC
		is defined. 
               * same energy range as NRG (so size will not necesarily match
		  EMN,EMX of RMF)
		* same units as RMF.EMN, RMF.EMX
	spec	[OUTPUT; required] output, convolved spectrum
	rmf	[I/O; required] rmf response structure in RD_OGIP_RMF() format. 
		WARNING: Unlike CONV_RMF, this _cannot_ be the name of a file.
		Also, the input will be overwritten if necessary.
               NOTE: For most efficient use with FITLINES(), RMFs which
               are defined with only one group per photon energy bin are
               preferred. If RMF contains more than one group per
               photon energy, the RMF will be optimized for FITLINES()
               use with REGROUP_RMF(). 
 
keywords
       verbose [INPUT] set verbosity level
	effar	[INPUT] (not implemented yet)
	nrgar	[INPUT] (not implemented yet)
	rmfstr	[OUTPUT] structure containing info of response matrix,
		the output of RD_OGIP_RMF()
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines

subroutines
	REGROUP_RMF

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
      liwei lin  (Aug 03)    
            BUGFIX crashed with no warning when input spectrum 
            not fully covered. Thanks Jan-Uwe. LL (Jun 06) 
            BUGFIX crashed with zero values for N_CHAN. 
            Thanks Jan-Uwe. LL (Jun 06) 
	BUGFIX crashed when FIRSTCHAN=1 for IBEG=0 (thanks Jan-Uwe; Vinay K; May 07)

(See pro/util/scrmf.pro)


SDSS2FLUX

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function	sdss2flux
	convert SDSS asinh magnitudes to fluxes in ergs/s/cm^2/Hz

syntax
	fx=sdss2flux(mag,/gband,/rband,/iband,/zband,/uband,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	mag	[INPUT; required] SDSS (asinh) magnitude
		* could be scalar or array

keywords
	uband	[INPUT] input is u mags
	gband	[INPUT] input is g mags
	rband	[INPUT] input is r mags
	iband	[INPUT] input is i mags
	zband	[INPUT] input is z mags
		* default is GBAND
		* if multiple keywords are set,
		  GBAND > RBAND > IBAND > ZBAND > UBAND
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

description
	see SDSS photometric calibration documents
	http://www.sdss3.org/dr10/algorithms/fluxcal.php
	http://www.sdss3.org/dr10/algorithms/magnitudes.php#asinh
	http://classic.sdss.org/dr6/algorithms/fluxcal.html

example
	print, 'solar luminosity in g band = ',sdss2flux(4.7,/gband)*4.*!dpi*(3.1d18*10.)^2

history
	vinay kashyap (2014sep16)

(See pro/util/sdss2flux.pro)


SETABUND

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function	setabund
	widget-based editor to set abundances

syntax
	abund=setabund(init=init,norm=norm,/help)

parameters	NONE

keywords
	init	[INPUT] initial set of abundances -- default is Anders &
		Gervasse (1989)
	help	[INPUT] as it says
	norm	[INPUT] same as in GETABUND, to decide whether the
		abundances are in normal or log format.
		* abs(NORM) > 1 ==> log
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- here only to prevent program from crashing

restrictions
	widget-based

subroutines
	GETABUND
	GETEMALL, SETEMALL (appended)

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec96)
	bug correction (MULT not being set) (VK; Jan96)

(See pro/util/setabund.pro)


SETCONT

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function	setcont
	interactively determine a continuum

syntax
	cont=setcont(x,y,ysig,ycont=ycont,xcont=xcont,/const,$
	xrange=xrange,yrange=yrange,ccol=ccol,/lock)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] abscissa values
		* must be an array with at least 2 elements
	y	[INPUT; required] Y(X)
		* length must match X
	ysig	[OUTPUT] errors on returned continuum (see description below)

keywords
	ycont	[I/O] if set on input, begins work from here
		* overwritten by new values on output
	xcont	[I/O] if N(YCONT) .NE. N(X), then look here for the
		actual abscissae values.. YCONT=YCONT(XCONT)
		* if N(XCONT) .NE. N(YCONT), both are ignored
	const	[I/O] if set, returns piecewise >constant< continum,
		as opposed to piecewise >linear< curve
		* can be toggled by clicking outside the plot area
	xrange	[INPUT] xrange of plot -- passed with no comment to PLOT
	yrange	[INPUT] yrange of plot -- passed with no comment to PLOT
	ccol	[INPUT] color of continuum line
		* default is 150*!D.N_COLORS/256
	lock	[INPUT] if set, locks up the relative positions of YCONT
		* has an effect ONLY if YCONT is set
		* side-effects:
		  -- does not increase number of N({XY}CONT)
		  -- left or middle click moves the entire curve up and down
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

error calculation
	since the continuum is being set interactively, there is no meaningful
	way to define a statistical error on it.

restrictions
	works in X.  only?

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98)
	increased default plotting YRANGE (VK; Nov98)
	added keyword LOCK (VK; Dec98)
	cursor changes shape when mouse button is pressed (VK; FebMM)
	allowed return of zero errors, cleaned up error handling, added CCOL
	  cleaned up LOCK (VK; MarMM)
	undid the cursor shape changes (VK; AprMM)
	bug: wasn't holding the poisson v/s zero error toggle (VK; JulMM)
	improved color-scale setting for 24-bit consoles (VK; FebMMI)
	changed default to produce errors=0 rather than Poisson errors
	  (VK; Aug03)

(See pro/setcont.pro)


SETKOLOR

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procedure	setkolor
	loads specified colors into color table in specified indices
	(this used to be called "setcolor" but the name was changed to
	avoid a clash with JHUAPL's procedure of the same name)

syntax
	setkolor,colors,icols,ocols,rgbfil=rgbfil,oldr=oldr,oldg=oldg,oldb=oldb

parameters
	colors	[INPUT; required] string array containing the names
		of the colors to be loaded
	icols	[INPUT] integer array specifying into which index
		each color goes to
		* if size does not match COLORS, ignored
		* default is to go from 0:255
	ocols	[OUTPUT] byte array of size [3,N(COLORS)] containing
		the hexadecimal values determined for each COLORS, as an
		rgb triplet

keywords
	rgbfil	[INPUT] name of file containing (r,g,b) color values
		and corresponding names in same format as:-
		* the default, /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt
		* note: some new linux systems don't seem to have this file.
		  those users can copy over this file from another system, or
		  use the copy provided in !ARDB+'/rgb.txt'
	oldr	[OUTPUT] the old R colors
	oldg	[OUTPUT] the old G colors
	oldb	[OUTPUT] the old B colors
		* NOTE: to undo the setting, just do
		  	TVLCT,OLDR,OLDG,OLDB
	_ref_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	plot,findgen(10)/10.,color=1 & setkolor,'green',1
	oplot,sin(findgen(10.)),color=2 & setkolor,'#ff0000',2

restrictions
	* requires subroutine NARY2DEC
	* RGBFIL bit works only on UNIX
	* messes with the current color table
	* feature, not a bug: if !D.N_COLORS < 256, and a SETKOLOR
	  command is issued before a plot window is opened, a color
	  table is loaded in which gets lopped off at !D.N_COLORS,
	  and all subsequent plots appear dim.

history
	vinay kashyap (99Jul)
	bug correction for ICOLS=!D.N_COLORS
	STRMID must have 3 args for back-compatibility (VK FebMMI/A.Maggio)
	changed name from SETCOLOR to SETKOLOR (VK FebMMI)
	added optional output OCOLS and check for UNIX (VK; Jun02)
	added checks to find rgb.txt in !ARDB if, as in some linux
	  distributions, /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt doesn't exist (VK; Mar07)
	bug correction: local copy was trying to override RGBFIL (JJD; May08)
	added switch to choose file_search() instead of findfile()
	  for IDL 7+ (JJD/VK; Apr14)

(See pro/util/setkolor.pro)


SETSYSVAL

[Previous Routine] [Next Routine] [List of Routines]
procedure	setsysval
	sets a system variable (the kind preceded by a "!") to the
	specified value

syntax
	setsysval,sysv,val,/getval,verbose=v,/Read_Only

parameters
	sysv	[INPUT; required] a string scalar containing the
		name of the system variable, written out without the
		obligatory "!" (e.g., 'PATH')
		* if !SYSV does not exist, creates it using defsysv
		  inside an execute()
	val	[I/O] if defined on input, will set the value of
		!SYSV to this value, if !SYSV allows overwriting;
		if not defined, or is illegal (e.g., wrong type of
		input) then on output contains the value.
		* if GETVAL is set, then regardless of all above considerations
		  VAL contains the value of !SYSV on _output_

keywords
	getval   	[INPUT] if set, returns the existing value of
			!SYSV in VAL
	verbose 	[INPUT; default=0] controls chatter
	Read_Only	[INPUT] if set, defines new !SYSV as read only
	_extra		[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	LEGALVAR

history
	vinay kashyap (OctMM)

(See pro/util/setsysval.pro)


SHOW_LINE

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procedure	show_line
	plot lines and label them

syntax
	show_line,wvl,flux,Z=Z,ion=ion,lambda=lambda,spec=spec,order=order,$
	wmark=wmark,fmark=fmark,lmark=lmark,cmark=cmark,xo=xo,yo=yo,oxr=oxr,$
	oyr=oyr,sep=sep,/squish,dynrng=dynrng,markp=markp,markc=markc,$
	marks=marks,marko=marko,/quiet,xtitle=xtitle,ytitle=ytitle,$
	title=title

parameters
	wvl	[INPUT; required] wavelengths of lines
	flux	[INPUT; optional] fluxes of lines

keywords
	Z	[INPUT] atomic number of element producing WVL
	ion	[INPUT] ionic state of element producing WVL
		* Z and ION do not have to match the size of WVL:
		  as many are used as available or necessary
	spec	[INPUT] spectrum over which to plot the lines
	lambda	[INPUT] as in SPEC(LAMBDA)
		* SPEC and LAMBDA should match in size, or else they
		  are both ignored
	order	[INPUT] string of comma-separated integers denoting
		grating orders to include in plot
		* default is to use just the first order
		* anything meaningless (including "0") defaults to first order
	wmark	[INPUT] additional locations to mark (the output of SMUDGE,
		for example)
	fmark	[INPUT] fluxes at which to mark WMARKs
	lmark	[INPUT] labels for WMARKs
		* FMARK and LMARK are ignored unless they match WMARK
	cmark	[INPUT] colors for LMARKs
	markc	[INPUT] colors for WVLs
		* default is 222
	xo	[OUTPUT] output from PICKRANGE
	yo	[OUTPUT] output from PICKRANGE
	oxr	[OUTPUT] output from PICKRANGE
	oyr	[OUTPUT] output from PICKRANGE
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines:-
		STR_2_ARR: SEP,SQUISH
		PICKRANGE: DYNRNG,MARKP,MARKS,MARKO,QUIET,XTITLE,YTITLE,TITLE

subroutines
	STR_2_ARR
	INICON
	PICKRANGE

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added keywords WMARK, FMARK, LMARK (VK; Dec98)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	added keywords MARKC and CMARK (VK; JanMMI)
	bug fix: if FLUX not set, 1st 2 were being marked at [0,1] (VK; Feb01)
	changed call to STR_2_ARR from STR2ARR (VK; AprMMV)

(See pro/show_line.pro)


SINCE_VERSION

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 Project     :	SOHO - CDS

 Name        :	
	SINCE_VERSION

 Purpose     :	
	Determine if current release is later than specified.

 Explanation :	
	Determine if the current release of IDL (as given in the 
	!VERSION.RELEASE system variable) comes after the user specified 
	release.   

 Use         :	
	test = SINCE_VERSION( release )

	Use the /FTOXDR keyword to the BYTEORDER procedure if the current 
	release of IDL is 2.2.2 or later

	IDL> if since_version('2.2.2') then byteorder, a, /FTOXDR

 Inputs      :	
	release - scalar string, must be formatted exactly like the 
		!VERSION.RELEASE system variable (e.g. '3.0.0') 

 Opt. Inputs :	
	None.

 Outputs     :	
	test - 1 if current release is identical or later than the specified 
              'release' else 0

 Opt. Outputs:	None.

 Keywords    :	None.

 Calls       :	None.

 Common      :	None.

 Restrictions:	None.

 Side effects:	None.

 Category    :	Utilities, Miscellaneous

 Prev. Hist. :	
	Written   Wayne Landsman         Hughes/STX        January, 1992
	Corrected algorithm     W. Landsman                April, 1992

 Written     :	Wayne Landsman, Hughes/STX, January 1992

 Modified    :	Version 1, William Thompson, GSFC, 14 December 1994
			Incorporated into CDS library

 Version     :	Version 1, 14 December 1994

(See pro/external/since_version.pro)


SKYPOS

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procedure	skypos
	process input RA and Dec and produce the appropriate output 

syntax
	skypos,ra,dec,out1,out2,/i24,/osxg,/hrs,/idnum,idpre=idpre,$
	idform=idform,/PM,chop=chop,osep=osep,verbose=verbose

parameters
	ra	[INPUT; required] Right Ascension
		* may be a real or string array
		* if real, assumed to be decimal degrees unless
		  the keyword I24 is set
		* if string, will check whether decimal or sexagesimal
		  -- sexagesimal if ':' or ' ' exist, decimal otherwise
	dec	[INPUT; required] Declination
		* size _must_ match RA
		* may be real or string array
		* if string, will check whether decimal or sexagesimal
		  -- sexagesimal if ':' or ' ' or '	' exist, decimal otherwise
		NOTE: all calculations are performed in double precision
	out1	[OUTPUT; required] output, depends on keyword (see below)
	out2	[OUTPUT; optional] output, depends on keyword (see below)
		* by default,
		  OUT1 = RA [decimal deg] and OUT2 = Dec [decimal deg]
		* if keyword IDNUM is set, then
		  OUT1 = IAU style ID number = OUT2
		  -- in addition, keyword IDFORM overrides keywords
		     OSXG and HRS (see below)
		* if keyword OSXG is set, then
		  OUT1 = RA [h:m:s] and OUT2 = Dec [d:m:s]
		* if keyword HRS is set, then
		  OUT1 = RA [decimal hours] and OUT2 = Dec [decimal deg]

keywords
	i24	[INPUT] set this to indicate whether the input RA is
		in decimal hours, not degrees
	osxg	[INPUT] if set, output RA and Dec will be in sexagesimal
		units, not decimal
	hrs	[INPUT] if set, output RA will be in hours
		(in sexagesimal if OSXG is set, in decimal otherwise)
		* if neither OSXG nor HRS is set, then RA will be
		  in decimal degrees
	idnum	[INPUT] if set, an IAU style name is constructed and
		returned as a string in OUT1
	idpre	[INPUT] a uniform prefix to prepend to IDNUM
		* default is "J"
	idform	[INPUT] a string denoting the format for how IDNUM
		is written out
		* default is 'HMS.sXDMS'
		* ignored if IDNUM is not set
		* format rules:
		  -- always has RA first and Dec next
		  -- X denotes the sign of the declination (optional)
		  -- RA is specified either as
			"R.r" [deg] or "HMS.s" [sexagesimal]
		  -- Dec is specified either as
			"D.d" [deg] or "DMS.s" [sexagesimal]
		  -- repetions of small letters after the period denote the
		     number of digits, e.g., "R.rrr" is written as f7.3
		  -- repetitions of capital letters before the period has
		     no effect unless they are greater than the minimum
		     required, e.g.,
		     "R.r" == f5.1 == "RR.r" == "RRR.r", but "RRRR.r" == f6.1
	PM	[INPUT] if set, replaces "+/-" with "P/M" in the sign of Dec
	chop	[INPUT] chops off the specified number of digits off the
		right hand end of the IDFORMatted output
	osep	[INPUT] set the separator between fields in a sexagesimal
		output (see keyword OSXG) to OSEP rather than ":"
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	DEG2HRS
	STR_2_ARR
	SYZE

history
	vinay kashyap (Jul03)
	bug correction when output was R.rrr, and added keyword PM (VK; Dec03)
	added keyword OSEP (VK; May04)
	updated RA and Dec outputs to ss.ssss by default and changed
	  all internal calcs to double precision (VK; Aug15)

(See pro/util/skypos.pro)


SMOOTHIE

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procedure       smoothie
	return the input function smoothed such that a minimum required S/N 
	is met at each point in the function.  useful for smoothing out the
	weak wings and continuua in line dominated spectra.  starts from
	the peak of the lines and steps down the profile, accumulating the
	bins as necessary.

	note that unlike most adaptive smoothing algorithms, this one
	conserves flux.
 
syntax 
       smoothie,y,outy,outye,ix,yerr=yerr,snrthr=snrthr,verbose=v
 
parameters 
       y	[INPUT; required] array to be smoothed 
       outy	[OUTPUT] smoothed array
       outye	[OUTPUT] errors on smoothed array
		* WARNING: these do not include correlation errors,
		  and so do not represent a rigorous estimate.  i.e.,
		  even though correctly propagated for each bin, they
		  cannot be used as independent errors on the values in
		  adjacent bins.
       ix	[OUTPUT] bin indices -- tells which bins are grouped
		* all bins which have the same value of IX are in the same group

keywords 
       yerr	[INPUT] error on Y
		* default is 1.+sqrt(Y+0.75)
		* the default is set that way for consistency with
		  standard PINTofALE behavior, but SQRT(Y) is a better
		  option for this algorithm.
       snrthr	[INPUT] S/N threshold below which to smooth bins
		* default is 3.0
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing
 
example 
	y=50*(mk_gauss(findgen(256),128,10,1)+0.01) & yr=long(0*y)
	for i=0,256-1 do yr[i]=randomu(seed,poisson=y[i])
	smoothie,yr,outy,outye,ix,yerr=1+sqrt(0.75+yr),snrthr=4.0
	plot,y & oplot,yr,psym=10,col=2 & oplot,outy,col=3
	** notice the wings **

	y=randomu(seed,1000,poisson=1)
	y[400:499]=randomu(seed,100,poisson=5)
	smoothie,y,outy,outye,snrthr=5
	plot,y & oplot,outy,col=2,thick=3

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales
 
history
	VK/LL (Nov 04)
	cleaned up I/O (VK; Jan05)
	now returns a flat average if total(y)/sqrt(total(ysig^2))<SNRTHR
	  (VK; Oct06)
	bugfix: unnecessarily crashing because of a variable name mismatch
	  when too few counts to meet SNR threshold (VK; Oct09)

(See pro/util/smoothie.pro)


SMUDGE

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procedure	smudge
	returns labels for features at given locations

	the input file is expected to be in the following format:-
		LOCATION <sep> UNIT <sep> LABEL <sep> KEYWORDS
	where
	  <sep> is a separator, usually a <tab>
	  LOCATION is a number, usually the wavelength in [Ang]
	  UNIT specifies the units for LOCATION, e.g., "Ang", "keV", etc.
	  LABEL is a string label describing the feature at LOCATION
	  KEYWORDS are a set of keywords that facilitate pinpoint extraction,
	    usually the instrument name, the origin of the feature, etc.
	Note that:
	  LOCATION is required, and everything else is optional
	  Lines prefixed by "%", "#", ";", "/" are ignored
	  the following UNITs are understood: Ang, eV, keV, MeV, Hz, MHz, GHz,
	    wave-#, /cm, cm^-1, cm**-1, mu, micron, mm, cm, meter, km

syntax
	smudge,x,label,keys=keys,only=only,nisi=nisi,range=range,$
	infile=infile,sep=sep,prefix=prefix,/okeV,/help

parameters
	loc	[OUTPUT] float array of location of features
	label	[OUTPUT] string array of labels for features

keywords
	keys	[INPUT] string array of keywords.  if given, all features
		answering to these keywords are returned
	only	[INPUT] string array of keywords.  while KEYS does a logical
		OR, ONLY does a logical AND on the keywords
	nisi	[INPUT] return all >except< those features matching the
		specified keywords
		* KEYS is checked first, ONLY next, NISI last, and the
		  precedence is therefore in reverse order
	range	[INPUT] if set, returns only those LABEL(LOC)s that lie
		within RANGE
		* if 1-element vector or scalar, looks for exact match
		* WARNING: range check is carried out >after< conversion
		  to keV if OKEV (see below) is set, so RANGE must then be
		  given in units of [keV] (otherwise it should be in [Ang])
	infile	[INPUT] ascii file in which the features are listed
		* default: $SCARDIR/ardb/smudge.lst
	sep	[INPUT] separator used to delineate fields in INFILE
		* default is <tab>
	prefix	[INPUT] any line beginning with this is considered a comment
		* default: "*"
		* this is in addition to "%", "#", ";", "/"
		* beware: "<sp>" or "<tab>" won't work!
	okeV	[INPUT] if set, LOC are returned in units of keV
		* default is to return LOC in units of Ang
		* KEV is accepted as a synonym for historical reasons
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints out usage and quits
	ikeV	[INPUT; DEFUNCT] a synonym for OKEV, still kept
		(temporarily) only for backward compatibility

	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example usage
	smudge,/help
	smudge,wvl,lbl & xr=[min(wvl),max(wvl)] & plot,[0],xr=xr,/xlog
		xyouts,wvl,randomu(seed,n_elements(wvl)),lbl,orient=90
	smudge,keys=['edge','gap'],only=['M']
	smudge,keys='gap',only=['S0','S1'],/okeV
	smudge,keys='edge gap',range=[1,6]
	smudge,keys='edge gap',nisi='edge',range=[1,6]
	smudge,range=0.69,/okev

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added warning in case of bad SEP (VK; Dec98)
	changed "caldb" to "ardb" (VK; DecMM)
	added keyword IKEV in preparation to getting rid of KEV (VK; JanMMI)
	changed keyword IKEV to OKEV (VK; Jul02)

(See pro/smudge.pro)


SOLAR_TRESP

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function	solar_tresp
	Computes and returns temperature response for a selection of
       bandpasses from a variety of solar X-Ray and EUV diagnostic
       instruments. The explicitly supported instruments and bandpasses and their
       corresponding ouput units (at the sun) are as follows:

       TRACE 171,195,284 in [DN s-1 cm-2] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] 
       EIT   171,195,284 in [DN s-1 cm-2] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] 
       SXT   Al1, AlMg  in [DN s-1 cm-2] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] 
       RHESSI GD, in [Counts s-1] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] 
       CDS all GIS and NIS lines in [ergs s-1 cm-2] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] 

       The user may also specify an arbitrary instrument bandpass combination 
       (one other than the explicitly supported ones listed above) with the
       limitation that the WRANGE keyword must be set. The units in this case 
       would be [Counts s-1] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1] if and effective area is included and 
       [ph s-1 cm+2] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1]  if it is not. 

       A choice of atomic databases, abundances, and ion equilibria
       may be set via keywords LDBDIR,ABUND,and EQFILE respectively. 
       the temperature response calculations are made like this: 

  

syntax 
       resp=solar_tresp(instrument,filter,date,tgrid=tgrid,ldbdir=ldbdir,$
       abund=abund,eqfile=eqfile) 

parameters        
       instrument  [INPUT;required] name of the relevant instrument
                   * can be 'TRACE','EIT','SXT','CDS','RHESSI'
                   * may also be set to a string descrption of 
                     arbitrary instruments e.g. 'RESIK'. keyword 
                     wrange must be set.
       bandpass    [INPUT;required] select the relevant bandpass
                   * can be '171','195','284' for 'TRACE' and 'EIT'
                   * can be 'Open','Al1','AlMg','Be119','AL12','MG3' for 'SXT'
                   * can be 'GD' for 'RHESSI' 
                   * for 'CDS' must be a string specifiying an ionic 
                     state (element abbreviation and roman
                     numeral) and a transition wavelength.                     
                     e.g. 
                          'Mg VII 319.03' 
                          'Ne VI 401.14' 
                          'Fe IX 171.07' 
                      
                     CDS lines are treated as very narrow
                     bandpasses, so that possible contributions 
                     from weak lines are accounted for. 

                     The transition wavelength must fall into one of
                     the wavelength regions covered by GIS or NIS. 
                     
                     If the transition wavelength is designated WVL
                     and the detector resolution as RES, then the  
                     bandpass wavelength range is determined
                     to be [WVL-3*RES,WVL+3*RES]. RES is 
                     hardcoded as 0.18 Ang for NIS1, 0.32A for NIS12
                     and 0.21 for GIS. This range may be overridden by 
                     using keyword WRANGE.

                  * can be set to and arbitrary string descrption 
                    of bandpass if instrument is set to something other 
                    than the explicitley supported instruments. e.g. 
                    '1.123 - 1.293 AA' for instrument 'RESIK'
                    keyword WRANGE must be set. 

keywords 
       filter      [INPUT] Filter wheel selection for the EIT and 
                   TRACE passbands 
                   * default is 'clr' for EIT can also be 'al1', 'al2'
                   * default is 'AO' for TRACE can also be 'OO',
                     'OA' or 'AA'                            
                   * ignored if instrument selection is SXT or CDS
       date        [INPUT] time in any Yohkoh format or a Yohkoh 
                     index structure. 
                   * see e.g. ANYTIME2INTS() SolarSoft function for 
                     standard Yohkoh formats
                   * SXT temperature responses time variable due to an enterance 
                     filter failiure (Oct 1992). The value of this keyword will 
                     be passed to GET_YO_DATES to determine appropriate correction.
                   * if unset no correction is made. 
       wrange      [INPUT] a two elements floating point vector which 
                     denotes a wavelength range. overrides the internally
                     determined bandpass range.           
       tgrid       [INPUT] Log(T) grid on which the ouput response 
                     is to be defined. 
                   * default is PoA system variable !LOGT 
                   * if !LOGT does not exist then tgrid=4.0+findgen(41)*0.1
       lstr        [I/O] line emissivity structure  
       cstr        [I/O] continuum emissivity structure
       ldbdir      [INPUT] line emissivity database directory 
                   * default is '$CHIANTI' can also be '$SPEX', '$APED'
                     or an explicit directory specification
                     e.g. '/data/foo/bar/spex/' or '../foo/bar/aped' etc. 
       cdbdir      [INPUT] continuum emissivity database directory
                   * default is '$CONT'
       abref       [INPUT] string reference to the set of abundances to use 
                   * default is 'feldman' which will call GETABUND() to 
                   retrieve Feldman et al. (1992) abundances 
                   * see GETABUND() documentation for other options.
       eqfile      [INPUT] string reference to the ion equilibria file to use 
                   * default is 'ioneq/mazzotta_etal.ioneq' 
                   * see local CHIANTI database for other options
       perpix      [INPUT] if set, responses are returned as 
                   [DN s-1 pixel-1] per [cm-5 ln(K)-1]. 
                   * ignored for SOHO/CDS 
       det         [INPUT] if set then responses are computed at detector 
                     and not at the SUN
       rhessi_rmf  [INPUT] RHESSI spectrometer OGIP-compliant rmf(srm) fits file from which 
                     and effective area will be extracted via rd_ogip_rmf() 
       rspstr      [OUTPUT] output structure containing all
                   ouputs and inputs as well as general info
                   concerning what went into response calculation. 
                   * The structure is defined with these tags: 
                     INSTR           STRING    instrument parameter
                     BANDPASS        STRING    bandpass parameter 
                     FILTER          STRING    filter keyword
                     RESP            DOUBLE    computed response
                     TGRID           FLOAT     response Log(T) grid
                     EFFAR           DOUBLE    effective area
                     WVLAR           DOUBLE    effective area wavelength grid
                     LDBDIR          STRING    ldbdir keyword;                     
                     ABREF           STRING    abref keyword
                     EQFILE          STRING    eqfile keyword
                     ABUND           FLOAT     abund keyword
       nocont      [INPUT] if set, continuum will not be included in response
       zresp       [INPUT] if set, 
       _extra	    [INPUT] use to transmit defined keywords to called functions

restrictions 
       * This function uses various SolarSoft routines 
         and PINTofALE routines. It also employs files 
         from Solar Soft databases. Note also that SolarSoft 
         installations can vary in what missions/instruments 
         are supported. 
       * employs PINTofALE subroutines
         LICOSPEC 
         LINEFLX 
         GETABUND
         RD_LINE
       * employs SolarSoft subroutines  
         SSW_INSTRUMENTS 
         CONCAT_DIR 
         RESTGEN 
         GET_YO_DATES
         TRACE_EUV_RESP 
         EIT_PARMS
       * If the DATE keyword is set, user cannot set the verbose keyword 
         due to a conflict in GET_YO_DATES
history
      liwei lin (Aug 2004)
       BUGFIX (Jan 2005) had assumed that licospec output emissivities were in 
        ergs cm-2 s-1. now /noph is fed through _extra to lineflx()
       BUGFIX (LL Sep 2005)  Thanks to Harry Warren who points out that upon reading the SXT
        effective area file, the FILTER entry already includes ENTRANCE, CCD,
        and MIRROR effective areas. 
       BUGFIX (LL Sep 2005) the reported units, both in documentation and
        output structures were incorrect. Missing were terms 1d44 and cm^-5 
       EDIT (LL Sep 2005) so that there is no hard reliance on PoA system
        variables. RHESSI default bandpass no longer 'G4'; user is asked 
        if RHESSI SRM file not fed via RHESSI_RMF keyword.  
       ADDED (LL Sep 2005) ZRESP keyword 
       BUGFIX (LL Oct 2005) wvlar returned wmid rather than wvlar
       EDIT (LL Oct 2006) corrected reported UNITS

(See pro/ssw/solar_tresp.pro)


SPHTRIG_TRANSLB

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function	sphtrig_translb
	transform the given {theta,phi} coordinates on a sphere that
	has been tilted and twisted (in that order) to {theta',phi'}
	on an untwisted and untilted pov reference frame, and
	returns them in a structure.

syntax
	tpstr=sphtrig_translb(theta,phi,tilt=tilt,twist=twist,$
	eps=eps,verbose=vv)

parameters
	theta	[INPUT; required] angular coordinate from Z-axis [deg]
	phi	[INPUT; required] azimuthal coordinate around Z-axis [deg]
		* THETA,PHI may be vectors or scalars
		* if vectors, assumed to be paired sets, with
		  values filled in with 0's if one falls short

keywords
	tilt	[INPUT; default=0] inclination angle of sphere
		relative to pov coordinate frame [deg]
	twist	[INPUT; default=0] rotation angle by which the
		vector going through the pole is rotated around
		the Z-axis of the pov reference frame [deg]
		* note that TWIST is given in the negative sense --
		  the angle by which the frame must be rotated to
		  return to 0.  the program takes the -ve of the
		  supplied TWIST.
	eps	[INPUT; default=1e-6] a small number
		* There are some singularities when THETA and PHI are zero.
		  This is added on to make sure at least something
		  close to the limiting value is returned in that case
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

example
	.run sphtrig_translb
	makes lines of constant latitude, constant longitude, and
	draws the figure used to derive the transformation used here.
	(the ultimate in self-documenting!)

subroutines
	example run requires PEASECOLR

history
	vinay kashyap (2013feb)
	added keyword EPS (2013mar)
	corrected sign error that was making PHI go clockwise instead of
	  counter-clockwise (2015sep)

(See pro/util/sphtrig_translb.pro)


SPLAC

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procedure	splac
	compute Segmented Piecewise Linear Approximation to Curve.
	generates piecewise linear approximations with fewest line
	segments within given tolerances.

about the name
	have you heard the one about the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC)
	and what would happen after the Big One hits?  Obviously, it would
	have to be renamed SPLAC, the Stanford Piecewise Linear Accelerator..

syntax
	splac,x,y,ytol,u,v,w,/noband,/discon,verbose=verbose

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points at which data are defined
		* must be in ascending order
	y	[INPUT; required] values of data array, Y(X)
		* must match size of X
	ytol	[INPUT; required] tolerance of approximation: allowed
		>deviation< from the true curve
		* if scalar, single absolute-value tolerance for entire curve.
		* if vector, tolerance at each X -- size must match X
		* if -ve, ABS(YTOL) is taken to be the fractional factor
		  relative to the true value.
	u	[OUTPUT] a partition of the interval [X(0),X(N[X]-1)]
		with U(0)=X(0) and U(N[U]-1)=X(N[X]-1)
	v	[OUTPUT] ordinates, V(U)
		* the approximating segment is (u[i],v[i]) -> (u[i+1],v[i+1])
	w	[OUTPUT] ordinates if the approximation may be discontinuous
		* the approximating segment is (u[i],w[i]) -> (u[i+1],v[i+1])

keywords
	noband	[INPUT] indicates whether the approximation is to be
		restricted to the 'tolerance band' about the data
		(the 'tolerance band' is a piecewise linear band
		centered at the data whose width is determined by the
		tolerances at the data points.)
		* if set, indicates no band restriction
		* if not set, or set to 0, indicates apply this restriction
	discon	[INPUT] indicates whether or not the approximation must be
		continuous
		* if set, indicates continuity not required
		* if not set, or set to 0, indicates continuity is required
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

examples
	x=findgen(100) & y=sqrt(x)
	splac,x,y,0.1,u,v,w,/noband,verbose=10
	splac,x,y,0.3,u,v,w,/discon,verbose=10
	splac,x,y,-0.1,u,v,w & plot,x,y & oplot,u,v,psym=-1,col=100

subroutines
	NONE

restrictions
	Will not work with IDL versions < 5

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	From D.G. Wilson, 1976, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software,2,388
	http://www.netlib.org/toms/510
	  converted to IDL by Vinay Kashyap, who is very unhappy about all
	  those GOTOs, but doesn't have the patience to rewrite from scratch
	  (FebMM)
	bug correction for when YTOL was -ve; made into IDL5 (VK; JunMM)
	bug correction in plotting with /DISCON (VK; AprMMVII)

(See pro/util/splac.pro)


SQUISHEM

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function	squishem
	returns a new ID structure from the old one with all the
	multiple IDs (if any) squished into a single ID pointing
	to the one with the highest peak emissivity.  If the IDs
	include different elements, their emissivities are combined
	in the ratio of their abundances.

	a few more words about this combining:
	o the >fluxes< are combined without regard to abundance, i.e.,
	  are added up directly.  this is because the fluxes are assumed
	  to already include all info about DEMs, abundances, ion balance,
	  and so on. besides, UPDATID splits a measured flux value simply
	  on the basis of the ion-balanced emissivities.
	o the >emissivities< are combined by normalizing the weaker IDs to
	  that of the strongest ID in the ratio of the abundances.  because
	  the main ID itself only retains the strongest ID, the absolute
	  abundance on the emissivity is not set, but relative abundances
	  are fixed.

syntax
	sqID=squishem(idstr,abund=abund)

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] an ID structure, e.g., output of LINEID

keywords
	abund	[INPUT] abundances relative to H (abund(0)=1)
		* abund(Z-1) contains the abundance for element Z
		* if array size is smaller than the largest present Z,
		  the last element is replicated to fill the gap
		* default: Anders & Grevesse (1989)
       mproxy  [OUTPUT] if set, will output 2 dimensional MPROXY string 
               as prescribed by MIXIE()
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

subroutines
	GETABUND
	ZION2SYMB
       INICON
history
	vinay kashyap (FebMM)
	bug correction with flux err (VK; MarMM)
	unknown IDs were crashing at abundances; added call to ZION2SYMB
	  (VK; MMJul)
       ADDED MPROXY keyword (Feb2004)

(See pro/squishem.pro)


STAMPLE

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procedure	stample
	brand existing plot.  The standard format is to put
	DATE (YYYY MON DD) TIME (HH:MM:SS) USER (name@host) PACKAGE
	at the lower-left of a plot.

	stample is a portmanteau (see Jabberwocky) of stamp and staple.

syntax
	stample,package,/nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,$
	stacol=stacol,stasiz=stasiz,stathk=stathk,/help

parameters
	package	[INPUT] name of package
		* default is 'PINTofALE <version>'

keywords
	nuthin	[INPUT] if set, the same as setting all of
		NODAY,NOTIME,NOUSER,NOPACK
	noday	[INPUT] if set, does not include the day
	notime	[INPUT] if set, does not include the time
	nouser	[INPUT] if set, does not include the user name
	nopack	[INPUT] if set, does not include the package name
	stacol	[INPUT] index of color in color-table to use
		* default is !D.N_COLORS-10 or 1, whichever is greater
	stasiz	[INPUT] character size, defaults to 1.
	stathk	[INPUT] character thickness, defaults to 1.
	help	[INPUT] if set, prints usage and quits
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

common
	cb_stample	{vname, vhost, vPoA}

restrictions
	requires subroutine SETSYSVAL

history
	vinay kashyap (DecMM)
	added common block STAMPLE (VK; JanMMI)
	added call to SETSYSVAL (VK; FebMMI)
	back-compatibility fix for SYSTIME (VK FebMMI/A.Maggio)
	bug corrected -- repeat use of "m" in call to CALDAT
	  (VK Oct01/A.Maggio)
	changed name of common block from STAMPLE to CB_STAMPLE
	  (VK Oct02)

(See pro/util/stample.pro)


STARFLUX

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function	*flux
	returns total flux in the passband of interest at the specified
	temperatures OR for the given DEM

syntax
	flx=starflux(lstr,cstr,tlog=tlog,DEM=DEM,abund=abund,wrange=wrange,$
	    NH=NH,effar=effar,wvlar=wvlar,dist=dist,radius=radius,/noph,$
	    lflux=flux,cflux=cflux,fH2=fH2,He1=He1,HeII=HeII,/Fano)

a word on the units
	the line emissivities are in [ergs cm^3/s], and the continuum
	emissivities are also converted to this.  the [ergs] are converted
	to [ph] before output unless specified otherwise.
	thus, output will have units:
		[(ergs|ph) cm^3/s][EM][RADIUS^2][DIST^-2][AREA]
	e.g., if EM is [cm^-3] at source, and DIST is given, then output
	is [ph/cm^2/s], the flux at the telescope, which is fine.
	on the other hand, if DEM is [cm^-5] (n^e*V/(4*pi*D^2) at the
	telescope) and DIST are given, we'd get [ph/cm^4/s] which would
	be meaningless.  instead, RADIUS may be given to get [ph/s].
	*******************************************************************
	IT IS UP TO THE USER TO MAKE SURE THAT THE OUTPUT UNITS MAKE SENSE!
	*******************************************************************

parameters
	lstr	[INPUT; required] structure containing line emissivity data
		(see RD_LINE or RD_LIST)
		* BEWARE: ion balance is assumed to be included!
	cstr	[INPUT; required] structure containing continuum emissivities
		(see RD_CONT)

keywords
	tlog	[INPUT] EITHER [A] the temperatures at which to compute the
		output fluxes XOR [B] the temperatures at which the DEM is
		defined
		* if n(DEM) < 2, then [A]
		* if n(DEM) > 1 .AND. n(DEM) = n(TLOG), then [B]
	DEM	[INPUT] EITHER [A] volume emission measure [cm^-3 or cm^-5]
		XOR [B] differential emission measure [cm^-3/logK or cm^-5/logK]
		* if [B] then n(DEM) .MUST=. {n(TLOG) or n(LSTR.LOGT)}
		* default is 1e14
	abund	[INPUT] abundances
		* default: Grevesse et al. (1992)
	wrange	[INPUT] passband in which to compute flux
		* if not given, assumes larger of range(LSTR.WVL,CSTR.WVL)
	NH	[INPUT] ISM column density [cm^-2]
	effar	[INPUT] effective area [cm^2]
	wvlar	[INPUT] wavelengths at which effective area is defined [Ang]
		* n(EFFAR) .MUST=. n(WVLAR)
		* if not given, or illegal, output will be [ph/s/cm^2]
	dist	[INPUT] distance to star, in [pc]
		* BUT, if > 1e6, taken to be in [cm]
		* if given, divides computed flux by 4*pi*DIST^2 before output
		* BEWARE: no cosmological corrections are made!
	radius	[INPUT] radius of star, in [cm]
		* BUT, if < 1e6, taken to be in [RSol]
		* if given, multiplies flux by 4*pi*RADIUS^2 before output
		* BEWARE: no scale-height/volume effects included!
	noph	[INPUT] if set, does not convert [ergs] to [ph]
	lflux	[OUTPUT] flux due to lines only
	cflux	[OUTPUT] flux due to continuum only
		* LFLUX and CFLUX will >NOT< have DIST and RADIUS included!!
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to
		ISMTAU [fH2,He1,HeII,Fano]
	ikeV	[JUNK] does nothing.  only to avoid passing it on to ISMTAU

restrictions
	requires subroutines ISMTAU, GETABUND, MK_DEM
	does not call LINEFLX or GRATFLX, so perhaps a wee bit faster,
	  but on the other hand, cannot handle grating effective areas either.

history
	vinay kashyap (1999May)
	changed KEV to IKEV (VK; DecMM)

(See pro/starflux.pro)


STR2ARR

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function	str2arr
	converts a series of numbers written out as a string into an array.
	the output is an array of numbers of specified type

syntax
	arr=str2arr(str,delim,sep=sep,/i1,/i4,/r4,/r8,/squish,$
	array=array,delimit=delimit,/nomult)

parameters
	str	[INPUT; required] input string
		* if itself an array, is concatenated into one huge string
	delim	[INPUT] same as SEP, put here for consistency with SSWIDL
		version of program with same name.
		* if given, is used instead of SEP
		* if given, the output is returned as a string array
		  ignoring I1,I4,R4,R8
		* if not given and DELIMIT is not set, and I1,I4,R4,R8
		  are also not set, the output is an integer array

keywords
	sep	[INPUT] separator between entries in the string
		* if not given as a string, first checks "," and
		  if that doesn't seem to make any difference, then
		  checks "<sp>"
		* if explicitly set, checks only for SEP
		* if array, uses only the first element
	i1	[INPUT] if set, output is a BYTARR, default is I2
	i4	[INPUT] if set, output is a LONARR
	r4	[INPUT] if set, output is a FLTARR
	r8	[INPUT] if set, output is a DBLARR
		* precedence is R8 over R4 over I4 over I1 over I2
	squish	[INPUT] if set, "squishes" adjoining SEPs, e.g.,
		"1      2" is converted to "1 2"
	array	[OUTPUT] string array version of the output
	delimit	[INPUT] delimiter, same as DELIM, and ignored if either
		DELIM or SEP are present
		* but if set, the output is a string array, and I1,I4,R4,R8
		  are ignored
	nomult	[INPUT] same as SQUISH, just for compatibility with SSWIDL
		version
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	SYZE

a word
	yes, I know about READS.  it's limitations are that you still have
	to define the input array first, cannot use other values for the
	separator (e.g., ":"), and can't handle missing data (e.g., "1,2,")

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added parameter DELIM and keywords ARRAY, DELIMIT, and NOMULT
	  for the sake of consistency with SSWIDL version; also added
	  call to SYZE() (VK; Jun02)

(See pro/util/str2arr.pro)


STR_2_ARR

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function	str_2_arr
	converts a series of numbers written out as a string into an array.
	the output is an array of numbers of specified type

syntax
	arr=str_2_arr(str,delim,sep=sep,/i1,/i4,/r4,/r8,/squish,$
	array=array,delimit=delimit,/nomult)

parameters
	str	[INPUT; required] input string
		* if itself an array, is concatenated into one huge string
	delim	[INPUT] same as SEP, put here for consistency with SSWIDL
		version of program with same name.
		* if given, is used instead of SEP
		* if given, the output is returned as a string array
		  ignoring I1,I4,R4,R8
		* if not given and DELIMIT is not set, and I1,I4,R4,R8
		  are also not set, the output is an integer array

keywords
	sep	[INPUT] separator between entries in the string
		* if not given as a string, first checks "," and
		  if that doesn't seem to make any difference, then
		  checks "<sp>"
		* if explicitly set, checks only for SEP
		* if array, uses only the first element
	i1	[INPUT] if set, output is a BYTARR, default is I2
	i4	[INPUT] if set, output is a LONARR
	r4	[INPUT] if set, output is a FLTARR
	r8	[INPUT] if set, output is a DBLARR
		* precedence is R8 over R4 over I4 over I1 over I2
	squish	[INPUT] if set, "squishes" adjoining SEPs, e.g.,
		"1      2" is converted to "1 2"
	array	[OUTPUT] string array version of the output
	delimit	[INPUT] delimiter, same as DELIM, and ignored if either
		DELIM or SEP are present
		* but if set, the output is a string array, and I1,I4,R4,R8
		  are ignored
	nomult	[INPUT] same as SQUISH, just for compatibility with SSWIDL
		version
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	SYZE

a word
	yes, I know about READS.  its limitations are that you still have
	to define the input array first, cannot use other values for the
	separator (e.g., ":"), and can't handle missing data (e.g., "1,2,")

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	added parameter DELIM and keywords ARRAY, DELIMIT, and NOMULT
	  for the sake of consistency with SSWIDL version; also added
	  call to SYZE() (VK; Jun02)
	changed name from STR2ARR to STR_2_ARR to avoid conflict with
	  SSW routine because of compilation issues with SSW (VK; Apr05)

(See pro/util/str_2_arr.pro)


SUTHERLAND_CH

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME:
	SUTHERLAND_CH

 PURPOSE:

	Calculate the free-free continuum from an hot, low density plasma

       Uses the free-free gaunt factor calculations of Sutherland, 1998, 
       MNRAS, 300, 321.

       Note that Sutherland's Eq.(15) has units of erg/cm^3/s. Comparing 
       with Rybicki & Lightman's Eq.5.14(a) (in their book 'Radiative 
       Processes in Astrophysics'), suggests that Sutherland's units 
       should be erg/cm^3/s/sr/Hz. We are assuming the latter to be 
       correct in this routine.

       When using the DEM_INT optional input, FREEFREE expects the 
       differential emission measure to have been derived from a product 
       of N_e*N_H rather than N_e*N_e. This can be important when dealing 
       with a regime (typically T < 10^4.5) where H and He are not fully 
       ionised.

       To calculate the continuum spectrum the user should specify
       whether the plasma structure is specified through a differential
       emission measure (DEM) curve or through emission measure (EM)
       values. For the former, the DEM values are specified through the
       DEM_INT keyword and for the latter the EM values are specified
       through the EM_INT keyword. If neither are specified EM_INT
       values of unity are assumed.

       If DEM_INT values are specifed they must be specified on a
       temperature scale that has constant intervals in log10(T). EM_INT
       values do not have this restriction.

       Note that EM_INT must be used for isothermal plasmas.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       SUTHERLAND_CH,temperature, wavelength, intensity


 INPUTS:

	T	   Temperature in degrees Kelvin, can be a 1 D
                  array. If the keyword /DT is set, then the
                  temperatures must be specified with a fixed spacing
                  in logT. E.g., TEMP=10.^[4.0,4.1,4.2]. 

       WVL        Wavelength in Angstroms. If /keV is set, then WVL is
                  assumed to contain energies in keV units.


 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

	None
	
 KEYWORD PARAMETERS:

	NO_SETUP:  If the procedure setup_elements has already been called 
                  then the keyword /no_setup should be set to avoid 
                  repeating this step.

       MIN_ABUND: If set, calculates the continuum only from those 
                  elements which have an abundance greater than min_abund.  
                  This can speed up the calculations. ;

       DEM_INT   This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
                 differential emission measure values. Specifying
                 DEM_INT places a restriction on TEMP (see above). Note
                 that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
                 within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not.

       EM_INT    This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
                 emission measure values. Note
                 that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
                 within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not. If
                 neither EM_INT or DEM_INT are specified, then a EM_INT
                 vector of same size as TEMP with values of unity is
                 assumed.

       PHOTONS    The output spectrum is given in photon units rather 
                  than ergs.

       SUMT       The default is to output the intensity array as an array 
                  of size (nwvl x nT). Setting this keyword performs a sum 
                  over the temperatures to yield a vector of same size as 
                  the input wavelengths, thus producing the complete 
                  free-free spectrum.
	
       KEV        If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV
                  units rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 OUTPUTS:

	RAD        Free-free continuum intensity in units
                  10^-40 erg cm^3 s^-1 str^-1 angstrom^-1 per unit 
                  emission measure [ integral (N_e N_H dh) in cm^-5 ]. 
                  If T is given as a 1-D array, then RAD will be output 
                  as a 2-D array, with one element for each temperature 
                  and wavelength (but also see SUMT).

                  If the keyword /keV is set, then the units of INT will be 
                  10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/keV

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

     The gaunt factors from Sutherland (MNRAS 300, 321, 1998) are a 
     function of uu and gg (see his Eq. 14). uu is a function of both 
     wavelength and T, while gg is a function of T only.

     The gaunt factor (gff) is tabulated for values of uu and gg at 
     fixed intervals in log(uu) and log(gg). The log(uu) values go from 
     -4 to 4 in 0.2 steps; the log(gg) values go from -4 to 4 in 0.1 steps.

     A particular (input) temperature and wavelength give rise to values 
     uu0 and gg0, the logs of which lie between -4 and 4. To derive the 
     corresponding gff0 value, I use the IDL routine BILINEAR. 

     BILINEAR requires, not uu and gg values as input, but indices. 
     E.g., the indices corresponding to the tabulated values of uu are 
     0 (=-4.0), 1 (=-3.8), 2 (=-3.6), etc. Thus, if log(uu0)=-3.76, then 
     i_uu0=1.20 is the index of uu0.

     In order to make significant time-savings, I give BILINEAR all of 
     the wavelengths and temperatures in the same call for a particular 
     ion. To do this, I make my i_uu and i_gg values 2-D arrays of size 
     (nwvl x nT), and BILINEAR then produces a (nwvl x nT) array 
     containing the gff values.

     A problem occurred if nT=1, as BILINEAR will turn the input uu and 
     gg vectors into 2-D arrays of size (nwvl x nwvl). If there are a 
     large number of wavelengths, this uses a lot of memory. To solve 
     this I make a 2 element temperature vector whose values are 
     identical, and then change this back to a 1 element vector after 
     BILINEAR has been called. See the parts of the code where I use 
     'tst1'.


 COMMON BLOCKS:

	common elements,abund,abund_ref,ioneq,ioneq_t,ioneq_ref

 CALLS

       READ_IP, READ_GFFGU, SETUP_ELEMENTS

 EXAMPLES:

       IDL> freefree,1.e+6,wvl,int
       IDL> freefree,1.e+6,wvl,int,min_abund=3.e-5
       IDL> freefree,1.e+6,wvl,int,/no_setup,min_abund=1.e-6

       IDL> wvl=findgen(5001)/10. + 50.
       IDL> temp=10.^(findgen(41)/10. +4.)
       IDL> freefree,temp,wvl,int


 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1999:     Version 2.0
       September 1999:  Version 3.0

       Ver.3.1, 11-Aug-00, Peter Young
           Improved call to bilinear, allowing routine to solve for 
           all temperatures in one go. This makes the routine quicker, 
           and also lowers the memory usage of the routine when dealing 
           with many wavelengths.

       Ver.3.2, 16-Aug-00, Peter Young
           Corrected expression for 'gg', replacing ip with z^2.

       Ver.3.3, 16-Oct-00, Peter Young
           Now deals with dem_int correctly

       Ver.3.4, 10-Oct-01, Ken Dere
           Corrected for labelling errors in Sutherland's gffgu.dat file
           No longer reads ionization potential file

       Ver.3.5, 5-Dec-01, Peter Young
           Corrected expression for gamma^2
           Renamed routine sutherland.pro
           Restructured code to make it run quicker.

       Ver.3.6, 22-May-01, Peter Young
           Re-instated the MIN_ABUND optional input. 
           Changed ioneq_t to ioneq_logt (GDZ).

       Ver.3.7, 18-Aug-03, Peter Young
           Activated /PHOTONS keyword

       Ver.3.8, 5-Nov-03, Peter Young
           Corrected bug found by Jim McTiernan when multiple temperatures
           were input. The quantity 'newfactor' was not being calculated
           correctly due to indexing problems.

       Ver. 4, 9-Mar-2006, Peter Young
           Added /keV keyword.

       Ver.5, 10-Sep-2009, Peter Young
            Routine now checks that temperatures are evenly spaced
            when DEM_INT is specified. Also 0.1 dex spacing is no
            longer assumed.

       Ver.6, 6-Oct-2009, Peter Young
            Introduced EM_INT keyword for specifying emission measure
            values for isothermal plasmas.

       Ver.Poa, 10-Aug-2010, Vinay Kashyap
	    a la 18-Nov-2005, LiWei Lin 
           Commented out common block
           Added keywords,abund, ioneq, ieq_logt, _extra
           Changed ioneq_logt to ieq_logt
           Renamed routine sutherland_ch

(See pro/external/sutherland_ch.pro)


SYMB2ZION

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procedure	symb2zion
		convert spectroscopic symbol to atomic number and ionic state

syntax
	symb2zion,symbol,z,ion

parameters
	symbol	[INPUT; required] string containing element designation
		(e.g., "he_2", "He II", "HeII", "he 2", "he", "He", whatever)
	z	[OUTPUT] atomic number
	ion	[OUTPUT] ionic state (0=undefined, 1=neutral, 2=singly
		ionized, etc.)

keywords
	verbose	[INPUT] higher the number, greater the chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	* cannot handle the "+/-" type notation (e.g., O^+5)
	* currently coded only up to Es

requires
	INICON
	LAT2ARAB

history
	written by vinay kashyap (Nov96), based on CHIANTI's convertname.pro
	modified screen dump to also show input (VK; Dec97)
	added call to INITSTUFF, include elements up to Es (VK; Aug98)
	corrected bug that was returning garbage for single-letter elements
	  (VK; Oct98)
	was returning 0 for ions for, e.g., "O   VII"; corrected (VK; May99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	added keyword VERBOSE (VK; MarMM)
	added various trans-Uranium symbols (VK; AugMM)
	now allow tab separation (VK; Mar03)

(See pro/util/symb2zion.pro)


SYZE

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function	syze
	returns a vector that contains the size and type information a la
	IDL information routine SIZE.  The diffrence is that this one
	operates on strings only

	output is always of longward type.
	the first element contains the number of elements in C,
	the next elements contain the string-length of each element, one
	  element per element of C,
	the last but one element contains the type code:
		0 : undefined,
		1 : I*1
		2 : I*2
		3 : I*4
		4 : R*4
		5 : R*8
		-1 : expression
		-2 : equation
		7 : everything else
	the last element contains the total number of characters in C

syntax
	sc=syze(c,oc=oc)

parameters
	c	[INPUT] string expression to decode

keywords
	oc	[OUTPUT] converted output, where applicable
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec98)
	now catches sexagesimal (VK; Aug03)

(See pro/util/syze.pro)


TAG_EXIST

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 Project     : SOHO - CDS     
                   
 Name        : TAG_EXIST()
               
 Purpose     : To test whether a tag name exists in a structure.
               
 Explanation : Routine obtains a list of tagnames and tests whether the
               requested one exists or not. The search is recursive so 
               if any tag names in the structure are themselves structures
               the search drops down to that level.  (However, see the keyword
		TOP_LEVEL).
               
 Use         : IDL>  status = tag_exist(str, tag)
    
 Inputs      : str  -  structure variable to search
               tag  -  tag name to search for
               
 Opt. Inputs : None
               
 Outputs     : Function returns 1 if tag name exists or 0 if it does not.
               
 Opt. Outputs: None
               
 Keywords    : INDEX	  = Index of matching tag

		TOP_LEVEL = If set, then only the top level of the structure is
			    searched.
               RECURSE  = set to recurse on nested structures
               
 Category    : Util, structure

 Written     : C D Pike, RAL, 18-May-94
               
 Modified    : Version 1.1, D Zarro, ARC/GSFC, 27-Jan-95
               Passed out index of matching tag
		Version 2, William Thompson, GSFC, 6 March 1996
			Added keyword TOP_LEVEL
               Version 2.1, Zarro, GSFC, 1 August 1996
                       Added call to help 
               Version 3, Zarro, EIT/GSFC, 3 June 2000
                       added check for input array structure
               Version 4, Zarro, EIT/GSFC, 23 Aug 2000
                       removed calls to DATATYPE
               Version 5, Zarro, EIT/GSFC, 29 Sept 2000
                       added /quiet
               Version 6, Zarro (EER/GSC), 22 Dec 2002
                       made recursion NOT the default 

(See pro/external/tag_exist.pro)


TEKHI

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function chitex
       Converts spectroscopic terms and configurations to LaTeX
       form, e.g.: 
       	'1s.2p 3P2.0'      to '$1s2p \; ^3P_{2}$'
       	'1s.2p 3P2.5'      to '$1s2p \; ^3P_{5/2}$'
       	'(2s2.2p5) 2P_3'   to '$(2s^22p^5) \; ^2P_{3}$'
       	'(2s2.2p5) 2P_3/2' to '$(2s^22p^5) \; ^2P_{3/2}$'

syntax
	outstring = tekhi(instring) 

parameters 
       instring [INPUT; required] single string that describes the 
                electron configurations and/or level designations to be 
                converted to LaTex form. 

keywords 
       nodollar [INPUT] if set then output will not be wrapped with '$'s 

	_extra	 [JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
          STREGEX
          STRJOIN
          STRMID

history
       LiWei Lin/Jeremy Drake (Nov04)     
	added keyword _EXTRA and cleaned up usage (VK; Jul05)

(See pro/util/tekhi.pro)


TEKKU

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procedure	tekku
	write out a LaTeX file summary of the ID structure

syntax
	tekku,id_str,fx,fxerr,texfil=texfil,fxunit=fxunit,/trance,/asku,$
	fxfmt=fxfmt,fxefmt=fxefmt,/kamentu

parameters
	id_str	[INPUT; required] ID structure from LINEID
	fx	[INPUT] measured fluxes
		* if size does not match number of ID components of the
		  number of IDs, the internally stored values are used
		* if FX is set to 0, then the output will not contain
		  any information about fluxes.
	fxerr	[INPUT] errors on FX
		* if size does not match FX, first element is assumed
		  to represent a constant >fractional< error on FX
		* default is 0.01
		* if FXERR is explicitly set to 0, then the output will
		  not report the errors.

keywords
	texfil	[INPUT] name of file to dump the table to
		* the ".tex" extension is not needed
		* if not given, dumps output to screen
		* if ASKU is set, the default extension is ".txt"
	fxunit	[INPUT] string representing the units that the fluxes
		are in, e.g., "ph s$^{-1}$"
	trance	[INPUT] if set, adds a column to hold transition data
		(e-configuration and level designation)
       trantex [INPUT] if set, e-configuration and level designation 
               are converted to LaTex format so that appropriate 
               super-scripting and sub-scripting is included. This is set 
               by default.
		* explicitly set to zero to turn this off. 
	asku	[INPUT] if set, writes out a plain text ascii file w/o all
		the TeX commands
	fxfmt	[INPUT] FORTRAN-style formatting syntax for writing out
		fluxes, e.g., "f10.4", "e14.4", etc.
		* default is "f7.2"
	fxefmt	[INPUT] as FXFMT, for flux errors
		* default is FXFMT
	kamentu	[INPUT] set this keyword to include the scracth pad notes
		in the table output.  if not set, the comments won't be
		included.
	lineu	[INPUT] if set, the input structure is assumed to be a
		line emissivity structure of the sort generated by RD_LINE()
		* in this case, the lambda_obs column is not printed out,
		  and the lambda_pred column is simply labeled as lambda
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec98)
	added support for scribbles (VK; Mar99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	allowed output minus flux+-fluxerr column; also transition info
	  column (VK; 99Nov)
	added keyword ASKU (VK; MarMM)
	added keywords FXFMT and FXEFMT (VK; JunMM)
	corrected: what if FXFMT/FXEFMT not set (VK NovMM; viz. A.Maggio)
	added keyword KAMENTU; changed transitions font to "\small";
	  now reads in flux and fluxerr from ID_STR; Erica asks that
	  wvls, and flux+error alignments be set to "r" (VK; Apr02)
	now puts "..." instead of spaces for duplicates (VK; Oct03)
       added support for TEKHI() via keyword TRANTEX (LL;Nov04) 
	added keyword LINEU, call to DUMMYID(), changed \nl to \\ (VK; Feb06)
	changed \documentstyle[apjpt4]{article} to \documentclass[10pt]{article}
	  (VK; Mar07)

etymology
	the name comes from kannadization of the "process of TeXing";
	Kannada, mind you, is a language of southern India, and has
	absolutely nothing to do with Quebec and surrounding regions.

(See pro/util/tekku.pro)


TIEUP1

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script 	tieup1

given an ID structure (IDSTR)
	-- sets the line width of the first component to LSFWDT,
	-- ties all the other widths to the first one,
	-- freezes all but the first width parameter,
	-- ties all line locations to that of the first one, but
	   with a leeway defined by LINERR, and
	-- if variable POSITIVF is set, then constrains all fluxes
	   to be +ve

outputs are
	TIES	a string array containing all the ties
	THAW	integer array signifying frozen(0) and thawed(1) parameters
	POS	a float array containing the initial positions
	WDT	a float array containing the initial widths
	HGT	a float array containing the initial heights

then, if
	SPECT(LAMBDA) is well defined, goes ahead and calls FITLINES
	and makes a new copy of IDSTR -- IDSTR2 -- with the new fluxes.

the fit parameters are in
	FPAR	a structure containing everything of interest
	POS,WDT,FLX	best-fit values
	[PWF]ERR[UL]	upper and lower deviations on best-fit values
	[PWF]ERRC	delta-chisq threshold for which deviations are computed

vinay kashyap (MarMM)
	added EPITHET to call (VK; MMaug)
	now LINERR can be 0 (VK; MVIMaug)

(See pro/scrypt/tieup1.pro)


TIEUP2

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script 	tieup2

differs from TIEUP1 in that the line widths are not all identical
to the first one, but are allowed some wiggle room.

given an ID structure (IDSTR)
	-- sets the line width of the first component to LSFWDT,
	-- ties all other line widths to be WDT[0] +- WDTERR
	-- ties all line locations to that of the first one, but
	   with a leeway defined by LINERR
	-- if variable POSITIVF is set, then constrains all fluxes
	   to be +ve

outputs are
	TIES	a string array containing all the ties
	THAW	integer array signifying frozen(0) and thawed(1) parameters
	POS	a float array containing the initial positions
	WDT	a float array containing the initial widths
	HGT	a float array containing the initial heights

then, if
	SPECT(LAMBDA) is well defined, goes ahead and calls FITLINES
	and makes a new copy of IDSTR -- IDSTR2 -- with the new fluxes.

the fit parameters are in
	FPAR	a structure containing everything of interest
	POS,WDT,FLX	best-fit values
	[PWF]ERR[UL]	upper and lower deviations on best-fit values
	[PWF]ERRC	delta-chisq threshold for which deviations are computed

vinay kashyap (MarMM)
	added EPITHET to call (VK; MMaug)

(See pro/scrypt/tieup2.pro)


TIMEVARKS

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function	timevarks
	computes the probability that the given set of photon arrival
	times are obtainable as a random instance from a constant source.

	smaller values imply higher significances of variability.

syntax
	vsigni=timevarks(times,dobs,pobs,tstart=tstart,tstop=tstop,$
	nsim=nsim,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	times	[INPUT; required] photon arrival times
		* WARNING: this routine does not handle dead-time
		  intervals, primbsching, or even GTIs
	dobs	[OUTPUT] the deviation found in the cdfs between
		data and the flat lightcurve model
	pobs	[OUTPUT] significance of DOBS, as calculated for
		the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test

keywords
	tstart	[INPUT] beginning times of each segment of the
		good time intervals
	tstop	[INPUT] ending times of each segment of the GTIs
		* array sizes of TSTART and TSTOP must match, or
		  else they will be ignored
		* if in any case TSTOP < TSTART, they will be flipped
	nsim	[INPUT; default=1000] number of simulations
		to run to determine the significance
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	FLAT_LC_CDF (included)
	KSONE (from IDLAstro)
	PROB_KS (from IDLAstro)
	TI_CLEAN (in $PINTofALE/pro/timing/ti_clean.pro)

restrictions
	keyword values are passed on to FLAT_LC_CDF via KSONE, so
	make sure that KSONE allows that (post Apr 2005)

description
	first does an one-sample K-S test on the data, compared to
	a flat lightcurve model, to determine the deviation and its
	significance.  the observed deviation is then calibrated
	with one-sample K-S tests using randomly generated events
	from a flat lightcurve (also compared to a flat lightcurve
	model) and comparing the distribution of the deviations thus
	found with the observed deviation.

history
	vinay kashyap (MMVI.VIII)
	added keywords TSTART and TSTOP (VK; MMVI.IX)
	bug: GTI filtering broken, tzero offsets incorrect, and
	  FLAT_LC_CDF was changing TMIN,TMAX (VK; MMVII.IV)

(See pro/timing/timevarks.pro)


TIMEVARVK

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function	timevarvk
	computes the probability that the given set of photon arrival
	times are obtainable as a random instance from a constant source.

	smaller values imply higher significances of variability.

	uses a form of Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test, as in TIMEVARKS(), but
	differs in an important feature: the deviations between the data
	cdf and the model cdf are _averaged_ over a predefined number of
	consecutive photons.  the reasoning behind this is that the K-S
	statistic is a point estimate, whereas a real variability feature
	always shows some width, i.e., the intensities in the adjacent bins
	in a lightcurve are correlated.  the averaging of the distance
	differences will suppress the random Poisson deviations but not
	the actual signal.

syntax
	vsigni=timevarvk(times,dobs,pobs,tstart=tstart,tstop=tstop,$
	nsim=nsim,evtavg=evtavg,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	times	[INPUT; required] photon arrival times
		* WARNING: this routine does not handle dead-time
		  intervals, primbsching
	dobs	[OUTPUT] the deviation found in the cdfs between
		data and the flat lightcurve model
	pobs	[OUTPUT] significance of DOBS, as calculated for
		the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test

keywords
	tstart	[INPUT] beginning times of each segment of the
		good time intervals
	tstop	[INPUT] ending times of each segment of the GTIs
		* array sizes of TSTART and TSTOP must match, or
		  else they will be ignored
		* if in any case TSTOP < TSTART, they will be flipped
	nsim	[INPUT; default=1000] number of simulations
		to run to determine the significance
	evtavg	[INPUT] the number of events on either side of the
		current event over which the distance deviations
		must be averaged over; i.e., a boxcar smoothing scale
		of 2*EVTAVG+1 is used
		* if not given, assumed to be 1
		* set explicitly to 0 to avoid doing the averaging;
		  this should produce results identical to that of
		  TIMEVARKS()
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	FLAT_LC_CDF (included)
	PROB_KS (from IDLAstro)
	TI_CLEAN (in $PINTofALE/pro/timing/ti_clean.pro)

description
	first does an one-sample K-S test on the data, compared to
	a flat lightcurve model, to determine the deviation and its
	significance.  the observed deviation is then calibrated
	with one-sample K-S tests using randomly generated events
	from a flat lightcurve (also compared to a flat lightcurve
	model) and comparing the distribution of the deviations thus
	found with the observed deviation.

history
	vinay kashyap (MMVI.X; modified from TIMEVARKS())
	bug: GTI filtering broken, tzero offsets incorrect, and
	  FLAT_LC_CDF was changing TMIN,TMAX (VK; MMVII.IV)

(See pro/timing/timevarvk.pro)


TI_AND

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procedure	ti_and
	returns the intersection of two sets of time intervals as
	defined by the start and stop times

syntax
	ti_and,tstr1,tstp1,tstr2,tstp2,tstart,tstop

parameters
	tstr1	[INPUT; required] start times for first set
	tstp1	[INPUT; required] stop times for first set
	tstr2	[INPUT; required] start times for second set
	tstp2	[INPUT; required] stop times for second set
	tstart	[OUTPUT] start times of resultanat intervals
	tstop	[OUTPUT] stop times of resultanat intervals

keywords
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	inputs are assumed to be sorted in ascending order

related
	TI_CLEAN	- cleans up intervals
	TI_OR		- merges intervals
	TI_WRITE	- writes intervals to file
	TI_COVER()	- computes coverage in given bin
	TI_FILTER()	- filter an array by GTI

history
	vinay kashyap (May98)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)

(See pro/timing/ti_and.pro)


TI_CLEAN

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procedure	ti_clean
	given an arbitrary set of starting and stopping times of intervals,
	first organizes them in ascending order and then merges the various
	intervals that are contiguous.

syntax
	ti_clean,tstart,tstop,leap=leap

parameters
	tstart	[I/O; required] starting times of intervals
	tstop	[I/O; required] ending times of intervals

keywords
	leap	[INPUT; default=1.] if the difference between a stopping
		time and the *next* starting time of sequential intervals
		is < LEAP, merge the two intervals into one.
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

related
	TI_OR		- merges intervals
	TI_AND		- intersection of intervals
	TI_WRITE	- writes intervals to file
	TI_COVER()	- computes coverage in given bin
	TI_FILTER()	- filter an array by GTI

history
	vinay kashyap (May98)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)
	now also handles overlapping bad times (VK; Mar99)

(See pro/timing/ti_clean.pro)


TI_COVER

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function	ti_cover
	compute and return the good time coverage fraction for each
	bin of a time grid, such as those used to generate lightcurves

syntax
	tcover=ti_cover(tstart,tstop,tgrid,tmin=tmin,tmax=tmax,tbin=tbin,$
	verbose=verbose,/slowok)

parameters
	tstart	[INPUT; required] array of start times of GTI's
	tstop	[INPUT; required] array of stop times of GTI's
	tgrid	[I/O] the bin boundaries of the grid for which the
		coverage must be calculated
		* if undefined, or has less then 2 elements, will
		  be calculated internally using the keywords
		  TMIN, TMAX, and TBIN, and will be overwritten on output
		* if legal, TMIN, TMAX, and TBIN will be ignored and
		  the values will not have been changed on output

keywords
	tmin	[INPUT; default=min(TSTART)] time binning grid minimum
	tmax	[INPUT; default=max(TSTOP)] time binning grid maximum
	tbin	[INPUT; default=TMAX-TMIN] the binsize of a regular grid
		for binning
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		REBINW: SLOWOK (skip call to FINDEX and use INTERPOL instead)

related
	TI_CLEAN	- cleans up intervals
	TI_OR		- merges intervals
	TI_AND		- intersection of intervals
	TI_WRITE	- writes intervals to file
	TI_FILTER()	- filter an array by GTI

subroutines
	REBINW
	FINDEX

history
	vinay kashyap (MMVI.IX)

(See pro/timing/ti_cover.pro)


TI_DEGTI

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function	ti_degti
	given the event times and GTI start and stop times, removes the
	gaps from the input and returns a set of points that run continuously.
	useful for when there are large gaps in the data or large numbers of
	breaks, and the source does not have any periodicities

syntax
	tx=ti_degti(tarr,tstart,tstop,tdelt,igti=igti,startt=startt,stopt=stopt,$
	verbose=verbose, leap=leap)

parameters
	tarr	[INPUT; required] input time array
	tstart	[INPUT; required] array of GTI start times
	tstop	[INPUT; required] array of GTI stop times
		* TSTART and TSTOP must match in size
	tdelt	[OUTPUT] add this to the output to get back the input

keywords
	igti	[OUTPUT] index array that says which interval each element of TARR is in
		* NOTE: this does not necessarily match TSTART and TSTOP indices,
		  because this program first cleans them up, and could shrink the
		  number of distinct intervals.
	startt	[OUTPUT] cleaned TSTART
	stopt	[OUTPUT] cleaned TSTOP
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		TI_CLEAN: LEAP

subroutines
	TI_CLEAN

example
	.run ti_degti

history
	Vinay Kashyap (2015sep)

(See pro/timing/ti_degti.pro)


TI_FILTER

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function	ti_filter
	returns an array of locations where the input list of times
	fall within a given time interval defined by the start and
	stop times

syntax
	it=ti_filter(time,tstart,tstop)

parameters
	time	[INPUT; required] arrival times of photons, or bin-values
	tstart	[INPUT; required] start times of intervals
	tstop	[INPUT; required] stop times of intervals

keywords
	count	[OUTPUT] number of elements in output array
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

related
	TI_CLEAN	- cleans up intervals
	TI_OR		- merges intervals
	TI_AND		- intersection of intervals
	TI_WRITE	- writes intervals to file
	TI_COVER()	- computes coverage in given bin

history
	vinay kashyap (May98)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)

(See pro/timing/ti_filter.pro)


TI_OR

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procedure	ti_or
	returns the union of two sets of time intervals as
	defined by the start and stop times

syntax
	ti_or,tstr1,tstp1,tstr2,tstp2,tstart,tstop

parameters
	tstr1	[INPUT; required] start times for first set
	tstp1	[INPUT; required] stop times for first set
	tstr2	[INPUT; required] start times for second set
	tstp2	[INPUT; required] stop times for second set
	tstart	[OUTPUT] start times of resultanat intervals
	tstop	[OUTPUT] stop times of resultanat intervals

keywords
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	inputs are assumed to be sorted in ascending order
	requires subroutine TI_CLEAN

related
	TI_CLEAN	- cleans up intervals
	TI_AND		- intersection of intervals
	TI_WRITE	- writes intervals to file
	TI_COVER()	- computes coverage in given bin
	TI_FILTER()	- filter an array by GTI

history
	vinay kashyap (May98)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)

(See pro/timing/ti_or.pro)


TI_WRITE

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procedure	ti_write
	writes out the start and stop times of a set of time intervals

syntax
	ti_write,tstart,tstop,tifile,fitsref=fitsref,exten=exten,$
	form=form,fitshdr=fitshdr,page=page

parameters
	tstart	[INPUT; required] start times
	tstop	[INPUT; required] stop times
	tifile	[INPUT] name of file to write to (default: STDOUT)
		* if name ends in .fit, .fits, .ft, or .mt then
		  write out a FITS file with a bintable extension
		  else an ascii file
		* if filename contains 'none' or 'stdout', will print to STDOUT

keywords
	fitsref	[INPUT] name of existing FITS file from which to
		steal the header
	exten	[INPUT] extension of FITSREF from which steal header
	fitshdr	[INPUT] explicitly specify the header.
		* if FITSHDR is set, FITSREF and EXTEN will be ignored!
	form	[INPUT] format in case of ASCII/STDOUT output
		* default: '(d16.4,1x,d16.4)'
		* ignored for FITS output
	page	[INPUT] number of lines to display on the screen at a time
		* default: 22
		* ignored if not writing to STDOUT
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

related
	TI_CLEAN	- cleans up intervals
	TI_OR		- merges intervals
	TI_AND		- intersection of intervals
	TI_COVER()	- computes coverage in given bin
	TI_FILTER()	- filter an array by GTI

history
	vinay kashyap (May98)
	added keyword _EXTRA (VK; Nov98)
	bug correction with setting TIFILE='STDOUT' (VK; Sep06)
	slightly more verbose prompt for PAGE (VK; Aug15)

(See pro/timing/ti_write.pro)


TRANSLABEL

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function	translabel
	returns 2D array describing the levels involved in each transition
	array(0,*) are lower levels, and array(1,*) are upper levels
	
	if DR transitions, then a "(DR)" tag is appended to the lower level
	designations.

usage
	trans=translabel(chianti,wmn=wmn,wmx=wmx,/tex,config=config)

parameters
	chianti	[INPUT; required] structure that contains all the relevant
		information gleaned from the CHIANTI database (type
			DBHELP=RD_CHIANTI() & HELP,DBHELP,/STRUCTURE
		for a description of what this structure contains)

keywords
	wmn	[INPUT; default=0 Ang] only include wavelengths > WMN
	wmx	[INPUT; default=900 Ang] maximum wavelength to include
	tex	[INPUT] if set, returns the levels formatted for TeX
	config	[OUTPUT] returns the electron configurations of the lower
		and upper levels in 2D array
		* config(0,*) are for lower levels, and config(1,*) are
		  for upper levels
	_extra	[INPUT] junk -- ignore

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96; based on LATEX_WVL_DEM.PRO of CHIANTI)
	made loops go over long integers (VK; Jun10)

(See pro/mkemis/translabel.pro)


TRIM

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 Project     : SOHO - CDS

 Name        : 
	TRIM()
 Purpose     : 
	Converts numbers to strings, without trailing zeros.
 Explanation : 
	Converts numbers into a string representation, and trims off leading
	and/or trailing blanks.  Differs from STRTRIM in that trailing zeros
	after the period are also trimmed off, unless NUMBER is already a
	string, or an explicit format is passed.
 Use         : 
	Result = TRIM( NUMBER  [, FORMAT ]  [, FLAG ] )
 Inputs      : 
	NUMBER	= Variable or constant.  May be of any ordinary including
		  string.  However, structures are not allowed.
 Opt. Inputs : 
	FORMAT	- Format specification for STRING function.  Must be a string
		  variable, start with the "(" character, end with the ")"
		  character, and be a valid FORTRAN format specification.  If
		  NUMBER is complex, then FORMAT will be applied separately to
		  the real and imaginary parts.

	FLAG	- Flag passed to STRTRIM to control the type of trimming:

			FLAG = 0	Trim trailing blanks.
			FLAG = 1	Trim leading blanks.
			FLAG = 2	Trim both leading and trailing blanks.

		  The default value is 2.  If NUMBER is complex, then FORMAT
		  will be applied separately to the real and imaginary parts.

 Outputs     : 
	Function returns as a string variable representing the value NUMBER.
 Opt. Outputs: 
	None.
 Keywords    : 
	None.
 Calls       : 
	None.
 Common      : 
	None.
 Restrictions: 
	NUMBER must not be a structure.
	FORMAT must be a valid format specification, and must not be passed
		if NUMBER is of type string.
	FLAG must not be of string type, or an array.
 Side effects: 
	None.
 Category    : 
	Utilities, Strings.
 Prev. Hist. : 
	William Thompson	Applied Research Corporation
	May, 1987		8201 Corporate Drive
				Landover, MD  20785

	William Thompson, Feb. 1992, added support for complex numbers, and
				     fixed Unix problem with lowercase "e".
 Written     : 
	William Thompson, GSFC, May 1987.
 Modified    : 
	Version 1, William Thompson, GSFC, 9 April 1993.
		Incorporated into CDS library.
	Version 2, Zarro (SAC/GSFC), 3-Jun-98
		Added check for undefined input
       Version 3, Zarro (SM&A/GSFC), 1-Dec-99
               Returned invalid input as blank string
               to avoid downstream problems.
       Version 4, Zarro (SM&A/GSFC), 4-Jan-00
               Added /QUIET
       Version 5, Zarro (SM&A/GSFC), 20-Jan-00
               Vectorized
	Version 6, 24-Jan-2000, William Thompson, GSFC
		Fixed bug introduced in version 5.
	Version 7, 14-Mar-2000, Zarro (SM&A/GSFC)
		Moved check for unsupported type ahead of recursion
	Version 8, 22-Jul-2002, Zarro (LAC/GSFC)
		Made loop variables LONG
       Version 9, 08-Jan-2004, William Thompson, GSFC
               Added support for double-precision complex, and unsigned data
               types.

(See pro/external/trim.pro)


TWO_PHOTON_CH

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 


 NAME:
	TWO_PHOTON_CH

 PURPOSE:

	Calculate the 2 photon continuum from a hot, low density plasma.

       For the hydrogen isoelectronic sequence, A values
             Parpia, F. A., and Johnson, W. R., 1982, Phys. Rev. A, 26, 1142.
       and distribution function as a function of Z is taken from: 
             Goldman, S.P. and Drake, G.W.F., 1981, Phys Rev A, 24, 183

       For the helium isoelectronic sequence, A values are from:
             Drake, G.W.F., 1986, Phys. Rev. A, 34, 2871
       and the distribution function as a function of Z is taken from:
             Drake, G.W.F., Victor, G.A., Dalgarno, A., 1969, Phys. 
             Rev. A, 180, 25.
       in this paper the distribution is only given up to Z=10 but  
       extrapolation to higher Z appears to be OK.

       Note that, unlike the freefree and freebound routines, two_photon 
       requies the electron density to be specified. This is because there 
       is a call to pop_solver

       To calculate the continuum spectrum the user should specify
       whether the plasma structure is specified through a differential
       emission measure (DEM) curve or through emission measure (EM)
       values. For the former, the DEM values are specified through the
       DEM_INT keyword and for the latter the EM values are specified
       through the EM_INT keyword. If neither are specified EM_INT
       values of unity are assumed.

       If DEM_INT values are specifed they must be specified on a
       temperature scale that has constant intervals in log10(T). EM_INT
       values do not have this restriction.

       Note that EM_INT must be used for isothermal plasmas.


 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       TWO_PHOTON_CH,temperature, density, wavelength, intensity


 INPUTS:

       TEMP    Temperature (in K). If the keyword /DT is set, then the
               temperatures must be specified with a fixed spacing in
               logT. E.g., TEMP=10.^[4.0,4.1,4.2].

       WAVELENGTH   Wavelengths in Angstroms. If /keV is set, then WVL is
                    assumed to contain energies in keV units.


 OPTIONAL INPUTS:

       DENSITY       Electron density in cm^-3, can also be a 1D array 
                     of the same size as Temperature. If there are several 
                     temperatures specified but only one density, then 
                     density is assumed the same at all temperatures.
                     If not specified, then default densities of 10^10 
                     electrons/cm^3 are assumed.

       DEM_INT   This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
                 differential emission measure values. Specifying
                 DEM_INT places a restriction on TEMP (see above). Note
                 that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
                 within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not.

       EM_INT    This should be the same size as TEMP and contain
                 emission measure values. Note
                 that DEM_INT values are multiplied by the factor dT
                 within the routine, whereas EM_INT values are not. If
                 neither EM_INT or DEM_INT are specified, then a EM_INT
                 vector of same size as TEMP with values of unity is
                 assumed.

 KEYWORD PARAMETERS:

	NO_SETUP:   If the procedure setup_elements has already been called 
                   then the keyword /no_setup should be set to avoid 
                   repeating this step

       MIN_ABUND:  If set, calculates the continuum only from those 
                   elements which have an abundance greater than min_abund.  
                   Can speed up the 
                   calculations.  For example:
                   abundance (H)  = 1.
                   abundance (He) = 0.085
                   abundance (C)  = 3.3e-4
                   abundance (Si) = 3.3e-5
                   abundance (Fe) = 3.9e-5

       SUMT        If several temperatures have been specified, then /sumt 
                   will sum the emissivities over the different 
                   temperatures, giving an output INTENSITY that has the 
                   same size as WAVELENGTH.

       PHOTONS     If set the continuum emissivity is output in photon 
                   units rather than erg units.

       VERBOSE  If set, information is printed to screen as the routine runs.
 
       KEV      If set, then WVL is assumed to contain energies in keV units
                rather than wavelengths in Angstroms.

 OUTPUTS:

	RAD   2 photon continuum intensity in units of
             10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/Angstrom  per unit emission measure 
             ( integral(N_H N_e dh) in cm^-5) if a DEM is not defined. 

             If DEM values are defined, it is assumed that they are given
             as N_H N_e dh/dT.  The units are 
             10^-40 erg/cm^2/s/sr/Angstrom 

             If T is given as a 1-D array, then the output will be a 2-D
             array, with one element for each temperature and wavelength 
             (but also see SUMT).

             If the keyword /keV is set, then the units of INT will be 
             10^-40 erg cm^3/s/sr/keV


 CALLS

       POP_SOLVER, SETUP_ION, SETUP_ELEMENTS, READ_MASTERLIST,
       CONVERTNAME

 COMMON BLOCKS:

       ELEMENTS, ELVLC, WGFA, UPSILON, PROTON

 EXAMPLE:

             > two_photon_ch,1.e+6,3.e+10,wvl,int
             > two_photon_ch,1.e+6,3.e+10,wvl,int,min_abund=3.e-5
             > two_photon_ch,1.e+6,3.e+10,wvl,int,/no_setup

 PROGRAMMING NOTES

    For He 2-photon decays, the distribution function is from Table II 
    of Drake et al. (1969), except that the values have been divided by 
    the A-value from Drake (1986).


 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	February 2001:  Version 1.0

       Ver.2, 19-Dec-2001, Peter Young
           Now allows an array of temperatures.
           Added /SUMT keyword.
           Added DEM_INT= optional input.
           Switched to using spl_init & spl_interp for the spline fits.
           Corrected a small bug.

       Ver.3, 20-Dec-2001, Peter Young
           Corrected a bug related to density indices.

       Ver.4, 23-Apr-2002, Peter Young
           Added /photons keyword.

       Ver.5, 28-May-2002, Peter Young
           Corrected way in which DEM_INT is handled.

       V. 6, 28-May-2002, Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ)
                   generalized directory concatenation to work for
                   Unix, Windows  and VMS. 
             Corrected the description of the  units and various
             inaccuracies in the header.
    
       V.7, 14-Aug-02, GDZ
             Added keyword VERBOSE

       V.8,  4-Oct-2003, GDZ
                  modified the input to POP_SOLVER, now it is dealt with an
                  input structure.

       V.9,  8-Jun-2004, EL
                  modified the input to POP_SOLVER, now it includes ion/rec

       V.10, 5-Jul-2005
                  corrected problems with the input structure for pop_solver

       v.11 29-Jul-2005, GDZ
                  fixed bug, only define ioneq_ionrec when files are
                  there (it was failing with neutrals)

       v.12,  31-Aug-2005, GDZ
                  missed one correct definition of ioneq_ionrec. Fixed it now.

       v.13, 10-Mar-2006, Peter Young
                  added /keV keyword 

       v.14, 12-Jun-2009, Enrico Landi
                  Changed the definition of the temperature array for ion fractions
                  in the IONREC variable, now taken directly from the output of
                  READ_IONEQ.PRO

       v.15, 11-Sep-2009, Peter Young
            Routine now checks that temperatures are evenly spaced
            when DEM_INT is specified. Also 0.1 dex spacing is no
            longer assumed.

       v.16, 6-Oct-2009, Peter Young
            Introduced EM_INT keyword for specifying emission measure
            values for isothermal plasmas.

 VERSION     :   16,  6-Oct-2009      

       V.PoA, 10-Aug-2010, Vinay Kashyap
	      a la 25-Feb-2004, LiWei Lin 
             Commented common block out and 
             Added _extra keyword
             Added NeNh keyword to avoid calling proton dens 
             Exchanged popsol() for pop_solver for PoA convenience. 
               popsol() puts a_value in required 2D format while 
               for pop_solver this is done in a mother CHIANTI routine 
               e.g. ch_synthetic. 
             Renamed routine two_photon_ch

(See pro/external/two_photon_ch.pro)


ULIM_SIMPLEPOI

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function	ulim_simplepoi
	compute the upper limit to the intensity of an undetected source,
	given the background intensity, for a specified false detection
	probability alpha and detection probability beta, in the Poisson
	regime.

syntax
	ul=ulim_simplepoi(bkg,alpha,beta,alfa=alfa,Nthr=Nthr,verbose=v)

parameters
	bkg	[INPUT; required] background intensity over the source region
	alpha	[INPUT] maximum false detection probability
		* if not given, assumed to be 0.0027
		* if .GE.1, assumed to be given in units of equivalent
		  Gaussian sigma
		* if .LT.0, assumed to be given as 1./abs(ALPHA)
		* the actual false detection probability for the selected
		  counts threshold may be less than the specified value.
	beta	[INPUT] probability of detecting the source of given intensity
		* note that some authors use the notation beta to denote the
		  Type II error, the probability of a false negative, which is
		  1-beta in our notation.
		* if not given, assumed to 0.5
		* if .LT.0 or .GE.1, assumed to be given as 1.D-1.D/abs(BETA)

keywords
	alfa	[OUTPUT] ALPHA, as noted above, is the maximum allowed
		false detection probability.  Because of the discreteness
		of counts, the actual false det. probability that is used
		to figure out BETA will be different (though always less
		than ALPHA).  This computed probability is returned in this
		array.
	Nthr	[OUTPUT] the counts detection threshold chosen such that the
		false detection probability is < ALPHA
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines (all standard IDL)
	IGAMMA
	INTERPOL
	ERRORF

description
	Kashyap, van Dyk, Connors, Freeman, Siemiginowska, Xu, Zezas, 2010,
	"On Computing Upper Limits to Source Intensities", ApJ, 719, 900

	This encodes the simple Poisson case (footnotes 7 and 8) where the
	background intensity is known.  First, ALPHA, the false detection
	probability, is used to determine a counts threshold for detection,
	and that source intensity where the source would be detected with
	probability BETA is returned as the upper limit.

example usage
	bkg=2 & alpha=-1024.^2 & beta=0.5
	.run ulim_simplepoi

history
	Vinay Kashyap (Feb.MMX)

(See pro/stat/ulim_simplepoi.pro)


UNKINK

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function	unkink
	given a curve with kinks in it, returns a curve by
	sweeping line segments across that smooths out kinks

syntax
	ys=unkink(y,n,xloc=xloc,/hires,nres=nres,/onestop,$
	verbose=verbose)

parameters
	y	[INPUT; required] the ordinate values of the curve to smooth
		* cannot handle multi-valued functions.  i.e., curve can be
		  concave upward or downward, but not leftward or rightward
	n	[INPUT; default=1] the number of points to cast on either
		side of a point to compute the smoothing line segment

keywords
	xloc	[INPUT] the abscissa values at which Y are defined
		* the default is to use lindgen(n_elements(Y))+1
		* this is useful only if the grid is non-uniform
		* if specified, but size does not match that of Y,
		  then it is ignored
	hires	[INPUT] if set, resamples the grid into a finer
		resolution (with NRES additional points in each
		segment), linearly interpolates Y onto this finer
		grid, and operates on the high-resolution curve
	nres	[INPUT] the number of additional points to include
		in each segment of Y(XLOC)
		* default is 1
	onestop	[INPUT] if set, the smoothed curve is returned as
		the value interpolated on to XLOC by a line segment
		that is symmetric around XLOC
		* if not set, an average of the interpolated Ys is
		  computed from all the line segments that pass through
		  the given XLOC
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

subroutines
	none

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

example
	x=findgen(20) & y=abs(x-10) & plot,x,y,psym=-4
	oplot,x,unkink(y,10,/hires,nres=5),thick=2

history
	vinay kashyap (sep08)

(See pro/util/unkink.pro)


UNLOGIT

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function	unlogit
	compute and return the inverse of the logit function.

	LOGIT() maps a variable in the [0,1] range to the
	real number line [-\infty,+\infty] by applying the
	transformation ln(x/(1-x)).
	conversely, UNLOGIT() maps the real number line to
	[0,1] by applying the transformation e^y/(1+e^y).

syntax
	x=unlogit(lx,sigl,sigx=sigx)

parameters
	lx	[INPUT; required] a variable in the range [-\infty,+\infty]
		* can be an array
		* value is set to NaN in output if input falls
		  outside valid range
	sigl	[INPUT] standard error on LX
		* if <0 and >-1, then ABS(SIGL) is taken to be the
		  fractional error
		* if <-1 and >-100, then ABS(SIGL) is taken to be
		  the percentage error
		* if <-100, then 1/ABS(SIGL) is taken to be the
		  fractional error

keywords
	sigx	[OUTPUT] standard error on UNLOGIT(X)
		* note that
		  SIGX = SIGL*exp(LX)/(1+exp(LX))^2 == SIGL*X/(1+exp(LX))
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (6jun05)

(See pro/stat/unlogit.pro)


UPDATID

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function	updatid
	update the values in an ID structure and return the updated structure

syntax
	newid=updatid(idstr,fluxes,waves,emis,flxerr=flxerr,lambda=lambda,$
	spec=spec,bkg=bkg,/digit,verbose=v, width=width,sigma=sigma,$
	nsigma=nsigma,sigmay=sigmay,xsize=xsize,ysize=ysize,wid=wid,$
	dynrng=dynrng,markx=markx,marky=marky,markp=markp,markc=markc,$
	marks=marks,markl=markl,marko=marko,/legg,/quiet)

parameters
	idstr	[INPUT; required] ID structure to be updated
	fluxes	[I/O] if given, updates the IDSTR.(#).FLUX field
		* size must match number of components or number of IDs
		* if size does not match, but is given as a scalar or a
		  single-element vector, then
		  if +ve, treated as a global multiplicative factor
		  if -ve, the strongest line is normalized to abs(FLUXES)
		* if not single element, then gets overwritten on output
		  using IDSTR.(#).FLUX, so will be different if
		  DIGIT, LAMBDA, and SPEC are set
	waves	[INPUT] if given, updates the values of the observed
		wavelengths in IDSTR.WVL
		* size must match the number of components
		* if size does not match, but is given as a scalar or a
		  single-element vector, then taken to be wavelength shift
		* to update the wavelengths without messing with the fluxes,
		  call UPDATID() as
		  newid=updatid(idstr,1.,newwvl, ...)
	emis	[INPUT] if given, updates the emissivities in IDSTR.(#).EMIS
		* to update only the emissivities, call UPDATID() as
		  newid=updatid(idstr,1.,idstr.WVL,newemis, ...)

keywords
	flxerr	[I/O] if given, updates the errors in IDSTR by these
		values.  if not given, or is illegal, no changes are made.
		* overwritten on output using IDSTR.(#).FLUXERR
		* generally taken to be 1-sigma errors
		* size must match that of FLUXES
	lambda	[INPUT] wavelengths of base spectrum to be used to find
		the fluxes in case FLUXES is not given
	spec	[INPUT] spectrum to use to guess at the fluxes
		* size of SPEC and LAMBDA must match, else both are ignored
		* basically, at each IDSTR.WVL, find the total counts in a
		  small region nearby, add up the counts, and that's it.
		* SPEC and LAMBDA are used if
		  1: FLUXES is not given, OR
		  2: DIGIT is set
	bkg	[INPUT] if size matches that of SPEC, subtract from SPEC
		prior to finding the fluxes
		* if single element, assumed to be global background value
	digit	[INPUT] if set, then for each IDLSTR.WVL lets the user
		interactively pick the range in which to compute the fluxes
		* overrides FLUXES
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		GETLOCMAX: WIDTH,SIGMA,NSIGMA
		PICKRANGE: SIGMA,XSIZE,YSIZE,WID,DYNRNG,MARKX,MARKY,MARKP,
		  MARKC,MARKS,MARKL,MARKO,LEGG,QUIET

subroutines
	GETLOCMAX
	PICKRANGE

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec98)
	added keyword FLXERR (VK; MarMM)
	added keyword VERBOSE; streamlined FLUXES/FLXERR output;
	  converted to IDL5 notation (VK; JanMMI)
	added parameter EMIS (VK; JulMMVIII)

(See pro/updatid.pro)


USE_CHIANTI

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 Project     : CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an atomic database package for the calculation of
       continuum and emission line spectra from astrophysical plasmas. It is a 
       collaborative project involving the Naval Research Laboratory
       (Washington DC, USA), the Arcetri Observatory (Firenze, Italy), and the
       Cambridge University (United Kingdom).
 
                   
 Name        : USE_CHIANTI
               
 Purpose     : Sets up system variables for use of CHIANTI routines
               
 Explanation : The  CHIANTI software uses system variables
               that have to be defined. This routine is called by the 
               CHIANTI routines if these system variables are not defined.

               ** If one is using the solar-soft package, these should 
               already be defined*****.

               ** If the CHIANTI package is used as stand-alone, then 
               this routine can be used for the setup with e.g.:

               use_chianti,'/home/data/chianti/'

               if /home/data/chianti/ points to the actual place where 
               the CHIANTI top directory is.

               
 Use         : IDL> use_chianti, '/home/data/chianti/', $
                                 [ioneq= , abund=]
    
 Inputs      : None
               
 Opt. Inputs : The full pathname of the CHIANTI top directory.
               
 Outputs     : None
               
 Opt. Outputs: None
               
 Keywords    : IONEQ  - to define the default ionization eq. file to be used.
               ABUND  -  to define the default abundance file to be used.

 Calls       : None

 Common      : None
               
 Restrictions: None
               
 Side effects: None
               
 Category    : 
               
 Prev. Hist. : Based on use_dere_chianti, written by C D Pike, RAL

 Written     : Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ)  DAMTP  (University of Cambridge, UK) 
               
 Modified    : Version 1, GDZ 10-Oct-2000
               Version 2, GDZ 10-Jan-2001
               added the definition of the !abund_file

               V. 3, GDZ, 2-May-2002 Modified substantially, adding a new
               system variable.

               V.4, 10-July-2002 GDZ
                 Removed the definition of !chianti_top, upon request.

               V.5, 25-July-2002, GDZ 
                Fixed a problem with IDL versions earlier than 5.3 (the routine
                would not compile). ALso, introduced the use of concat_dir for
                cross-platform compatibility.
                    
               V.6, 06-Aug-02 GDZ
                 Changed the use of CHIANTI system variables. Added comments on
                 the which CHIANTI version is used.
               V.7 12-Aug-02 GDZ Changed default abundance file. Removed '***'
               V.8, GDZ 13-Feb-2003
                   Changed default ioneq  file, to include ALL the elements.

               V.9,  12-Aug-2005, GDZ 
                   Changed default ioneq file from mazzotta_etal_ext to 
                   mazzotta_etal_9.ioneq where ion fractions have been extended
                   up to 10^9 K. This is useful to avoid steps in the
                   emissivities at high-temperatures.

               V.10,  19-Sept-2005, GDZ 
                   made last version backward-compatible.

               v.11, 3-Jun-2009, GDZ 
                   made the new v.6 ioneq the default.

               v.12, 6-Jul-2012, Peter Young
                   in preparation for the v.7.1 release, I've
                   changed the default abundance file.

 Version     : V.12,  6-Jul-2012

(See pro/external/use_chianti.pro)


VARSMOOTH

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function	varsmooth
	returns a locally smoothed array

	by default, smooths with a boxcar of specified scale.
	may also smooth with gaussians, lorentzians, beta-profiles,
	and asymmetric beta-profiles of varying widths; or obtain
	stepped averages over varying widths.

syntax
	sfunc=varsmooth(func,scale,xfunc=xfunc,weight=weight,type=type,$
	steps=steps,/gauss,/boxcar,nueff=nueff,nutilde=nutilde,$
	missing=missing,/fwhm,betap=betap,angle=angle)

parameters
	func	[INPUT; required] 1D array to be smoothed
		* if multi-D, gets converted to 1D
	scale	[INPUT] array containing the half-length scales over which
		FUNC must be smoothed.
		* if smaller in size than FUNC, fills out with last element
		* must be in bin units, unless
		  -- XFUNC and TYPE are both defined

keywords
	xfunc	[INPUT] x-coordinates for FUNC
		* size must match FUNC or must be bin boundaries on FUNC,
		else ignored.
		* ignored in case of boxcar smoothing
	weight	[INPUT] allows weighting of adjacent points while boxcar
		smoothing
		* if scalar, WEIGHT(*)=(dPIX)^(-WEIGHT(0))
	type	[INPUT] define the 3-parameter family function to be used
		to smooth
		* may be anything accepted by X3MODEL/MK_3MODEL, e.g.,
		  "Gaussian", "Lorentizan", "Beta=<value>",
		  "Slant=<angle>,<beta>", etc.
	steps	[INPUT] if set, ignores the actual values of SCALE
		and replaces FUNC in bins with contiguous stretches of
		SCALE with <FUNC> averaged over this contiguous stretch.
		* only those values of SCALE > STEPS[0] are considered
		  in the calculation -- those below it are held at one
		  bin each.
		* NUEFF and NUTILDE are not calculated for this case
	gauss	[INPUT] retained for backwards compatibility.  if set,
		and TYPE is not set, then sets TYPE='Gaussian'
	boxcar	[INPUT] if TYPE, GAUSS and STEPS are not set, the default
		is to carry out boxcar type smoothing.  however, the default
		there is to limit the smoothing scale to the maximum
		extent of the range, i.e., N(LSCAL)/2.  if BOXCAR is
		set, this limitation is ignored, and smoothing scales
		can be as large as possible.  however, note that this
		does not handle spillage over endpoints gracefully, so
		_THIS OPTION IS NOT RECOMMENDED_ unless you know what
		you are doing.
	nueff	[OUTPUT] the effective number of degrees of freedom
		in the problem, after smoothing.
		* the trace of the smoothing matrix
	nutilde	[OUTPUT] correction to NUEFF
		* the trace of the product of the transpose of the smoothing
		  matrix and the matrix
		* dof ~ 2*NUEFF-NUTILDE
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING

restrictions
	input array, FUNC, must be evenly sampled.
	requires subroutines:
		X3MODEL
		MK_3MODEL
		MK_GAUSS
		MK_LORENTZ
		MK_SLANT
		KILROY

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr97)
	changed gaussian smoothing to wrap around (VK; May97)
	corrected bug of SCALE not filling out with last element (VK; Aug98)
	added keywords XFUNC, STEPS, and TYPE (latter makes GAUSS obsolete)
	  (VK; MarMM)
	allowed XFUNC to be bin boundaries (VK/LL; Sep02)
	now variable rebinning takes effect only if scales are > STEPS[0]
	  (VK; Feb03)
	added keywords NUEFF and NUTILDE (VK; Jan06)
	corrected NUTILDE calculation; added keyword BOXCAR (VK; Mar06)

(See pro/util/varsmooth.pro)


VERNER_XS

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

      CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
      Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
      Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
      University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 

 NAME

    VERNER_XS()

 EXPLANATION

    Reads the Verner & Yakovlev (A&AS 109, 125, 1995) photoionization 
    cross-section data and generates the values of the cross-section at 
    the wavelengths WVL

 INPUTS

    IZ     Atomic number of ion (e.g., 26 = Fe)

    ION    Spectroscopic number of ion (e.g., 13 = XIII)

    WVL    Wavelengths (in angstroms) for which cross-sections are 
           required (1-D array).

 OPTIONAL INPUTS

    DATA   By default VERNER_XS reads the Verner & Yakovlev data file when 
           it is called. Through the DATA keyword the data array can be 
           sent to VERNER_XS instead.

 OUTPUT

    The photoionization cross-section for the ionization of the outer 
    electron in units of mega-barns (Mb = 10^-18 cm^2) at the input 
    wavelengths. E.g., for Fe XIII (ground configuration 
    1s2.2s2.2p6.3s2.3p2) it is the cross-section for the removal of the 
    3p electron.

 HISTORY

    Ver.1, 24-Jul-2002, Peter Young

(See pro/external/verner_xs.pro)


VOORSMOOTH

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function	voorsmooth
	returns an array smoothed by convolving with appropriate function

	this is basically a front-end to IDL's CONVOL function, and is
	a faster alternative to VARSMOOTH (a VARSMOOTH that goes vrooom,
	if you will), smooths with gaussians, lorentzians, beta-profiles,
	asymmetric beta-profiles, etc.

syntax
	sy=voorsmooth(y,s,x,type=type,usekern=usekern,eps=eps,verbose=v,$
	/fwhm,betap=betap,angle=angle,missing=missing,/perbin)
	
parameters
	y	[INPUT; required] 1D array to be smoothed
	s	[INPUT; required] smoothing scale.  if an array, only
		the first element is used.
		* assumed to be in pixel units unless X is given
		* the meaning of the scale depends on the function
		  being used -- sigma for TYPE='Gauss' (unless FWHM
		  is set), half-width for TYPE='Lorentz', etc.
		* >>ignored<< if USEKERN is defined, but set to some
		  non-zero value anyway
	x	[INPUT; optional] values at which Y=Y(X) is defined
		* size must match Y
		  OR must be bin boundaries flanking Y
		  otherwise X is ignored
		* if given, S is assumed to be in the same units as X
		* if dX is non-uniform, Y and X are rebinned to the
		  finest possible grid and THEN convolved.

keywords
	type	[INPUT; default='Gaussian'] define the 3-parameter family
		function to be used to smooth
		* may be anything accepted by X3MODEL/MK_3MODEL, e.g.,
		  "Gaussian", "Lorentizan", "Beta=<value>",
		  "Slant=<angle>,<beta>", etc.
		* >>ignored<< if USEKERN is defined
	usekern	[I/O] if defined legally on input, will ignore parameter
		S and keyword TYPE and use the defined kernel to smooth
		the input array Y.
	eps	[INPUT] a small number, 1e-6 by default
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] use this to pass defined keywords to subroutines
		-- MK_GAUSS: FWHM, MISSING
		-- MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING
		-- MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING
		-- REBINW: PERBIN

restrictions
	calls subroutines:
		X3MODEL
		MK_3MODEL
		MK_GAUSS
		MK_LORENTZ
		MK_SLANT
		REBINW
		FINDEX

example
	make a "spectrum":
	y=fltarr(500) & y[250]=2.
	smooth with Gaussian of sigma=10 pix
	ys=voorsmooth(y,10.,type='Gauss',usekern=usekern)
	make a new kernel:
	kern=0.5*(shift(usekern,-30)+shift(usekern,30))
	smooth again:
	ys2=voorsmooth(y,10.,type='Gauss',usekern=kern)
	display:
	plot,y & peasecolr & oplot,ys,color=2 & oplot,ys2,color=3

these are all the smoothing tools in PINTofALE
	ALALOESS() makes a loess curve
	CLTSMOOTH() removes -ves from background subtracted spectra or light curves
	CONV_RMF convolves with specified RMF
	HAARTRAN() smoothes by filtering on Haar wavelet coefficients
	LINEREM() removes lines from spectrum by iterative S/N filtering
	NOISMOOTH() does boxcar accumulation a la Ebeling's asmooth
	REGROUP() accumulates from one end
	SCRMF does fast convolution using optimized RMF
	SMOOTHIE does peak-descent accumulation to build up S/N
	SPLAC computes a segmented piecewise linear approximations
	UNKINK() removes sharp kinks from a curve
	VARSMOOTH() does local smoothing at specified scales
	VOORSMOOTH() does fast local smoothing at specified scales

history
	vinay kashyap (2001Jul; derived from varsmooth, but really
	  a precursor, hence the [Noordwijk influenced] name)
	bug correction oo v/s o0; now reverse kernel before convol (VK; Oct01)
	allowed X to be bin boundaries (VK/LL; Sep02)
	accounted for 1-pix shift due to centering of kernel (VK; May03)

(See pro/util/voorsmooth.pro)


VRDB

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procedure	vrdb
	print selected rows and columns from RDB table (see RDB.PRO)

syntax
	vrdb,dbstr,pick,cols=cols,/row,wfield=wfield

parameters
	dbstr	[INPUT; required] structure as read in by RDB.PRO
	pick	[INPUT] array of position indices to print out
		* default is [0]

keywords
	cols	[INPUT] array of column indices to print out
		* default is to print all except DBSTR.HEAD
		* if string array, then assumed to contain column names
		  -- names do not have to be exact matches
	row	[INPUT] if set, prints out the fields in a row
		* default is to print them out in a column.
		* -ve values will force all possible rows to be output
	wfield	[INPUT] array of integers specifying the width at which
		each column must be printed
		* if not specified, tacks on +2 to the lengths deduced
		  from the very first row to be printed
	_exra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

history
	vinay kashyap (FebMM)

(See pro/util/vrdb.pro)


WC

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function	wc
	obtains the number of lines, words or characters in the
	specified file, using the UNIX wc command

syntax
	lines = wc(files,/word,/char,comm=comment,mat=mat,/h)

parameters
	files	[INPUT; required] name of file

keywords
	word	[INPUT] if set, returns number of words
	char	[INPUT] if set, returns number of characters
	comm	[INPUT] excludes lines where the first character is
			the comment character, as specified
	mat	[INPUT] operate only on text containing matching string
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

notes
	if input is an array, the output is also an array, but
	with one extra element at the end, containing the total
	number of lines, words, or characters found.

restrictions
	IDL wrapper to the UNIX wc command, so obviously works only for UNIX.

history
	vinay kashyap (3/25/93)

(See pro/util/wc.pro)


WEE_PARAMESRAN

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function	wee_paramesran,img
	computes and returns the sharpness of an image
	(see Wee, C.-Y., and Paramesran, R., 2008, ICSP 2008)
	http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&tp=&arnumber=4697259

parameters
	img	[INPUT; required] 2D image

keywords
	firstk	[INPUT] how many of the eigenvalues to include in
		measure of sharpness
		* default is to include all of them
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[JUNK] here to prevent program from crashing

history
	vinay kashyap (2014jul)

(See pro/util/wee_paramesran.pro)


WHEE

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procedure	whee
	emulates a wheel rolling in place by printing the characters
	"|", "/", "-", "\", "|", "/", "-", "\" in succession

syntax
	whee,spoke=spoke,/moveit

parameters	NONE

keywords
	spoke	[I/O] a +ve integer that on input says at what state the
		spoke in the wheel is in.  if not given, set to 1.
		contains this value on output (see MOVEIT)
		* if > 8, wraps back to 1
	moveit	[INPUT] if set, increments SPOKE by 1 prior to output

usage
	IDL> for i=0,3000 do whee,spoke=spoke,/moveit

history
	vinay kashyap (Feb97)

(See pro/util/whee.pro)


WHEREIS

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function	whereis
	apes the csh command `which` in the IDL environment, and
	finds the path to the specified file by looking through
	all the directories specified in the !PATH variable.

	NOTE: it is possible to use ROUTINE_INFO to get the path
	to a compiled subroutine directly:
	  help,routine_info(routine,/source,/function),/structure
	but clearly you need to know the exact name of the routine
	(can't use wildcards) as well as whether what you need is
	a procedure or a function beforehand.  also, they have to
	be compiled procedures, not, for example, command files or
	scripts or datafiles lurking under the horizon.  and what
	if there are duplicates in different directories?

	btw, FILEPATH() is completely uselss for this purpose and
	FINDFILE() is of limited use because you still need to
	explicitly say which directory to look in.

syntax
	fpath=whereis(file,lookin=lookin,/dironly,/nospawn,verbose=verbose)

parameters
	file	[INPUT; required] name(s) of file to search for
		* may include shell wildcards, regexps, etc.
		  (but remember to prepend the escape character "\")
		* may also be an array.
	path	[OUTPUT] full path to the requested file(s)
		* there is no reason to expect that the array sizes of
		  FILE and PATH will match.

keywords
	lookin	[INPUT] path specification in which to look for FILE
		* this will be passed without comment to EXPAND_PATH()
	dironly	[INPUT] if set, returns only the name(s) of the
		directory(ies) containing the specified file(s)
	nospawn	[INPUT] if set, acts as wrapper for FINDFILE()
		even on UNIX systems, i.e., does spawn find
	verbose	[INPUT] if set, spits out informational messages
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

notes
	spawns "find" on UNIX systems, and calls FINDFILE() otherwise

history
	vinay kashyap (Dec2001)

(See pro/util/whereis.pro)


WRT_LN_APED

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procedure	wrt_ln_aped
	writes out line intensities computed from an APED-type
	database in a form that is easier to access.

usage
	wrt_ln_aped,apedfil,logT,outdir=outdir,apeddir=apeddir

parameters
	apedfil	[INPUT; required] FITS file, output of APEC
		* passed w/o comment to RD_APED
	logT	[INPUT] log_10(T[K]) at which to store the emissivities
		* default is FINDGEN(81)*0.05+4

keywords
	outdir	[INPUT; default: aped] directory tree under which to
		store the output files
		* WARNING: do not append a "/" (will crash if N_E is set)
	apeddir	[INPUT] directory containing APEDFIL
		* passed w/o comment to RD_APED
	abund	[INPUT] APED includes abundances, so "undo" by dividing
		by the abundances
		* default is to use Anders & Grevesse

	_extra	[JUNK] here only to avoid crashing the program

side effects
	deposits (possibly large) files in OUTDIR
	* ATOM_wvl	wavelengths of all the transitions
	* ATOM_tem	temperatures
	* ATOM_##.#	line intensities I(tem,wvl)@logP
	* ATOM_ion	ionic states corresponding to wvl
	* ATOM_src	source of line information
			3: APED
	* ATOM_lvl	level designations of each transition
	* ATOM_ecn	e-configurations of each level

restrictions
	requires APED-style datafile
	subroutines: RD_APED, KILROY, INICON

history
	vinay kashyap (AprMM)

(See pro/mkemis/wrt_ln_aped.pro)


WRT_LN_CHIANTI

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procedure	wrt_ln_chianti
		writes out line intensities computed from a CHIANTI-type
		database in a form that is easier to access.

usage
	wrt_ln_chianti,logP,logT,Z=Z,N_e=N_e,outdir=outdir,$
	wmn=wmn,wmx=wmx,istate=istate,chidir=chidir

parameters
	logP	[INPUT; required] log10(Pressure [cm^-3 K])
	logT	[INPUT] array of log10(Temperature [K]) at which to compute
		line intensities.  default: logT=findgen(81)*0.05+4.
		* best keep delta(logT) constant

keywords
	Z	[INPUT; default: ALL] element, ionic state (e.g.:'He','Fe XII')
	n_e	[INPUT] if set, computes line emissivities at the
		specified electron density [cm^-3]
		* overrides LOGP
		* appends a "D" to OUTDIR
	outdir	[INPUT; default: emisschianti] directory tree under which to
		store the output files
		* WARNING: do not append a "/" (will crash if N_E is set)

	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] allows passing defined keywords (WMN,WMX,N_E,
		ISTATE,CHIDIR) to LINE_CHIANTI

side effects
	deposits (possibly large) files in OUTDIR
	* ATOM_wvl	wavelengths of all the transitions
	* ATOM_tem	temperatures
	* ATOM_##.#	line intensities I(tem,wvl)@logP
	* ATOM_ion	ionic states corresponding to wvl
	* ATOM_jon	ionic states that matter to the ion balance
	* ATOM_src	source of line information
			2: CHIANTI
	* ATOM_lvl	level designations of each transition
	* ATOM_ecn	e-configurations of each level

restrictions
	requires CHIANTI-style database
	requires LINE_CHIANTI and associated subroutines
	input LOGP must be uniquely writeable in format f4.1 (e.g.,14.5)

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov96)
	forced output filenames to not have spaces, changed output
	  file names and format, esp. of e-configurations (VK; Dec96)
	changed ATOM_src CHIANTI code from 0 to 2 (VK; Jan96)
	added keyword N_E (VK; Jun97)
	modified to account for dielectronic recombination lines in
	 CHIANTIv3 (VK; OctMM)

(See pro/mkemis/wrt_ln_chianti.pro)


WRT_LN_GENERIC

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procedure	wrt_ln_generic
	writes out line intensities to a PoA style database from
	a PoA style line emissivities structure.

usage
	wrt_ln_generic,linstr,outdir,tag,abund=abund,excieq=excieq,$
	eps=eps,chidir=chidir,eqfile=eqfile

parameters
	linstr	[INPUT; required] line emissivities structure, of
		the same form output by RD_LINE()
		* NOTE: the emissivities must be in units of
		  [1e-23 ergs cm^3/s]
	outdir	[INPUT; required] directory to deposit the database files
		* WARNING: the PINTofALE convention is to automatically
		  append a "D" while reading from emissivities derived
		  at constant density.  so if the emissivities being
		  written out were derived at constant density, then
		  please makes sure that OUTDIR has an extra "D" at the
		  end.  this is not checked for, because a priori this
		  program can have no idea of the nature of the emissivities
		  being input.
	tag	[INPUT; required] a value (such as pressure, or density)
		defining the emissivities.  see description of output
		files below for where it is used.
		* MUST BE writeable in the format (f4.1)
		* if > 99, the alog10 value is used
		* if < 0, forced to be 00.0

keywords
	abund	[INPUT] if given, assumes that the input emissivities
		have been multiplied by these abundance values, and
		that you don't want this factor stored in the database
		files, and divides them out.
	excieq	[INPUT] if set, assumes that the input emissivities have
		been multiplied by the ion balance defined by the
		keywords CHIDIR and EQFILE, and that you don't want them
		to be included in the stored database, and divides them
		out over the range where the ion balance is > EPS
	eps	[INPUT] a small number
		* default is 1e-6
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords CHIDIR and EQFILE
		to RD_IONEQ()

side effects
	deposits (possibly large) files in OUTDIR
	* ATOM_wvl	wavelengths of all the transitions
	* ATOM_tem	temperatures
	* ATOM_##.#	line emissivities [tem,wvl]_TAG
	* ATOM_ion	ionic states corresponding to wvl
	* ATOM_jon	ionic states that matter to the ion balance
	* ATOM_src	source of line information
	* ATOM_lvl	level designations of each transition
	* ATOM_ecn	e-configurations of each level

subroutines:
	ARRAYEQ
	INICON
	SETSYSVAL, LEGALVAR()
	RD_IONEQ(), READ_IONEQ

history
	vinay kashyap (Jun02)
	Antonio Maggio discovered that ion, jon, and src files were
	  writing out float rather than long (VK; Aug02)

(See pro/mkemis/wrt_ln_generic.pro)


WRT_OGIP_RMF

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procedure	wrt_ogip_rmf
	write out a response matrix into an OGIP-compatible FITS file

syntax
	wrt_ogip_rmf,rmf,rmfile,hdrfil=hdrfil,matext=matext,ebext=ebext,$
	telescop=telescop,instrume=instrume,filter=filter,detnam=detnam,$
	grating=grating,chantype=chantype,detchans=detchans,$
	hduclass=hduclass,hduclas1=hduclas1,hduclas2_rm=hduclas2_rm,$
	hduclas2_eb=hduclas2_eb,hduclas3=hduclas3,hduvers=hduvers,$
	tlmin4=tlmin4,numgrp=numgrp,numelt=numelt,lo_thres=lo_thres,$
	/ccls,/ccnm,/cdtp,cvsd=cvsd,cvst=cvst,cdes=cdes,$
	rmfversn=rmfversn,hduvers1=hduvers1,hduvers2=hduvers2,$
	origin=origin,creator=creator,revision=revision,mission=mission

parameters
	rmf	[INPUT; required] response matrix structure, in the
		same format as is read in by, e.g., RD_OGIP_RMF()
	rmfile	[INPUT; required] name of output file

keywords
	hdrfil	[INPUT] name of existing OGIP-style response matrix file
		from which to copy the headers as far as possible

		the following are header keywords recommended by OGIP,
		along with a brief description of what they mean.  the
		default values used by this program are also listed.
		see http://legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/caldb/docs/memos/cal_gen_92_002/cal_gen_92_002.html

	matext		= 'MATRIX' 	/MATRIX or SPECRESP MATRIX, name of extension
	ebext		= 'EBOUNDS'	/name of extension
	telescop	= 'TELESCOP'	/telescope used
	instrume	= 'INSTRUME'	/instrument used
	filter		= 'NONE'	/the instrument filter in use (if any)
	detnam		= 'DETNAM'	/detector used
	grating		= 'GRATING'	/grating used (if any)
	chantype	= 'PHA' 	/PHA or PI, uncorrected or corrected for gain
	detchans	= n_elements(rmf.EMN)	/number of raw detector channels
	hduclass	= 'OGIP'	/file format is OGIP standard
	hduclas1	= 'RESPONSE'	/extension contains response data
	hduclas2_rm	= 'RSP_MATRIX'	/extension contains a response matrix
	hduclas2_eb	= 'EBOUNDS'	/extension contains a response matrix
	hduvers		= '1.3.0'	/version of the file format
	tlmin4		= rmf.FIRSTCHAN	/first channel in the response
	numgrp		= total(rmf.N_GRP)	/number of channel subsets
	numelt		= total(rmf.N_CHAN)	/number of response elements
	lo_thres	= 0.000001	/lower threshold used to construct the matrix
	hduclas3	= 'DETECTOR'	/REDIST (RMF) or DETECTOR (with QE, no ARF) or FULL (everything)
	rmfversn	= '1992a'	/obsolete
	hduvers1	= '1.1.0'	/obsolete
	hduvers2	= '1.2.0'	/obsolete
	ccls		= 'CPF'		/the OGIP-class of this calibration file
	ccnm		= 'MATRIX' or 'EBOUNDS'	/CIF codename for this type of calibration dataset
	cdtp		= 'DATA'	/OGIP code for the form of the contents of the file
	cvsd		= YYYY-MM-DD	/UTC date of beginning applicability
	cvst		= HH:MM:SS	/UTC time of beginning applicability
	cdes		= 'RSP'		/brief descriptive summary of this dataset
	origin		= whoami@host	/source of FITS file
	creator		= 'PINTofALE'	/program creating this file
	revision	= 1
	mission		= 'MISSION'	/mission
	
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the program

restrictions
	* requires the IDL-Astro library
	* if not a UNIX system, keyword ORIGIN must be explicitly set

side-effects
	writes out a FITS file to disk

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov2001)
	force variable length arrays even when N_GRP=1 (VK; Jul02)

(See pro/util/wrt_ogip_rmf.pro)


WVLT_SCALE

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function	findscale
	returns the lengthscale in pixels at each point on the given curve
	using the MexHat Wavelet Transforms as a guide

syntax
	ls=wvlt_scale(curve,/coarse)

parameters
	curve	[INPUT; required] regularly gridded 1D array of function
		values to be used to compute the length scales
		* if scalar, returns 0
		* if >1D, convert to 1D

keywords
	coarse	[INPUT; default=2] explore scales at specified coarseness
		e.g.: if COARSE=1, every scale from 1 to N(CURVE)-1 will
		be tested
	_extra	[INPUT] junk; ignore.  here only to prevent crashing program.

history
	vinay kashyap (Apr97)
	fixed bug when N(CURVE) was a power of 2 (LiWei Lin/VK; Jan'03)

(See pro/util/wvlt_scale.pro)


X3MODEL

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procedure	x3model
	procedure written to be compatible with FIT_LEVMAR, and also
	with IDL's CURVEFIT, GHRS-IDL's WFIT, etc.
	computes F(X;A) and partial derivatives as needed for a
	combination of 3-parameter family of curves

syntax
	x3model,x,a,f,pder, group=group,delp=delp,type=type,/asis,/allcomp,$
	missing=missing,/fwhm,/norm,betap=betap,vrot=vrot

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points at which to generate models
	a	[INPUT; required] array of parameter values
		* N_ELEMENTS(A) must be a multiple of 3
		* expected to be sequential triples of (position, width, height)
	f	[OUTPUT; required] output f=f(x;a)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives for each parameter

keywords
	rmfstr  [INPUT] structure w/ OGIP standard rmf with which to
               convolve model. SEE: RD_OGIP_RMF.PRO
	x_seg	[INPUT] x-axis wavelength grid on which to construct
		the model spectrum; used when RMFSTR is set, and X is
		then ignored
       _extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		MK_3MODEL: GROUP, DELP, TYPE, ASIS, ALLCOMP
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_ROGAUSS: VROT, FWHM, NORM, MISSING
		MK_SINUSOID: PHASE, MISSING

requires
	MK_3MODEL
	MK_GAUSS
	MK_LORENTZ
	MK_SLANT
	MK_ROGAUSS
	MK_POWLAM
	MK_SINUSOID
	SCRMF
	REGROUP_RMF

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct98; modified from GMODEL.PRO)
	added MK_SLANT (VK; MarMM)
	added MK_ROGAUSS,MK_POWLAM (VK; JunMM)
	added keywords RMFSTR and X_SEG and call to SCRMF (LL; Aug03)
	added MK_SINUSOID (VK; Sep04)

(See pro/fitting/x3model.pro)


X3MODEL_F

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function	x3model_f
	function written to be compatible with MPFIT, and is
	identical in all respects to X3MODEL, except that this
	is a function and not a procedure.
	returns F(X;A) and computes partial derivatives as needed
	for a combination of 3-parameter family of curves

syntax
	f=x3model_f(x,a,pder, group=group,delp=delp,type=type,/asis,/allcomp,$
	missing=missing,/fwhm,/norm,betap=betap,vrot=vrot)

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] points at which to generate models
	a	[INPUT; required] array of parameter values
		* N_ELEMENTS(A) must be a multiple of 3
		* expected to be sequential triples of (position, width, height)
	pder	[OUTPUT; optional] partial derivatives for each parameter

keywords
	_extra	[INPUT] pass defined keywords to subroutines
		MK_3MODEL: GROUP, DELP, TYPE, ASIS, ALLCOMP
		MK_GAUSS: MISSING, FWHM, NORM
		MK_LORENTZ: BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_SLANT: ANGLE, BETAP, MISSING, NORM
		MK_ROGAUSS: VROT, FWHM, NORM, MISSING
		MK_SINUSOID: PHASE, MISSING

requires
	MK_3MODEL
	MK_GAUSS
	MK_LORENTZ
	MK_SLANT
	MK_ROGAUSS
	MK_POWLAM
	MK_SINUSOID

history
	converted from X3MODEL (VK/LL; Oct02)
	added MK_SINUSOID (VK; Sep04)

(See pro/fitting/x3model_f.pro)


XSPECPLOT

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procedure	xspecplot
	plot two curves in two panels the way XSPEC does spectra and
	residuals

syntax
	xspecplot,x,y1,y2,y1err=y1err,y2err=y2err,xerr=xerr,$
	y1over=y1over,y2over=y2over,$
	fraclow=fraclow,verbose=verbose,outfile=outfile,$
	Ulstyl=Ulstyl,Upsym=Upsym,Ucol=Ucol,Uylog=Uylog,Uytitle=Uytitle,Uyr=Uyr,$
	Llstyl=Llstyl,Lpsym=Lpsym,Lcol=Lcol,Lylog=Lylog,Lytitle=Lytitle,Lyr=Lyr,$
	oUlstyl=oUlstyl,oUpsym=oUpsym,oUcol=oUcol,oLlstyl=oLlstyl,oLpsym=oLpsym,oLcol=oLcol,$
	[PLOT keywords]
	

parameters
	x	[INPUT; required] abscissa array
	y1	[INPUT; required] array that goes in the top panel
	y2	[INPUT; required] array that goes in the bottom panel
		* sizes of all arrays _must_ match

keywords
	y1err	[INPUT] error bar on Y1
	y2err	[INPUT] error bar on Y2
	xerr	[INPUT] error bar on Y2
		* if scalar and +ve, assumed to be a fractional error
		  if between 0 and 1, and %error if greater than 1
		* if scalar and -ve, abs value is assumed to be a constant
		  error
		* if array of same size as X, assumed to be symmetric
		* if array of size [2,NX] or [NX,2], assumed to be upper
		  and lower bounds
		* ignored if array size doesn't match X
	y1over	[INPUT] additional arrays to overplot in upper panel
	y2over	[INPUT] additional arrays to overplot in lower panel
		* size must be [m,NX] or [NX,m]
		* if not set, both assumed to be 0*NX
	fraclow	[INPUT] what fraction of the plot should the lower panel
		take up?
		* default is 0.35
		* hard minimum of 0.05 and hard maximum of 0.95
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	outfile	[INPUT] if set, makes a postscript plot
		* if set to a string, assumes that that is the name of
		  the file, otherwise writes to ./xspecplot.ps
	Ulstyl	[INPUT] line style for upper panel
	Llstyl	[INPUT] line style for lower panel
	linestyle	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	Upsym	[INPUT] PSYM for upper panel
	Lpsym	[INPUT] PSYM for lower panel
	psym	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	Ucol	[INPUT] COLOR for upper panel
	Lcol	[INPUT] COLOR for lower panel
	color	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	Uylog	[INPUT] YLOG for upper panel
	Lylog	[INPUT] YLOG for lower panel
	ylog	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	Uytitle	[INPUT] YTITLE for upper panel
	Lytitle	[INPUT] YTITLE for lower panel
	ytitle	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	Uyr	[INPUT] YRANGE for upper panel
	Lyr	[INPUT] YRANGE for lower panel
	oUlstyl	[INPUT] line styles of Y1OVER (must be array of size M)
	oLlstyl	[INPUT] line styles of Y2OVER (must be array of size M)
	oUpsym	[INPUT] PSYM for Y1OVER (must be array of size M)
	oLpsym	[INPUT] PSYM for Y2OVER (must be array of size M)
	oUcol	[INPUT] COLOR for Y1OVER (must be array of size M)
	oLcol	[INPUT] COLOR for Y2OVER (must be array of size M)
	yrange	[INPUT] caught and discarded
	
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to PLOT

history
	vinay kashyap (2012-jun)

(See pro/util/xspecplot.pro)


XSPLOT

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procedure	xsplot
	make XSPEC like double-panel plots for given counts spectrum
	and associated model

syntax
	xsplot,data,model,egrid,dataerror,linecolor,/perbin,minct=minct,$
	dataN=dataN,modN=modN,eeN=eeN,dsigN=dsigN,lcolN=lcolN,$	;N=0..9
	/resid,/fracres,/delchi,/ratio,verbose=vv,wsplit=wsplit,$
	/ylog,xtitle=xtitle,ytitle=ytitle,xthick=xthick,ythick=ythick,$
	title=title,subtitle=subtitle,charsize=charsize,charthick=charthick,$
	yrange=yrange,zrange=zrange, /xlog,xrange=xrange,thick=thick,$
	/halfit,eps=eps, /nuthin,/noday,/notime,/nouser,/nopack,stacol=stacol

parameters
	data	[INPUT; required] array of observed counts
	model	[INPUT] array of model counts
		* must match size of DATA
		- extra bins are ignored
		- missing bins are assumed to be 0
	ee	[INPUT] x-axis grid defining DATA and MODEL
		* if size is N(DATA), assumed to be mid-bin values
		* if size is N(DATA)+1, assumed to be bin boundaries
		* if not given, 1-based integer indices are used
	dsig	[INPUT] error bars on DATA
		* if not given, assumed to be Gehrels' approximation
		  of Poisson counts error, sqrt(DATA+0.75)+1
		* if set to a scalar, then
		  - if -ve, errors are assumed constant = abs(DSIG)
		  - if integer, assumed to be in units of SIGMAs, i.e.,
		    DSIG*default are plotted
		  - if not integer and 0<DSIG<0.5, then assumed to be a
		    fractional error DSIG*abs(DATA)
		  - if not integer and 0.5<DSIG<10, then assumed to be
		    in units of SIGMAs, i.e., DSIG*default are plotted
		  - if not integer and DSIG>10, assumed to be a percentage
		    error, (DSIG/100)*abs(DATA)
	lcol	[INPUT] 3-element byte array specifying the line colors
		  for MODEL, DATA, DSIG in that order
		* if incompletely given, missing elements are assumed
		  to be [0,10,20] or [255,245,235] depending on whether
		  !p.background is 255 or 0.

keywords
	perbin	[INPUT] if set, will treat the input as counts/bin
		and plot accordingly.  if not set, will compute the
		bin widths and plot the density instead
		* if EE is not given, the bin widths will be 1 and
		  this has no relevance except to the YTITLE
	minct	[INPUT] if given, regroups the input DATA on the fly
		to have a minimum number of counts in each bin, and
		then regroups all the other arrays to the same grid
		* forces PERBIN to be ignored
	verbose	[INPUT] controls chatter
	dataN	[INPUT] for N=0..9, additional DATA arrays
		* size must match DATA
	modN	[INPUT] for N=0..9, additional MODEL arrays
		* size must match DATA
	eeN	[INPUT] for N=0..9, additional EE arrays
		* if not given, default is to use EE
	dsigN	[INPUT] for N=0..9, additional DSIG arrays
		* size must match DATA
	lcolN	[INPUT] for N=0..9, line colors, by default, N*25+[25,35,45]
	resid	[INPUT] if set, plots (DATA-MODEL) in lower panel
	fracres	[INPUT] if set, plots (DATA-MODEL)/MODEL in lower panel
	delchi	[INPUT] if set, plots (DATA-MODEL)/DSIG in lower panel
	ratio	[INPUT] if set, plots DATA/MODEL in lower panel
		* if more than one of RESID,FRACRES,DELCHI,RATIO are set,
		  the priority is in that order.  i.e., the later ones
		  in the list override anything given before it.
		* if none are set, assumes /DELCHI
	wsplit	[INPUT] fraction by which to split the upper and lower windows
		* default is 0.35
		* ignored if <0.05 or > 0.95
	ylog	[INPUT] catch and release to upper PLOT
	xtitle	[INPUT] catch and release to lower PLOT
	ytitle	[INPUT] catch and release to upper PLOT
	xthick	[INPUT] catch and release to PLOT
	ythick	[INPUT] catch and release to PLOT
	title	[INPUT] catch and release to upper PLOT
	charsize [INPUT] catch and release to PLOT
	charthick [INPUT] catch and release to PLOT
	subtitle [INPUT] catch and release to lower OPLOT
	yrange	[INPUT] catch and release to upper PLOT
	zrange	[INPUT] yrange catch and release to lower PLOT
	xstyle	[INPUT] catch and discard
	psym	[INPUT] catch and discard
	color	[INPUT] catch and discard
	_extra	[INPUT ONLY] pass defined keywords to subroutines:
		PLOT: XLOG, XRANGE, THICK
		STAMPLE: NUTHIN, NODAY, NOTIME, NOUSER, NOPACK, STACOL
		MID2BOUND: HALFIT, EPS

examples
	xsplot,data,model
	xsplot,data,model,/verbose	;to stamp creator name and time
	xsplot,data,model,wvl		;to include physical x-axis grid
	xsplot,data,model,wvl,0		;to not plot error bars
	xsplot,counts,model,minct=25	;adaptively group the counts on the fly
	xsplot,data,model,wvl,1,150	;to change color of model curve
	xsplot,data,model,data3=data3,mod3=mod3	;overplot another set
	xsplot,data,model,mod0=mod0,mod1=mod1	;overplot alternate models
	xsplot,data,model,mod9=mod9,lcol9=5	;alt model with specific color
	xsplot,counts,model,keV,/perbin	;plot counts/bin rather than counts/keV
	xsplot,data,model,/ratio	;plot data/model in lower panel
	xsplot,data,model,/delchi	;plot delta chi in lower panel
	xsplot,data,model,/resid	;plot data-model in lower panel
	xsplot,data,model,/fracres	;plot (data-model)/model in lower panel
	xsplot,data,model,wvl,/xlog,/ylog,xrange=xr,yrange=yr,zrange=zr

	x=findgen(100)+1 & y=50*(sin(x/10)+1.1) & d=0*y & plot,x,y
	for i=0,99 do d[i]=randomu(seed,poisson=y[i]) & xsplot,d,y,x

subroutines
	STAMPLE [SETSYSVAL, LEGALVAR()]
	MID2BOUND()
	REGROUP()

history
	vinay kashyap (Oct09)

(See pro/util/xsplot.pro)


ZION2FILENAME

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 PROJECT:  CHIANTI

       CHIANTI is an Atomic Database Package for Spectroscopic Diagnostics of
       Astrophysical Plasmas. It is a collaborative project involving the Naval
       Research Laboratory (USA), the University of Florence (Italy), the
       University of Cambridge and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK). 


 NAME:
	ZION2FILENAME

 PURPOSE:

	help locate CHIANTI database files

 CATEGORY:

	database.

 CALLING SEQUENCE:

       ZION2FILENAME, Iz, Ion, Filename


 INPUTS:

	Iz:  nuclear charge of ion of interest, i.e. 26 for Fe
       Ion:   charge state of ion of interest, i.e. 2 for Fe II	

  KEYWORDS:
       
       diel:  set if excitation of this ion is by dielectronic
		recombination

 OUTPUTS:

	Filename:  the complete filename and path specification for generic
                  CHIANTI database file, i.e. '.elvlc' suffix is not included


 RESTRICTIONS:

	!xuvtop must be set


 EXAMPLE:

             > zion2filename,26,2,filename
             > print,filename
             > /data1/xuv/fe/fe_2/fe_2   assuming !xuvtop = '/data1/xuv'

 MODIFICATION HISTORY:
 	Written by:	Ken Dere
	March 1996:     Version 2.0
       Sept  1996:     Modified for use with VMS
       December 1998:  Modified to diel keyword

       V.5, 29-May-2002, Giulio Del Zanna (GDZ) 
                   generalized directory concatenation to work for
                   Unix, Windows  and VMS. Added keyword name to output just
                   the name of the file and changed the dielectronic  keyword. 

 VERSION     :   5, 29-May-2002 

(See pro/external/zion2filename.pro)


ZION2SYMB

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procedure	zion2symb
		convert atomic number and ionic state to spectroscopic symbol

syntax
	zion2symb,z,ion,symbol,ziform=ziform

parameters
	z	[INPUT; required] atomic number
	ion	[INPUT] ionic state (0=undefined, 1=neutral, 2=singly
		ionized, etc.)
	symbol	[OUTPUT] string containing element designation
		(e.g., "he_2", "He II", "HeII", "he 2", "he", "He",
		depending on ZIFORM)

keywords
	ziform	[INPUT] string containing "Z" and "ION" to describe the
		output format:-
		  if "Z" is capitalized, symbol as is (e.g., "He", not "he").
		  if "z", symbol in small letters (e.g., "fe", "ca", etc).
		  if "ion" is in lower case, ion in arabic numerals.
		  if "ION" or "Ion", ion in roman numerals.
		  symbol and ion separated by whatever "Z" and "Ion" are
		    separated by.
		* default is "ZION"
	oform	[INPUT] kept here only for backwards-compatibility
		* WARNING -- will be phased out >>very<< soon
	_extra	[JUNK] here only to prevent crashing the system

restrictions
	cannot return the "+-" format (e.g., "O^+5")

requires
	INICON

history
	vinay kashyap (Nov98)
	OFORM bug correction (VK; Apr99)
	changed call to INITSTUFF to INICON (VK; 99May)
	allowed OFORM to be "Z<sep>number" and "Z<sep>ion" (VK; MMJul)
	changed keyword OFORM to ZIFORM; converted to IDL5 notation (VK; AugMM)

(See pro/util/zion2symb.pro)